Could the “Lost” Islands of Ancient Welsh Folklore Really Have Existed? Scientists Say Yes

The study was inspired by the Gough map, which depicts two “lost” islands in Cardigan Bay offshore west Wales, United Kingdom.

A new study of coastal geography finds that the lost islands mentioned in Welsh folklore and poetry are plausible. New evidence on the evolution of west Wales’ coastline has shown a Welsh tradition going back to the medieval era of a landscape lost to the sea is plausible.

The researchers from Swansea University and the University of Oxford suggest how two islands came into being and subsequently vanished using geological data and a medieval map.

The study was inspired by the Gough Map, the oldest surviving map of Great Britain. The map is believed to have potentially originated from the thirteenth century and is currently housed in Oxford’s Bodleian Library.

The map depicts two lost islands in Cardigan Bay in west Wales. Each of them is roughly one-quarter the size of the north Wales island of Anglesey. One is between Aberystwyth and Aberdovey, while the other is between there and Barmouth to the north.

New research has shown that “lost islands” mentioned in Welsh folklore, could be the remnants of a low-lying landscape underlain by soft glacial deposits laid down during the last ice age. Since then, forces of erosion have worn away the land, reducing it to islands, before these too were worn away and disappeared by the sixteenth century. Credit: Prof Simon Haslett, Swansea University

Simon Haslett, Honorary Professor of Physical Geography at Swansea University, and David Willis, Jesus Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford, conducted the research.

Their research analyzes historical sources as well as geological evidence from the seafloor and shoreline. It suggests a model for how the coast has grown since the last ice age 10,000 years ago, which provides a possible explanation for the ‘lost’ islands.

The Black Book of Carmarthen (1250 approx) is believed to be the earliest surviving complete manuscript written in the Welsh language. This extract says, in Welsh: “Stand forth, Seithenhin, and look upon the fury of the sea; it has covered Maes Gwyddneu.” The new research on the evolution of the coastline in west Wales suggests that claims such as this of a drowned land are plausible. Credit: Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru/National Library of Wales

They speculate that the islands are the remains of a low-lying terrain underlain by soft glacial deposits from the last ice age. Since then, erosional processes have worn away the land, reducing it to islands, before these too were worn away and disappeared by the sixteenth century.

As finer sediments of glacial deposits are eroded away, the larger gravel and boulder component is left on the seafloor. The position of the islands coincides with the location of submarine accumulations of gravel and boulders, known locally as sarns.

Simon Haslett and David Willis Prof David Willis (l), Jesus Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford, and Prof Simon Haslett (r) Emeritus professor of geography at Swansea University. Their research showed that myths about lost islands on the west Wales coast were plausible. Credit: Prof Simon Haslett, Swansea University

Professor Simon Haslett of Swansea University Department of Geography said: “We know that the west Wales coast has changed significantly over time. Evidence from the Roman cartographer Ptolemy suggests the coastline 2000 years ago may have been some 13 km further out to sea than it is today. The Gough Map is extraordinarily accurate considering the surveying tools they would have had at their disposal at that time, and the two islands are clearly marked.”

He continues, “Our research increases our understanding of potential coastal processes acting along the coast of Cardigan Bay. It can also help with future research on post-glacial evolution of similar lowlands in other parts of northwest Europe. Understanding coastline dynamics has never been more important. Some towns along the area we studied are vulnerable to climate and sea-level change, and it has been suggested that it may lead to some of the first climate change refugees in the UK.”

David Willis, Jesus Professor of Celtic Studies at the University of Oxford, said: “Our evidence may provide an explanation of how the story of Cantre’r Gwaelod (‘The Hundred of the Bottom’) may have arisen. This lost land is said to have suffered a catastrophic inundation and is referred to in poetry in the Black Book of Carmarthen and in later folklore.”

