Free Republic

Some of the highest-paying jobs in the Roman world mirrored modern careers: doctor, lawyer, famous actor. Others - like charioteer and exhibition gladiator - were a bit less familiar. The Best-Paying Jobs in Ancient Rome | 6:41 toldinstone | 633K subscribers | 286,466 views | January 21, 2022 Chapters: 0:00 Introduction 0:36 Laborers 1:05 Craftsmen 1:31 Soldiers 2:13 Lawyers 2:49 Doctors 3:33 Teachers 3:59 Actors 4:26 Gladiators 4:48 Charioteers 5:12 Landed Aristocrats 6:07 Conclusion

For two decades, the Spanish town of Numantia defied the might of the Roman Republic. Numantia: Ancient Rome's Vietnam | 10:03 toldinstone | 633K subscribers | 56,715 views | June 12, 2026

Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0:42 Shakespeare's classical education 1:45 Shakespeare's sources 3:13 Anachronisms 4:26 The character of Caesar 5:38 The character of Brutus 7:46 Political messages 8:52 Timeless language 0:10 Julius Caesar was the first Shakespeare play that I read. It’s still one of my 0:15 favorites. Along with some of the most stirring speeches ever written, it presents what might be 0:22 the first attempt in English literature to really recreate the world of ancient Rome. 0:28 In today’s video, we’ll explore the historical accuracy of Shakespeare’s 0:34 best-known Roman play – and consider how the greatest English playwright used...

The AD/CE system we use to date the year was introduced - more or less by accident - during the Middle Ages. Before its invention, the classical world used a wide range of dating systems. How did the Greeks and Romans count Years? | 7:52 toldinstone | 615K subscribers | 435,313 views | December 31, 2021

A tour of the agora and acropolis of ancient Sparta. The Ruins of Sparta | 6:46 Scenic Routes to the Past | 48.8K subscribers | views | December 12, 2025 0:00 Introduction 1:24 Agora 3:12 Acropolis 5:06 Temple of Artemis Orthia

The seventh wonder of the ancient world lies beneath the harbor of Alexandria. When did the Lighthouse of Alexandria Fall? | 9:00 toldinstone | 610K subscribers | 2,185 views | November 7, 2025 0:00 Introduction 1:02 Construction 1:48 Appearance 3:22 Huel 4:22 Decline and fall 5:18 Qaitbay Citadel 5:45 Submerged ruins 7:16 Latest developments 7:38 Egypt with Toldinstone

The fascinating life - and afterlife - of the ancient world's most iconic tomb. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Reconstructing a Wonder | 10:53 toldinstone | 608K subscribers | 10,133 views | October 10, 2025 0:00 Introduction 0:38 Building the Mausoleum 1:18 Design and decor 2:13 A wonder of the world 2:45 Destruction 3:43 Discovery of the tomb chamber 5:06 Portyl 6:03 Rediscovery 7:10 A trove of sculpture 8:00 Clarifying the plan 9:09 Conclusion

The Romans sailed south to Zanzibar, north to the Hebrides, and east to China. The Most Distant Places Visited by the Romans | 14:52 toldinstone | 608K subscribers | 1,216,082 views | July 29, 2022 0:00 Introduction 0:48 The world known to the Romans 2:37 ClickUp 3:50 Arabia 4:38 East Africa and the Nile 5:39 West Africa and the Sahara 6:58 The Canaries and Madeira 7:42 Britain 8:23 Thule 8:59 Around the Baltic 9:39 Around the Black and Caspian Seas 10:15 Central and northern Asia 10:55 India 12:20 China

How a Syrian Desert Fort Rewrote Roman History | 10:27 toldinstone | 606K subscribers | 4642 views | September 26, 2025 Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0:46 History of Dura-Europos 2:11 Excavation 3:08 Military artifacts 5:15 Portyl 6:13 Religion and society 7:33 Synagogue 8:30 House church 9:20 The fall of Dura

How the Romans Armed 400,000 Soldiers | 8:38 toldinstone | 587K subscribers | 159,503 views | December 22, 2023Chapters: 0:00 Introduction 0:35 Legionary arms 1:03 Auxiliary arms 1:42 Auxiliary cavalry 2:12 Buying and selling arms 2:56 Customizing arms 3:35 War Thunder 4:33 Weapon manufacture 5:01 Civilian contractors 5:37 Camp workshops 6:16 Military craftsmen 6:40 Arms factories

