Last Stand of the Hunter-gatherers? [2021 -- Gobekli Tepe]

Archaeology Magazine ^ | May/June 2021 | Andrew Curry

[SunkenCiv]

Schmidt thought this demonstrated that complex social organization and the performance of rituals actually predated permanent settlement and agriculture, and that the people who banded together and built the monumental structures were nomadic hunter-gatherers. He suggested that, eventually, the demands of gathering these nomads together in one place to carve and move the huge T-pillars and build the circular enclosures pushed them to take the next step and begin domesticating plants and animals in order to create a more dependable food supply. These innovations, he argued, spread from the hilltop throughout the region and eventually the globe. Ritual and religion, it seemed, launched the Neolithic Revolution, not the other way around. "First the temple, then the city" was how Schmidt summed it up.

However, new discoveries at Göbekli Tepe and a close examination of the results from the earlier excavations are upending things once again. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that the site was a settlement after all, and that many of its large ritual structures were used contemporaneously, not built one after another over the course of centuries. At the same time, a growing group of scholars, including the DAI's Lee Clare, who took over excavations at the site after Schmidt's death in 2014, argue that Göbekli Tepe's towering anthropomorphic pillars and powerful animal carvings do not mark the beginning of the Neolithic period. Instead, they contend, the entire site represents a last-ditch attempt to hold onto a vanishing way of life. The people of Göbekli Tepe weren't driving the Neolithic Revolution forward—they were shoving back against it as hard as they could.

[SunkenCiv]

I've never bought into the notion that this site was built, used for rituals, then systematically covered back up until the following year, as if it were a prehistoric Burning Man festival.

• similar, from The Atlantic: Human History Gets a Rewrite [10/24/2021]
• Domesticated cats hail from Turkey, research suggests [03/28/2010]

[SunkenCiv]

