As headlines go, it’s certainly an eye-catching one. “Scientists Prove Existence of God,” German daily Die Welt wrote last week. But unsurprisingly, there is a rather significant caveat to that claim. In fact, what the researchers in question say they have actually proven is a theorem put forward by renowned Austrian mathematician Kurt Gödel—and the real news isn’t about a Supreme Being, but rather what can now be achieved in scientific fields using superior technology. … When Gödel died in 1978, he left behind a tantalizing theory based on principles of modal logic—that a higher being must exist. … That...