Combinatorics, Probability Theory, and the Observer Problem  Combinatorics and probability theory are distinct yet related branches of mathematics. Combinatorics is the evaluation of a (usually) finite set of objects. It asks questions like, “How likely is it the next card I draw will be a seven of hearts?†Or, “What is the likelihood of my winning the five-ball Lotto tonight?†Next questions might be, “How many cards are in a standard deck?†Or “What are the possible combinations of numbers for a winning lottery ticket?†Extending the method from questions of this type, Combinatorics might ask, “How many...