Reference: “The ‘lost’ islands of Cardigan Bay, Wales, UK: insights into the post-glacial evolution of some Celtic coasts of northwest Europe” by Simon K. Haslett and David Willis, 11 June 2022, Atlantic Geoscience. DOI: 10.4138/atlgeo.2022.005

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Ancient footprints found on Welsh beach [02/12/2007]
Another charge against gun dealer [02/10/2007]
A Brief History of the Cause of the English and Welsh Martyrs (Catholic Caucus) [02/03/2007]
No one will be left behind in a Tory Britain (Op-Ed by British Tory Leader David Cameron) [01/28/2007]
Study provides first genetic evidence of long-lived African presence within Britain [01/25/2007]
Paviland Cave And The Red Lady [01/17/2007]
Mohammed overtakes George in list of most popular names [12/21/2006]
900 police stations shut up shop [12/11/2006]
English tell Scots to go for independence [11/27/2006]
Stonehenge Was A Site For Sore Eyes In 2300BC [11/26/2006]
3,000-year-old tools to museum [11/24/2006]
No dragons were used in making these sausages [11/18/2006]
Stonehenge 'No Place For The Dead' Says BU Expert [11/16/2006]
The Joneses Set A Record In Wales (Where Else?) [11/03/2006]
Pig's head dumped outside mosque at start of Ramadan [09/29/2006]
Mark Steyn: The Apathy of Defeat [09/25/2006]
Robin Hood was Welsh and never went to Nottingham, claims book [09/25/2006]
We're nearly all Celts under the skin [In Great Britain] [09/23/2006]
Mark Steyn: Londonistan calling - An Anglosphere without England? ("Who Lost Britain?" alert!) [09/01/2006]
Ancient Welsh city found [08/15/2006]
Mascot demoted for acting the goat on parade [06/24/2006]
Mascot demoted for acting the goat on parade [06/24/2006]
Solstice sun beams into chamber [ Bryn Celli Ddu on Anglesey ] [06/22/2006]
New glacier theory on Stonehenge [06/13/2006]
Experts Look For 'Watery Kingdom' [06/08/2006]
Bless This Mess [05/23/2006]
More Latin Masses announced in Wales [05/22/2006]
Europe's Two Culture Wars [05/14/2006]
Happy Europe Day [05/09/2006]
Mark Steyn: The Something They Will Believe In [blue state America, Britain, and Europe] [05/02/2006]
Europe's Suicide? [04/26/2006]
Asia Rising [04/23/2006]
Europe's Chastisement? -- How the Abandonment of Christianity May Be Leading to Disaster [04/18/2006]
Why Prince Harry must fight hard against his inner chav (British constitutionalism) [04/13/2006]
Off-the-cuff Cameron [UK Conservative] accuses Ukip of being 'fruitcakes and closet racists' [04/09/2006]
400 terror suspects on loose in UK [04/09/2006]
Wake up, Europe. It may already be too late. [04/05/2006]
Unearthing Welsh History [04/01/2006]
Something they don't teach at driving school (Girl caught applying makeup) [03/12/2006]
British FM: Israel and Iran Both Potential Threats [03/11/2006]
Personal qus: British/Irish ancestry among Americans, Canadians, and Australians? [02/23/2006]
Charles 'sees himself as a dissident in a political fight' [02/21/2006]
Marriage works, despite politicians' best efforts [02/20/2006]
Sir John Cowperthwaite (father of free-enterprise colonial Hong Kong, dies in Scotland at 90) [02/07/2006]
BBC History Team Solves Riddle Of Llywelyn [02/05/2006]
Mark Steyn: The Celtic canary in the UK's coal mine [01/23/2006]
Of Course The Chinese Didn't Discover America. But Then Nor Did Columbus [01/20/2006]
Mark Steyn- Ideas win elections: glamour doesn't [01/09/2006]
Noise Machine Deters Shop Gangs [12/13/2005]
The Other American Exceptionalism (comparison between American and European conservatism) [12/05/2005]
Mark Steyn: Send in the clones (Will Canada go cloning to "avert" demographic disaster?) [11/21/2005]
Mark Steyn: Don't Worry, They Have Baseball Bats - [11/21/2005]
Mark Steyn: Bicultural Europe is doomed [11/14/2005]
