A study reveals that bowel movement frequency significantly influences physiology and long-term health, with the best outcomes linked with passing stools once or twice a day. Previous research has suggested associations between constipation and diarrhea with higher risks of infections and neurodegenerative conditions, respectively. Gibbons and his team collected clinical, lifestyle, and biological data—including blood chemistry, gut microbiome, genetics and more—from over 1,400 healthy adult volunteers with no signs of active disease. When stools linger too long in the gut, microbes exhaust the available fiber—which they ferment into beneficial short-chain fatty acids—and instead ferment proteins, producing toxins like p-cresol sulfate...