Hot stuff: Lab hits milestone on long road to fusion power

This illustration provided by the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory depicts a target pellet inside a hohlraum capsule with laser beams entering through openings on either end. The beams compress and heat the target to the necessary conditions for nuclear fusion to occur. Credit: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory via AP

With 192 lasers and temperatures more than three times hotter than the center of the sun, scientists hit—at least for a fraction of a second—a key milestone on the long road toward nearly pollution-free fusion energy.

Researchers at the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Lab in California were able to spark a fusion reaction that briefly sustained itself—a major feat because fusion requires such high temperatures and pressures that it easily fizzles out.

The ultimate goal, still years away, is to generate power the way the sun generates heat, by smooshing hydrogen atoms so close to each other that they combine into helium, which releases torrents of energy.

A team of more than 100 scientists published the results of four experiments that achieved what is known as a burning plasma in Wednesday's journal Nature. With those results, along with preliminary results announced last August from follow-up experiments, scientists say they are on the threshold of an even bigger advance: ignition. That's when the fuel can continue to "burn" on its own and produce more energy than what's needed to spark the initial reaction.

"We're very close to that next step," said study lead author Alex Zylstra, an experimental physicist at Livermore.

Nuclear fusion presses together two types of hydrogen found in water molecules. When they fuse, "a small amount (milligrams) of fuel produces enormous amounts of energy and it's also very 'clean' in that it produces no radioactive waste," said Carolyn Kuranz, a University of Michigan experimental plasma physicist who wasn't part of the research. "It's basically limitless, clean energy that can be deployed anywhere," she said.

Researchers around the world have been working on the technology for decades, trying different approaches. Thirty-five countries are collaborating on a project in Southern France called the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor that uses enormous magnets to control the superheated plasma. That is expected to begin operating in 2026.

Earlier experiments in the United States and United Kingdom succeeded in fusing atoms, but achieved no self-heating, said Steven Cowley, director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, who wasn't part of this study.

"The result is scientifically very exciting for us," said study co-author Omar Hurricane, chief scientist for Lawrence Livermore's fusion program. "But we're a long way from useful energy."

It's already taken several years inside a lab that is straight out of Star Trek—one of the movies used the lab as background visuals for the Enterprise's engine room—and many failed attempts to get to this point. One adjustment that helped: Researchers made the fuel capsule about 10% bigger. Now it's up to the size of a BB.

That capsule fits in a tiny gold metal can that researchers aim 192 lasers at. They heat it to about 100 million degrees, creating about 50% more pressure inside the capsule than what's inside the center of the sun. These experiments created burning plasmas that lasted just a trillionth of a second, but that was enough to be considered a success, Zylstra said.

Overall, the four experiments in the Nature study—conducted in November 2020 and February 2021—produced as much as 0.17 megajoules of energy, That's far more than previous attempts, but still less than one-tenth of the power used to start the process, Zylstra said. A megajoule is about enough energy to heat a gallon of water 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius).

Preliminary results from experiments done later in 2021, which are still being reviewed by other scientists, pushed energy output to 1.3 megajoules and lasted 100 trillionths of second, according to a government press release. But even that is shy of the 1.9 megajoules needed to break even.

"The major problem with fusion is that it is hard," said Princeton's Cowley. "Otherwise, it might be the perfect way to make energy—sustainable, plentiful, safe and minimal environmental impact."

the Fusion keyword, sorted, and otherwise unedited (some unrelated topics may be in there):