Pupil 15, attacked by girl gang [11/13/2005]
It's all just water off Howard's back [11/13/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson on solidarity and differences between US and Britain [10/27/2005]
The Forty Martyrs of England and Wales - October 25 Feast Day [10/25/2005]
Mark Steyn: Why is Bush's Christianity so risible [10/10/2005]
Making a pig's ear of defending democracy (Mark Steyn) [10/03/2005]
It's a mad, mad, mad, mad Europe [09/28/2005]
The European Right? Rimbauds, not rambos. [Mark Steyn] [09/19/2005]
Stranded pair refuse to be saved [09/17/2005]
Bush bungled Katrina crisis, say Britons [09/10/2005]
Hop off, you Aussies - [08/27/2005]
Does Britain have a drinking problem? [08/25/2005]
Diaspora home-buying in Israel takes off (Jews from Britain, France buy home in Israel in case...) [08/23/2005]
Status symbolism (Mark Steyn-Powerful!) [08/21/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson: More Continental Drift? - The rationale behind a new world order [08/18/2005]
Mrs. Miniver Is Dead (Special Relationship R.I.P.) [08/11/2005]
Canada's 'Conservatives' to the Left of Liberal and Labour Parties Worldwide (esp Australia and NZ) [08/11/2005]
Mark Steyn: All men are not equal [08/11/2005]
'UK's decision to deport 500 Muslims unjust' [08/09/2005]
Blair's anti-terror measures: Too little, too late [08/09/2005]
Trust politicians to do nothing useful (on WOT) [08/08/2005]
Cultures Aren't Equal [08/08/2005]
Kyffin's 'awful' show art attack [08/03/2005]
Blair must overturn 40 years of mistakes, By Mark Steyn [08/01/2005]
Mark Steyn: Wake up, folks -- it's war! [07/28/2005]
British Have Changed Little Since Ice Age, Gene Study Says [07/26/2005]
Somebody else could be shot - London police chief [07/24/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson: And Then They Came After Us, We're at war. How about acting like it? [07/22/2005]
Mark Steyn: A victory for multiculti over common sense [07/18/2005]
This is a turning point: we have to fly the flag for Britishness again [07/13/2005]
Vanity: Dad's conversations with Muslim shop owner about London bombing (chilling wake up call) [07/08/2005]
Revolutionary principles stand the test of time (current British establishment's take on 4th July) [07/04/2005]
Cruel Britannia [07/01/2005]
Major Excavation At Roman Forts (Wales) [06/27/2005]
Archaeologists Figure Out Mystery Of Stonehenge Bluestones [06/24/2005]
Mark Steyn: An Everyday Fantasy of Farming Folk [06/20/2005]
Welsh funding fears over EU deal [summit failure] [06/18/2005]
MP launches drug test machine, tests positive [06/16/2005]
Mark Steyn: The Chap on Duty (Sunny Jim Callaghan and the decline of Britain) [06/15/2005]
[Flashback] The House of Windsor and the Future of the Faith (Any comments from 2005 perspective?) [06/01/2005]
Mark Steyn: Arrogant Eurocracy -- Why the European Union elites won't take 'no' for an answer [05/31/2005]
Mark Steyn: Europe Is An Indulgence We Can't Afford [05/30/2005]
Mark Steyn: Big Brother caused our hooded youth [05/16/2005]
British Army Pressured to Replace Hats [05/15/2005]
The Demographic Future of Europe, North America, and Australia/New Zealand [05/12/2005]
Mark Steyn: It's the ideas, stupid [05/12/2005]
Mark Steyn: Stealth taxes are the least of people's worries [05/09/2005]
State of the Cousins: What the British elections mean for the U.S. (Is Mother Britain going wobbly?) [05/08/2005]
South Asian kids shine bright in Britain [05/03/2005]
Mark Steyn : Where's the Vera Lynn for Our War? [05/02/2005]
Mark Steyn: Blair will win, but he'll still take a beating [05/01/2005]
How do you compare to the British Electorate(In Depth Quiz) [04/28/2005]
From Britain, with bigotry [04/27/2005]
