Free Republic

The most recent papal conclave was quick, efficient, and free of political intrigue. Historically, this has not always been the case... Chapters 0:00 Introduction 0:33 Election of 366 1:54 Election of 1292-4 3:48 Election of 1549-50 6:15 Other complicationsHow to NOT elect a pope | 8:00 toldinstone | 574K subscribers | 21,004 views | May 9, 2025

By modern standards, taxes were low in ancient Rome. But that didn't mean they were easy to pay... 0:00 Introduction 0:34 City-state taxes 1:11 The Roman Republic 1:56 The imperial tax system c3:17 Roman Egypt 4:00 Customs duties and tariffs 4:25 Agent.ai 5:04 Diocletian's reforms 5:32 Tax rates 5:57 Trouble paying 6:29 A regressive regime 7:02 It's good to be rich Why most Romans didn't pay Taxes | 8:47 toldinstone | 560K subscribers | 27,759 views | April 11, 2025

This video explores how Roman law became the legal framework of medieval and early modern Europe, and went on to inspire the civil codes used across two-thirds of the globe today. Why Scotland and Sri Lanka use Roman Law | 11:36 toldinstone | 551K subscribers | 29,782 views | March 7, 2025

This video explores the famous "grain dole" of ancient Rome. As we'll see, the dole was only one part of a centuries-long program to subsidize the price of bread in the ancient world's largest city. Chapters:0:00 Introduction 1:12 Grain, glorious grain 2:14 Taxes and transport 3:22 The voyage to Rome 4:33 Raycon 5:40 The grain dole 7:11 Millers and bakers 7:40 State subsidies 8:38 Imperial ideology 9:29 LegaciesThe Welfare Program that Fed a Million Romans | 11:09toldinstone | 541K subscribers | 26,830 views | February 7, 2025

This video explores the burial place of every Roman and Byzantine emperor, from Augustus to Constantine XI. | Where Every Roman Emperor was Buried | 13:52toldinstone | 538K subscribers | 43,428 views | January 24, 2025

Ancient Greek authors believed that Mende was used as a base camp for giants before battle, and as palaeontologist Evangelia Tsoukala has been finding out, it's clear to see why.Unearthing The Bones of Greece's Ancient 'Giants' | 2:18BBC Timestamp | 784K subscribers | 9,562 views | September 19, 2024

Take a unique walk inside one of the best preserved monuments of ancient Rome: Trajan's Column. Ascend the spiral staircase- rarely open to the public- to the top viewing platform for a one-of-a-kind view of Ancient Rome, and learn about the construction and meaning of this funerary monument that narrates the battles against the Dacians (modern Romania). Walk inside and ascend Trajan's Column | 8:22Darius Arya Digs | 28.1K subscribers | 127,903 views | August 14, 2023

Why is there only one firsthand account of the Vesuvius eruption? How is it possible the Romans had such well-cared-for teeth? After nearly two thousand years, there are still plenty of unanswered questions about the Pompeii eruption.Voiceover By: Tim BenschWhy ignore the warning signs? | 0:00A foggy timeline | 1:42Why didn't a water evacuation work? | 3:08How big was the eruption? | 4:21What's with the nice teeth? | 5:28Did they not understand volcanoes? | 6:24What about the refugees? | 7:28Where are other firsthand accounts? | 8:36Why blame the inhabitants? | 9:49Things That Don't Make Sense About The Disaster Of Pompeii...

This first episode of "Old News" explores the latest archaeological discoveries in Tuscany, Pompeii, and Herculaneum.The Latest Archaeological Finds in Italy | 5:10toldinstone | 516K subscribers | 1747 views | September 6, 2024

Chapters:0:00 Introduction0:52 Good and bad apartments1:49 The insulae of Ostia2:41 Helix4:07 The Garden Houses4:56 Decoration5:25 Amenities5:57 Owning and renting6:41 Rent prices7:36 Fire and other hazards8:42 The last insulaeFinding an Apartment in Ancient Rome | 9:44toldinstone | 515K subscribers | 15,768 views | August 27, 2024

The tabernae of ancient Rome were bars and fast-food restaurants. But they were also places for non-elite Romans to socialize, play games, and bet on chariot races.Chapters:0:00 Introduction1:16 The bars of Pompeii2:32 Fine dining3:09 Wines on tap4:02 Bar food5:23 Open all night6:03 Barmaids6:37 Dives7:22 Bad reviews7:54 Where everybody knows your nameBars and Restaurants in Ancient Rome | 9:02Garrett Ryan (as toldinstone) | 512K subscribers | 30,303 views | August 6, 2024

How did the Romans Prove Their Identity? | toldinstone | 330K subscribers | 169,854 views | November 25, 2022

Artnet News reports that a section of opus sectile flooring has been discovered at Baiae, a luxurious Roman town now underwater in the Gulf of Naples, by a team of divers from C.S.R. Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Underwater Archaeology and Technology. Opus sectile flooring is made up of large, polychrome stones cut into precise shapes and was popular among elites during the first century A.D. Such large stones made it more expensive than mosaic flooring, which was made with small tesserae. This floor, made with recycled materials, was installed in a villa's porch reception area overlooking the sea. Baiae eventually...

This video explores another three forgotten Roman megaprojects: the colossal gold mines at Las Medulas, Spain; the Anastasian Wall, Constantinople's outer defense; and Rome's artificial harbor at Portus.Chapters:0:00 Las Medulas3:13 The Anastasian Wall5:24 PortusThree (more) Forgotten Roman Megaprojects | 9:36toldinstone | 511K subscribers | 100,617 views | July 19, 2024

Rome's Monte Testaccio, the ancient world's largest garbage dump, is estimated to contain 53 million broken amphorae.Rome's Mountain of Ancient Garbage | 13:11toldinstone | 511K subscribers | 157,252 views | June 25, 2024Chapters:0:00 Introduction1:17 Spanish olive groves2:03 From olives to oil3:47 The voyage to Portus5:15 The emperor's oil6:15 Up the Tiber7:09 Romanis Magicae8:02 The warehouse district9:30 Monte Testaccio11:12 Significance of a dump11:46 Visiting Monte Testaccio

The Romans Invented Trains....... Almost | 15:28Paul Whitewick | 117K subscribers | 204,600 views | November 19, 2023

Chapters:0:00 Introduction1:06 The Forum and Colosseum2:27 The Ara Pacis3:24 Early restorations4:37 Mondly5:47 Roman forts and baths6:42 Knossos7:23 The Stoa of Attalus8:59 The Acropolis10:05 When to restore?Why Most "Ancient" Buildings are Fakes | 11:18toldinstone | 494K subscribers | 122,499 views | April 12, 2024

Chapters:0:00 Formerly lost cities2:30 Ekster3:32 Suburbs of Pompeii5:01 Tripergole5:45 Helike and other drowned cities6:44 Tigranocerta7:12 Ptolemais Theron and Muziris7 Lost Cities (that could still be found) | 8:35toldinstone | 444K subscribers | 69,473 views | December 8, 2023

0:00 Reaching retirement0:38 Leaving the arena1:59 Infamia2:30 Exhibition fighters and referees3:32 Trainers4:16 Curiosity Stream5:29 Bodyguards6:07 Legionaries 6:47 Farmers and priests7:14 Political careers8:21 "Friends" of wealthy ladies9:07 Elusive antiheroesDid any Gladiator enter Roman Politics? | 10:27toldinstone | 438K subscribers | November 17, 2023

Following Marcus Aurelius on the day of his final triumph. A Day in Ancient Rome | 9:49toldinstone | 437K subscribers | November 10, 2023