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The first form of artificial refrigeration was invented by William Cullen, a Scottish scientist. Cullen showed how the rapid heating of liquid to a gas can result in cooling. This is the principle behind refrigeration that still remains today. Cullen never turned his theory into practice, but many were inspired to try to realize his idea.

Muslim countries including Qatar, Saudi Arabia condemn remarks about Prophet Mohammed made by top officials in India's Bharatiya Janata Party, as calls grow on social media for boycott of Indian goods in Muslim countries. Qatar, Kuwait and Iran have summoned their Indian envoys over insulting remarks on Islam's Prophet Muhammad by two officials of India's ruling party. In a statement on Sunday the Qatari Foreign Ministry said it summoned the Indian envoy to "voice disappointment of Qatar and its total rejection and condemnation to the controversial remarks." Qatari Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Soltan bin Saaad Al Muraikhi handed...

Five Tampa Bay Rays pitchers have refused to wear the gay pride logo on their uniforms citing religious beliefs. Jason Adam, Jalen Beeks, Brooks Raley, Jeffrey Springs and Ryan Thompson — of course all saying they accept everyone despite their choice to pass on the gesture. The team wore rainbow-colored sleeve patches this past Saturday where these five opted for their standard unis. Jason Adam was asked to comment on their decision — his response was strong. “So it’s a hard decision. Because ultimately we all said what we want is them to know that all are welcome and loved...

(CNN)Their mission was to break into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in Washington, bug the room and photograph documents. If everything had gone as planned, no one would have ever known. But instead June 17, 1972, became an infamous day. The burglary set off a series of actions that brought down Republican President Richard Nixon -- the only US president to resign. "Watergate is the largest political scandal in American history," John Dean, who was White House counsel to Nixon, told CNN for the Original Series "Watergate: Blueprint for a Scandal," which commemorates its 50th anniversary.

Iran has crossed a new, dangerous threshold; Iran’s breakout timeline is now at zero. It has enough 60 percent enriched uranium or highly enriched uranium (HEU) to be assured it could fashion a nuclear explosive.1 If Iran wanted to further enrich its 60 percent HEU up to weapon-grade HEU, or 90 percent, it could do so within a few weeks with only a few of its advanced centrifuge cascades.2 In parallel, within a month, it could produce enough weapon-grade uranium for a second nuclear explosive from its existing stock of near 20 percent low enriched uranium. Whether or not Iran...

After the mass shooting at a Texas elementary school, schools around the country pledged to boost security measures and increased the presence of law enforcement on campus — partly to reassure parents and students. But police inside schools can make some students more uneasy, not less. Especially for Black students and other students of color, their personal experiences with policing can leave them feeling unsafe and alienated from school when they see officers on campus. High school senior Malika Mobley has seen three different school resource officers patrolling the campus in Raleigh, North Carolina. Once on the way home from...

Mo Brooks created a stir among conservative commentators this week after sparring with a Fox News host who told viewers that there was no evidence of widespread election fraud in 2020. “That’s wrong,” the congressman said emphatically, talking over Sandra Smith as she maintained that the election was not stolen. “I don’t know why you people in the media keep saying that, but that is absolutely false.” Among those who saw the clip was Donald Trump.The former president, who endorsed Brooks in the Alabama Senate GOP primary before ditching him as his campaign floundered, was pleased by Brooks’ performance during...

WASHINGTON, D.C.—In what some pundits are calling the biggest loss yet for the administration, President Biden's teleprompter announced it is leaving to take a job at MSNBC. "While I'm proud of my work trying to maintain the illusion of Joe Biden's coherence, I'm afraid that ship has sailed," said the teleprompter. "I've lost control of him. He's declaring war on someone new every other day, shaking hands with ghosts—it's over. Plus he always tries to sniff my wires, which is so uncomfortable." The teleprompter delivered his resignation at the end of Biden's latest speech, sowing confusion as Biden continued to...

WASHINGTON — Sen. Chris Murphy, who is helping lead Senate talks on gun control, said lawmakers don’t plan to bring any bill to the floor that would ban assault weapons or include comprehensive background checks but are actively working on legislation that would include a range of other measures.“We’re not going to put a piece of legislation on the table that’s going to ban assault weapons, or we’re not going to pass comprehensive background checks,” Murphy, a Connecticut Democrat, said Sunday on CNN's "State of the Union." “But right now, people in this country want us to make progress. They...