Out, Damned Lout (Middle England surrenders to the yobs and chavs) [04/26/2005]
Brown may praise Thatcher but he's buried her legacy [04/26/2005]
A dying lion that can still do harm-Britain's slide into self-destruction [04/25/2005]
Mark Steyn: Big Ideas? This Feels Like a Local Election [04/25/2005]
Gilligan's Ghost [04/25/2005]
Mark Steyn: Home truths not welcome at Tory HQ [04/18/2005]
Bring back the Brits [04/17/2005]
John O'Sullivan: A Tale of Two Britains - Official myths, Market realities. [04/15/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson : Pope Must Reach With Both Arms to Keep West From Slipping Away [04/14/2005]
Queen says Islam should be challenged [04/14/2005]
Seals TO Sununu (Mark Steyn talks to Hugh Hewitt on seal hunts in Canada and British election) [04/14/2005]
Pope beats Charles in TV ratings (in New Zealand) [04/11/2005]
Mark Steyn: Euro-Ruled Britain Won't Need a King [04/11/2005]
Canadians support [Prince] Charles as king: CBC poll [04/09/2005]
Horse First, Wedding Second in Queen's Toast [04/09/2005]
I'm Sick of All This Prince Bashing [04/09/2005]
Charles and Camilla Get Married [04/09/2005]
Prince Charles [04/09/2005]
Mark Steyn: The Wedding of the Weekend [04/08/2005]
Things not to say at the Charles-Camilla wedding - (infinite add-on possibilities here!) [04/08/2005]
Charles and Camilla to Confess 'Past Sins' [04/08/2005]
Royal wedding a 'shambles' [04/08/2005]
Royal Couple to Acknowledge 'Sins' [04/08/2005]
'Duchess of Frump' Wedding America Yawns [04/07/2005]
Is Britain Still Home of Mannerly Charm? Don't be Daft! (Yobs 'R' Us!) [04/06/2005]
Mark Steyn: Why progressive Westerners never understood John Paul II [04/04/2005]
Mark Steyn: Why Progressive Westerners Never Understood John Paul II [04/04/2005]
Charles dislikes "left-leaning" BBC: Report (Has the sun risen from the west?) [04/04/2005]
Petulant Prince: Will Camilla Do? ( [04/03/2005]
Brits Endorse Flakey Reiki (New Age nitwittery embraced by the mainstream in Blighty) [04/03/2005]
Pope funeral won't delay Prince Charles' vows [04/03/2005]
Official: Camilla to be Princess of Wales [04/02/2005]
Wedding-Day Blues: What happened to royalty? (Droll commentary on the Charles/Camilla affair) [03/31/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson on the Anglosphere, Canada, Britain, Australia and NZ [03/30/2005]
Another British gobsmacking [03/27/2005]
Mark Steyn: One Nation Under God (Flashback article about Mel's The Passion film from March 2004) [03/26/2005]
[British] Commonwealth [countries] may renounce Queen Camilla - and the Crown [03/23/2005]
Camilla Chooses Not to Take Title 'Queen' - Clarence House [03/22/2005]
Parker Bowles In Line To Become Queen [03/22/2005]
Mark Steyn: The strange death of the liberal West [03/21/2005]
Townhouse reveals real skeletons in closet [03/17/2005]
Music heard again after 400 years [03/17/2005]
Women show pols how to handle IRA bullies [03/15/2005]
Searching for the Welsh-Hindi link [03/15/2005]
Gandhi With a Guinness (Mark Steyn whacks the IRA for the second time) [03/15/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson: Honor and the British Navy [03/14/2005]
What's in a Symbol? If Only Harry Knew [03/13/2005]
These Irish eyes are smiling at White House snub of IRA [03/13/2005]
Royal Mess (powder keg for the Anglican Communion and reminder of anti-Catholic legislation) [03/10/2005]
Huge UK Church Survey says Pews Emptying Because Christianity no Longer Preached [03/07/2005]
Prominent British rabbi to immigrate to Israel [European antisemitism] [03/06/2005]
Britain's Mainstream Muslims Find Voice [03/06/2005]
Eurospeak [03/04/2005]
Duty Calls: It certainly calls Elizabeth II -- but what about her eldest son? (Monarchy's twilight?) [03/02/2005]