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Desktop fusion is back on the table [01/10/2006]
Distant Vision: Romance and Discovery on An Invisible Frontier [Chapter 31]: Ultimatum [12/28/2005]
Mining The Moon [10/25/2005]
WSJ: Energy a la Francaise - The nuclear option in a time of oil crisis. [10/05/2005]
Magnetic energy? Perhaps [09/07/2005]
Experiment Supports Controversial 'Fusion-In-A-Jar' Claims [07/25/2005]
Bubble Fusion takes next hurdle [07/19/2005]
Purdue Findings Support Earlier Nuclear Fusion Experiments [07/14/2005]
Future energy supply rests on nuclear fusion [07/02/2005]
France to Be Site of World's First Nuclear Fusion Reactor [06/28/2005]
France to host first nuclear fusion project [06/28/2005]
Build More Nuclear Power Plants, Bush Says [06/22/2005]
Coming in out of the cold: Cold fusion, for real ~~ UCLA Lab experiment ~~ [06/07/2005]
Japan's Top Court Gives OK To Reopen Monju Fast Breeder Reactor [05/31/2005]
Contents of ITER deal revealed [Japan plans to retreat from ITER bid, France may win] [05/27/2005]
French claims over Japan's ITER 'pullout' infuriate Tokyo [05/07/2005]
Japan bows out of ITER contention [05/07/2005]
Japan may end bid for nuclear fusion project -paper (France may get ITER) [05/05/2005]
Itty-Bitty and Shrinking, Fusion Device Has Big Ideas [04/28/2005]
Table Top Fusion Device (That doesn't break the law) [04/28/2005]
Scientists put the Sun in our pockets (nuclear fusion using crystals) [04/27/2005]
Nuclear fusion on the desktop ... really! [04/27/2005]
UCLA Researchers Produce Nuclear Fusion [04/27/2005]
Spontaneous ignition discovery has ORNL [Oak Ridge] researcher fired up [04/19/2005]
Is the Vision for Space Exploration Ten Years Too Late? [04/18/2005]
Cold fusion [03/30/2005]
COLD FUSION, THE UNLIMITED ENERGY SOURCE: A MYTH OR REALITY? [03/27/2005]
In from the cold [03/23/2005]
Tiny Bubbles Implode With the Heat of a Star( possible fusion ) [03/14/2005]
Japan stands by bid for nuclear project after EU's June deadline [03/09/2005]
Temperature inside collapsing bubble four times that of sun (cold fusion, sonoluminescence) [03/05/2005]
Brutal Bubbles: Collapsing orbs rip apart atoms (Sonoluminescence, fusion in a jar) [03/04/2005]
Nuclear fusion 'put to the test' (sonoluminescence, fusion in a jar) [02/18/2005]
Researchers report bubble fusion results replicated ~ Cold fusion no longer confusion [01/25/2005]
CONSORTIUM FORMED TO STUDY ACOUSTIC FUSION; [01/15/2005]
Fusion Redux [01/15/2005]
Fire and brim stone [01/10/2005]
Mining The Moon [12/28/2004]
There's Helium-3 In Them There Moon Hills [12/21/2004]
EU 'declaration of war' over fusion [11/26/2004]
Moon gas could meet earth's future energy demands: scientists [11/26/2004]
Moon gas could meet Earth's future energy demands: Scientists [11/26/2004]
Warming Up to Cold Fusion [11/20/2004]
A step towards fusion power [10/23/2004]
Aristide: Kerry's Favorite Haitian [10/08/2004]
Is the Sun really hot? [10/06/2004]
Igniting a burning plasma [09/19/2004]
Fuel cells get a boost [09/17/2004]
Cold Fusion Back From the Dead [08/31/2004]
US to halt nuclear fusion project [08/01/2004]
Police seeking help in Mallove murder [05/29/2004]
Dr. Eugene Mallove is dead [05/15/2004]
Cold Fusion Heating Up [04/18/2004]
The Kerry-Kennedy-Haiti Connection [03/28/2004]
Press release on D.O.E. funded cold fusion research-- NEW ENERGY FOUNDATION [03/26/2004]
U.S. Will Give Cold Fusion Second Look, After 15 Years [03/24/2004]
Atomic fusion in a cup? - It's hard to believe - [03/07/2004]
Researchers Report Bubble Fusion Results Replicated [03/04/2004]
Experts Say New Desktop Fusion Claims Seem More Credible [03/03/2004]
Basayev says he is ready to defend Moscow metro (Islamo comedic relief) [02/24/2004]
Albanians Fear Anarchy in Demonstrations [02/19/2004]
France to Host China's ITER Nuclear Fusion Reactor. [02/03/2004]
China supports France in ITER project [01/29/2004]
Mining the moon for energy on Earth [01/21/2004]
Russia Says 'No' to Nuclear Fusion Plant in Japan [01/16/2004]
ITER: No Meeting of the Minds on Fusion Megaproject [01/02/2004]
Russian nuclear engineers will light artificial sun on New Year's Eve [12/31/2003]
Decision on Site of Fusion Project Postponed-France [12/20/2003]
Decision day for fusion project [Build in Japan or France?] [12/20/2003]
France and Japan step up competition for 10 billion dollar (nuclear fusion) reactor [12/19/2003]
Europe puts France up for reactor (world's 1st fusion reactor will cost $5bil, revolutionize energy) [11/26/2003]
Freshman's nuclear fusion reactor has USU physics faculty in awe [09/17/2003]
First human clone embryo ready for implantation [09/16/2003]
Cold fusion gets cold shoulder from many scientists [09/08/2003]
Why America is Running Out of Gas [07/13/2003]
Billion Degree Breakthrough for Very Hot Fusion [06/29/2003]
Cold fusion information available at LENR-CANR.org [05/06/2003]
Scientific Discovery of "Rare Nuclear-Fusion Violating-Charge-Symmetry"! [04/09/2003]
Sandia Attains Nuclear Fusion [04/08/2003]
Sandia Scientists Confirm; Huge Pulsed Power Machine Enters Fusion Arena!!! [04/07/2003]
Bush is destroying American dream! [03/14/2003]
An Introduction to Zero-Point Energy [02/28/2003]
Will Spacecraft ever Go Faster than the speed of Light? [02/16/2003]
ITER: United States Rejoins International Fusion-Research Project [02/07/2003]
U.S. to join international fusion project [01/30/2003]
Ballance claims Clayton seat [Defeats Greg Dority in NC House Race] [11/06/2002]
Superfast VASIMR Rocket in Funding Limbo [08/07/2002]
Fusion reactor breaks duration record [08/06/2002]
Studies Suggest Unknown Form of Matter Exists [07/30/2002]
Fusion Experiment Disappoints [07/25/2002]
Sonic Fusion [06/05/2002]
New US Navy Report Supports Cold Fusion [04/13/2002]
Sonic Fusion (nuclear fusion in a tabletop apparatus) [03/21/2002]
Bubble Bomb? "Defense funds paying bill on bubble fusion" [03/09/2002]
Table-top fusion [03/07/2002]
Not Cold Fusion but: "Oak Ridge scientist exhausted, elated with response to research" [03/07/2002]
Indian scientist claims holy grail of physics [03/05/2002]
Tabletop Physicists May Have Achieved Fusion in a Bottle [03/05/2002]
Fusion's Fractured Fairy Tale [12/12/2001]

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