President Joe Biden's administration is considering a drawdown of tariffs on Chinese goods in an effort to combat record-high inflation in the U.S. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo confirmed the potential move on Sunday, saying Biden has personally asked her team to look into the issue. Inflation in the U.S. hit a 40-year high in March and is expected to escalate in the coming months. Some of the tariffs, imposed by former President Donald Trump, affect household goods that could be purchased more cheaply from China. Raimondo previously praised some of Trump's tariffs on China as "very effective."

One of the most detrimental aspects of an inflationary or stagflationary crisis is that, in most cases, housing costs tend to rise while home sales fall. It might seem counterintuitive; one would assume that as sales fall so should prices, but this is the upside-down world of inflation. Certain commodities and products, usually necessities, almost always skyrocket in price, ultimately driving most American families out of the market completely. One of the only exceptions to this rule is when the government institutes rent or price controls. In Weimar Germany, for example, the government enforced strict regulatory controls on landlords, fixing...

"The locals weren't happy." Video LinkPJW discusses this small village in the north of England near Yorkshire and also other assorted migrant-enabling insanity out of England and Europe at large.

~ D-DAY, June 6, 1944 ~ NORMANDY INVASION May 1944 had been chosen at the conference in Washington in May 1943 as the time for the invasion. Difficulties in assembling landing craft forced a postponement until June, but June 5 was fixed as the unalterable date by Eisenhower on May 17. As the day approached and troops began to embark for the crossing, bad weather set in, threatening dangerous landing conditions. After tense debate, Eisenhower and his subordinates decided on a 24-hour delay, requiring the recall of some ships already at sea. Eventually, on the morning of June 5, Eisenhower,...

At least five players on the Tampa Bay Rays roster opted not to wear a patch the team added to their uniforms intended to celebrate Pride month in Saturday's 3-2 loss to the Chicago White Sox (box score). During the team's 16th annual Pride Night celebration Rays caps and uniforms had logos colored in the style of the modern LGBTQ+ pride flag, but not everyone in the clubhouse chose to participate. Pitchers Jason Adam, Jalen Beeks, Brooks Raley, Jeffrey Springs and Ryan Thompson were among the players who did not wear the patch on their uniforms and chose to wear...

He was draggin’ that wagon. An artist created a virtual traffic jam in Berlin by pulling a wagon with 99 cellphones in it. Simon Weckert posted a YouTube video with a split screen that showed him pulling a small red wagon through a mostly empty street. It also showed Google Maps had lit the street up red, falsely signifying that the barren thoroughfare was packed with traffic. <0p> “Through this activity, it is possible to turn a green street red which has an impact in the physical world by navigating cars on another route to avoid being stuck in traffic,”...

[Catholic Caucus] Francis Runs Away From Next ConsistoryFrancis will make an August 28 visit to L'Aquila, an unknown city, 90 km north-east of Rome, for the city’s annual Celebration of Forgiveness that has only local importance.The baffling trip takes place one day after the August 27 creation of 21 homosexualists as Cardinals when he was scheduled to encounter the cardinals of the whole world (August 28-29). For Francis who is praising dialogue more than practicing it, this would have been the first such meeting in seven years.It's evident that Francis wants to avoid the meeting because the damage he has...

A bombshell new medical journal report comparing Covid-19 fatality rates across Kansas counties during the height of the pandemic alleged that mask mandates could be associated with higher death rates from the virus. From The National Pulse: The observational study – “The Foegen Effect: A Mechanism by Which Facemasks Contribute to the COVID-19 Case Fatality Rate” – was published in Medicine in February 2022, authored by German doctor Zacharias Fögen. The paper analyzed “whether mandatory mask use influenced the case fatality rate in Kansas” during the time period of August 1st, 2020 to October 15th. Kansas was used for comparison...

An Indiana woman was charged with murder after she allegedly followed a man she said was her boyfriend to a bar using an Apple AirTag, accused him of cheating on her and proceeded to intentionally run him over with her car, court documents show.

[Catholic Caucus] Vatican tells traditional French bishop to suspend ordinations of priests, deaconsThe reason for the sudden brutal – and indefinite – suspension of the ordination of four priests and six deacons in the Diocese of Toulon-Fréjus has not been given by Rome. (LifeSiteNews) – In two separate events regarding bishops in France – one open to tradition, the other decidedly against it – the increase of a spirit of persecution of clerics attached to the ancient rite of the Mass or even traditional clerical dress has been harshly underscored. The most serious decision involves the Diocese of Toulon-Fréjus in...

Nine people explore a cruise ship at sea in a manner that turns their whole lives upside down.