Mark Steyn: My First Comments Post [02/27/2005]
US can sit back and watch Europe implode [02/27/2005]
Soft Power, Hard Truths [02/27/2005]
Mark Steyn: U.S. can sit back and watch Europe implode [02/27/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson: Soft Power, Hard Reality [02/26/2005]
Snake Charmer: Note to GWB: All them vipers are deaf. [02/25/2005]
Soft Power, Hard Truths (VD Hanson) [02/22/2005]
Mark Steyn: Atlanticist small talk is all that's left [02/21/2005]
Public 'has right to be at Charles wedding' [02/21/2005]
Churchgoers Ordered to Pray For Camilla [02/19/2005]
Mark Steyn: What's US Policy on Europe? No Giggling [02/19/2005]
Prince Charles' Wedding Likened to Henry VIII's [02/19/2005]
A Darkness Falls on England [02/18/2005]
How To Euro-Speak [02/18/2005]
Jolly Old England No Longer: Can the surge in British Jew hatred be linked directly to its media? [02/18/2005]
Victor Davis Hanson: Unsung Victories, The effects of American policy throughout the Middle East [02/18/2005]
Mark Steyn: Tory Toffs Call it Wrong (British Conservative Party, or UK branch of US Democrats?) [02/17/2005]
Why Bush won't back Howard [02/17/2005]
Focus: The court of King Charles [Charles and Camilla] [02/15/2005]
Britainistan: The Labour party is nursing a viper. [02/14/2005]
FM to push UK to class Hizbullah as terror org [That is, Britain and France.] [02/14/2005]
Mark Steyn: First Things First [02/13/2005]
Britain: Workplace romance 'under threat'(Legal restraints) [02/12/2005]
Well, at Least He Won't Be Fathering More Fans...(Welch Rugby Fan Cuts off Own Testicles) [02/10/2005]
Transgender Golfers OK'ed for the Women's British Open (4:07) [02/10/2005]
Britainistan: The Labour party is nursing a viper. [02/09/2005]
Welsh rugby fan cuts off testicles after side wins [02/07/2005]
Ruck'd - Fear The Dragon [02/07/2005]
Welsh saints to adorn Orthodox church [02/07/2005]
Election Is Lost Already, Top Adviser Tells Howard (Woeful Brit Tories and their discontents) [02/06/2005]
Happy Accession Day [02/06/2005]
The Abolition of Britain: From Winston Churchill to Princess Diana [02/06/2005]
Ugly Americans: The United States in the Eyes of Europe [02/05/2005]
The End of the Transatlantic Affair (The Crapweasels that roared) [01/31/2005]
Gelernter: The Inventor of Modern Conservatism (Disraeli and us) [01/30/2005]
They Died - and Now we Sneer [01/29/2005]
Thatcher 'directly involved in coup' [01/19/2005]
Waving the Bloody Shirt: Prince Harry's wardrobe malfunction. [01/18/2005]
James Lileks: The Prince? He's an Idiot [01/17/2005]
Mark Steyn: Harry a Nazi? You're Having a Laugh [01/17/2005]
Harry: His Royal Styness (Will clean his father's pig sty) [01/16/2005]
Swastikas face ban after prince's gaffe (Germans seek Europe-wide prohibition) [01/16/2005]
Britain has been in denial for too long [01/10/2005]
Mark Steyn: Polygamy? It Makes Good Tax Sense [12/27/2004]
Campaign To Bring 'Red Lady' Back To Swansea After 180 Years [12/27/2004]
We banned a berry - and it took Brussels to stop us being so silly [12/22/2004]
Illiberal Europe [12/15/2004]
The Ents of Europe [12/10/2004]
The Ents of Europe (Euroweenies "Mossy," "Slow") [12/10/2004]
EU out to destroy Britain (with red tape and bureaucracy, says Europhile Minister) [11/30/2004]
Murderous London Is Like Old New York [11/30/2004]
EU DICTATORSHIP (Fourth Reich coming) [11/30/2004]
'True British hero' honoured [11/24/2004]
Britain has prevented Sept 11-style terrorist attack: report [11/22/2004]
Welsh shipwreck linked to French folly (have a laugh at the French...) [11/16/2004]
Smoking ban proposed for England [11/15/2004]
Junk food adverts 'face TV ban' (UK) [11/15/2004]
'Value of marriage disappearing' (Most Welsh Babies Born Outside Wedlock) [11/15/2004]