This video explores how Greek city-states constructed some of the most impressive, and most beautiful, buildings in history. How the Greeks built Temples | 11:49 toldinstone | 587K subscribers | 27,375 views | July 11, 2025Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0:40 Form and function 2:18 Planning 2:52 Variables 4:20 Flexispot 5:45 Location and materials 6:45 Construction 8:09 Decoration 9:16 Financing

Although ancient Rome had nothing like a modern middle class, a small but prominent part of the population was poised between affluence and poverty. Was there a Middle Class in Ancient Rome? | 10:49 toldinstone | 586K subscribers | 42,862 views | July 1, 2025 Chapters: 0:00 Introduction 0:33 The Roman elite 1:17 A middle class 1:41 Upper vs. middle 2:19 Respectable professions 3:03 Prosperous craftsmen 3:34 The material record 4:42 Romanis Magicae 5:27 Case study I: freedmen 7:20 Case study II: veterans 9:12 Being middle class

The fall of the Western Roman Empire was an era, not an event. But those who lived through it had no doubt that it was a catastrophe. What was it like to live through the Fall of the Roman Empire? | 10:34 toldinstone | 583K subscribers | 316,756 views | August 19, 2022 0:00 Introduction 0:55 Reactions to the Fall of Rome 2:09 St. Germanus and Britain 3:27 St. Severinus and Noricum 4:39 HelloFresh 5:46 St. Severinus (cont.) 6:56 Sidonius Apollinaris and southern Gaul 8:31 Boethius and Italy

0:00 Introduction 0:36 Old English 1:25 Norman conquest 3:23 Medieval to Renaissance 4:18 Shakespeare and company 5:08 Modern borrowings 5:48 Spelling 6:33 Grammar 7:03 Too much Latin? 7:40 Gifts of a dual heritage The Latin Roots of English | 10:29toldinstone | 583K subscribers | 28,937 views | June 6, 2025

How "Roman" is Times New Roman? | 9:40 toldinstone | 579K subscribers | 9,567 views | May 24, 2025 Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0:42 The Latin Alphabet 1:53 Rustic capitals 2:21 Uncial 2:50 Carolingian miniscule 3:32 Gothic 4:24 The Book 5:26 The first fonts 6:05 Littera Antiqua 6:46 Aldus Manutius and his successors 7:40 Times New Roman 8:07 How Roman?

The most recent papal conclave was quick, efficient, and free of political intrigue. Historically, this has not always been the case... Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0:33 Election of 366 1:54 Election of 1292-4 3:48 Election of 1549-50 6:15 Other complicationsHow to NOT elect a pope | 8:00 toldinstone | 574K subscribers | 21,004 views | May 9, 2025

By modern standards, taxes were low in ancient Rome. But that didn't mean they were easy to pay... 0:00 Introduction 0:34 City-state taxes 1:11 The Roman Republic 1:56 The imperial tax system c3:17 Roman Egypt 4:00 Customs duties and tariffs 4:25 Agent.ai 5:04 Diocletian's reforms 5:32 Tax rates 5:57 Trouble paying 6:29 A regressive regime 7:02 It's good to be rich Why most Romans didn't pay Taxes | 8:47 toldinstone | 560K subscribers | 27,759 views | April 11, 2025

This video explores how Roman law became the legal framework of medieval and early modern Europe, and went on to inspire the civil codes used across two-thirds of the globe today. Why Scotland and Sri Lanka use Roman Law | 11:36 toldinstone | 551K subscribers | 29,782 views | March 7, 2025

This video explores the famous "grain dole" of ancient Rome. As we'll see, the dole was only one part of a centuries-long program to subsidize the price of bread in the ancient world's largest city. Chapters:0:00 Introduction 1:12 Grain, glorious grain 2:14 Taxes and transport 3:22 The voyage to Rome 4:33 Raycon 5:40 The grain dole 7:11 Millers and bakers 7:40 State subsidies 8:38 Imperial ideology 9:29 LegaciesThe Welfare Program that Fed a Million Romans | 11:09toldinstone | 541K subscribers | 26,830 views | February 7, 2025

This video explores the burial place of every Roman and Byzantine emperor, from Augustus to Constantine XI. | Where Every Roman Emperor was Buried | 13:52toldinstone | 538K subscribers | 43,428 views | January 24, 2025