Blair defies critics to stand by US alliance [11/14/2004]
U.S. seeks extradition of Briton linked to al Qaeda [11/13/2004]
Sometimes, I Pretend I Am Canadian (How Americns living in England cope with the hate) [11/12/2004]
A father's anger: 'I would kill Geoff Hoon' (British War Woes) [11/10/2004]
Can the Tories figure out how Bush won again? [11/03/2004]
If Only Britain Had the Problems That Beset American Democracy [11/03/2004]
This Memorable Day: Bush is a divisive wartime figure. So were Lincoln, Churchill and Roosevelt. [11/02/2004]
MARK STEYN: Europe's culture of passivity [10/28/2004]
Brussels bureaucrats wipe Wales off their annual statistical map [10/06/2004]
Mark Steyn: EUtopia Is Over -- Join the Real World [09/27/2004]
Each to his own, except in Britain [09/16/2004]
Irish, Scots And Welsh Not Celtic - Scientist [09/09/2004]
A spooky sign? That's the spirit [08/24/2004]
Victor Davis Hanson: Welcome Back, Europe; Reentering history's arena [08/20/2004]
W: Bring GIs Home [08/17/2004]
Mark Steyn: Do you want to sing Waterloo or fight it? [08/16/2004]
Mark Steyn: The Ugly European [08/07/2004]
Victor Davis Hanson: Europe's Choice (Crapweasels piling up negative brownie points) [08/05/2004]
The Life of St. Morgan of Wales AKA Pelagius [08/04/2004]
Europe's Choice [08/04/2004]
New Dating For Wat's Dyke [07/30/2004]
Split Between English and Scots Older Than Thought [07/18/2004]
Employers 'forced ' to look abroad ( in U.K. ) [06/28/2004]
St George Found In Welsh Church [06/27/2004]
A Merry Mess: Yorkshire Claims Robin Hood [02/22/2004]
The Failed Experiment: [02/19/2004]
I could use some help please [02/08/2004]
Tests Reveal Amesbury Archer "King Of Stonehenge' Was A Settler From The Alps [02/08/2004]
WELSH ROYAL ENGINEER VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS RETURN FROM THE GULF [01/24/2004]
Lord of the Rings Star Tells Truth, Upset PC Multicultural Dogma [01/19/2004]
Welsh star in race row (LOTR's John Rhys-Davies makes anti-Muslim remarks) [01/18/2004]
Britons In USA In 6th Century - Shock Claim (Prince Madoc) [11/26/2003]
Migrants Poured Into Britain After Ice Age [10/26/2003]
Baby barred from veggie restaurant [Mom fed baby chicken] [09/18/2003]
Marriage proposal ends in 20ft plunge [09/06/2003]
Abortion poster arrests applauded(U.K.) [09/04/2003]
Gun used to kill prosecutor is focus of massive search [07/20/2003]
FBI Doing Gun Roundup To Try To Solve Tom Wales Murder [07/16/2003]
Y Chromosomes Rewrite British History [06/24/2003]
Y Chromosomes Sketch New Outline of British History [05/27/2003]
Labour lose heavily in England but gain in Wales [05/02/2003]
In The Valleys Of Patagonia, The Talk Is Of An Astonishing Revival Of The Welsh Language [04/18/2003]
Stonehenge "King" was from central Europe [02/10/2003]
Dog was killed and eaten by 'big cat' [01/12/2003]
Israel like Nazi Germany - row spreads in Wales (Labour party councillor Davies) [01/05/2003]
Roman Britons After 410 [12/21/2002]
Frying squad foils cooking oil car scam [10/09/2002]
Who Were The Celts? [09/26/2002]
Countryside will 'erupt in fury' if it is not heard, warns alliance (UK PROTEST UPDATE) [09/22/2002]
As they say in Kentucky; "Cymru am bith". [08/29/2002]
Unearthed, The Prince Of Stonehenge [08/25/2002]
'Robin Hood's Escape Tunnel Found' [08/16/2002]
Who Really Discovered America? [07/14/2002]
Britain's Jews express outrage over Wales synagogue attack [07/13/2002]
Genes show Welsh are the true Britons [07/10/2002]
English And Welsh Are Races Apart [07/04/2002]
Welsh pub offering free drinks for goals against England [06/09/2002]
FBI signals progress on prosecutor's slaying [04/20/2002]
Genetic Survey Reveals Hidden Celts Of England [12/06/2001]

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