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• Domestication Of The Donkey May Have Taken A Long Time [03/13/2008]
• How Wild Asses Became Donkeys Of The Pharaohs [03/10/2008]
• Egypt's Earliest Agricultural Settlement Unearthed [02/15/2008]
• Cats' Family Tree Rooted In Fertile Crescent, Study Confirms [02/01/2008]
• Ruins of 7,000-year-old city found in Egypt oasis [01/29/2008]
• Noah's Ark Flood Spurred European Farming [01/24/2008]
• Andean Crops Cultivated Almost 10,000 Years Ago [01/17/2008]
• Noble Savages? The era of the hunter-gatherer was not the social and environmental Eden some suggest [01/01/2008]
• African Slaves Brought First Rice Riches to U.S.? [12/20/2007]
• China To Start Excavation Of Horse-And-Chariot Burial [11/29/2007]
• Underwater Archaeologists Find Possible Mastodon Carving On Lake Michigan Rock [09/05/2007]
• A serving of Philistine culture: Boar, dog and fine wine [09/03/2007]
• Trying To Fathom Farming's Origins [08/15/2007]
• Scientists believe cats 'sort of domesticated themselves' [06/29/2007]
• Squash grown 10,000 years ago in Peru [06/28/2007]
• Polynesians Beat Columbus To The Americas [06/04/2007]
• Smithsonian Scientists Connect Climate Change, Origins Of Agriculture In Mexico [06/02/2007]
• A Worldwide Push To Bring Back Chariot Racing [05/24/2007]
• Drifters Could Explain Sweet-Potato Travel [05/20/2007]
• Ancient Canals Reveal Underpinnings of Early Andean Civilization [05/12/2007]
• Fish, Seafood Better Than Olive Oil, Nuts Against Heart Disease [05/07/2007]
• FSU Anthropologist Finds Earliest Evidence Of Maize Farming In Mexico (7,300 YA) [04/10/2007]
• Earliest Horse Figures Of Anatolia In Eskiºehir [02/27/2007]
• Science Traces Roots Of 'Traditional English' Apple Back To Central Asia [02/24/2007]
• Practice Of Farming Reaches Back Farther Than Thought (Panama - 7,800YA) [02/20/2007]
• Mummy's Amazing American Maize [02/14/2007]
• 'Farming in India began much earlier' [12/05/2006]
• Wheat's lost gene helps nutrition [11/24/2006]
• Dental Detectives Reveal Diet If Ancient Human Ancestors [11/09/2006]
• Early human relative ate prehistoric smorgasbord [11/09/2006]
• Domestication Event: Why The Donkey And Not The Zebra? [10/23/2006]
• Horses First Domesticated In Kazakhstan [10/21/2006]
• Virgin olive oil deemed especially heart healthy [09/07/2006]
• Ancient Bison Teeth Provide Window On Past Great Plains Climate, Vegetation [08/08/2006]
• Start Of Banana Farming In Africa Pushed Back 2000 Years [08/07/2006]
• Early Fig Farming [06/30/2006]
• 11,000-Year-Old Grain Shakes Up Beliefs On Beginnings Of Agriculture [06/19/2006]
• Disputed collection holds keys to Machu Picchu's secrets [06/16/2006]
• Figs said to be first domesticated crop [06/01/2006]
• Was Fig First Fruit Of Man's Agricultural Endeavours? [06/01/2006]
• Discovery Of Oldest Known Art And Agriculture Calendar In New World [05/11/2006]
• Chinese Archaeologists Probe Origin Of Domestic Horses Through DNA [04/01/2006]
• Horse Antibodies Could Combat A Bird Flu Outbreak [03/28/2006]
• Did humans devastate Easter Island on arrival? [03/10/2006]
• Smoldered-Earth Policy: Created By Ancient Amazonian Natives, Fertile, Dark Soils. . . [03/05/2006]
• Ancient Andean Maize Makers: Finds Push Back Farming, Trade In Highland Peru [03/05/2006]
• 2,000-Year-Old Judean Date Seed Growing Successfully [02/07/2006]
• 2,000-Year-Old Judean Date Seed Growing Successfully [01/30/2006]
• Evidence Found for Canals That Watered Ancient Peru [01/03/2006]
• Message in a Bottle [History of wine snobbery] [12/26/2005]
• Ears of plenty (the story of wheat / The story of man's staple food) [12/26/2005]
• 'Extinct' Wild Horse Roams Again [12/18/2005]
• An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas [12/17/2005]
• When did the horse get to America? Did the Native Americans Really Have the Horse Before Columbus? [11/29/2005]
• Scientists discover Neolithic wine-making [11/29/2005]
• Archaeologists Suprised To Discover Ancient Horse Skeletons In Jaffa Dig [11/27/2005]
• 2,000-Year-Old Seed Sprouts, Sapling Is Thriving [11/23/2005]
• Potential Origins of Europeans Found [11/11/2005]
• Oldest noodles unearthed in China [10/12/2005]
• Ancient Peruvians Loved Their Spuds [10/04/2005]
• Modern Potato Had Roots in Peru [10/04/2005]
• Research Team Finds New Evidence Of Amazonian Civilization [09/16/2005]
• 'Ancient' boat expedition hits trouble [09/09/2005]
• Scientists: Bison in Illinois earlier (aren't you relieved?) [09/03/2005]
• Ancient Site Reveals Stories Of Sacrificed Horses [08/24/2005]
• New Insight Into Horse Evolution [07/03/2005]
• BBC: Date palm buds after 2,000 years [06/12/2005]
• After a 2,000-Year Rest, a Seed Sprouts in Jerusalem [06/11/2005]
• Ancient Beer, Wine Jars Found in Egypt [05/18/2005]
• Call It Zonkey or a Deebra? [04/29/2005]
• 120 Researchers Use Database to Unlock Corn's Genetic Code [03/26/2005]
• Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication [03/11/2005]
• How Prehistoric Farmers Saved Us From A New Ice Age [03/06/2005]
• Researchers discover why olive oil lessens breast cancer risk [02/15/2005]
• 'Man the Hunter' theory is debunked in new book [02/03/2005]
• Waiter, There's a Fish in My Wine! [01/31/2005]
• The Israeli olive oil guru [01/16/2005]
• Scientists To Start DNA Analysis Of Ancient Horse Skeletons [01/10/2005]
• Olive oil cuts cancer risk [01/10/2005]
• Oleic Acid Key to Olive Oil's Anti-Cancer Effect [01/10/2005]
• Kibble for Thought: Dog diversity prompts new evolution theory [12/21/2004]
• Maize Reveals Traces Of Old Breeding Project [12/02/2004]
• Remains Of Food Shed Light On Ancient Ways [11/20/2004]
• Myth of the Hunter-Gatherer [08/13/2004]
• Pre-Incan Brewery Unearthed in Peru's Andes (Chicha) [07/30/2004]
• Farming Origins Gain 10,000 Years [06/23/2004]
• Donkey Domestication Began In Africa [06/18/2004]
• Volcanic Soils Offer New Clues About The Emergence Of Powerful Chiefdoms In Hawaii [06/11/2004]
• Rat DNA Clues To Sea Migration [06/08/2004]
• Bird's-Eye View Of The Amazon (Airborne Archaeologist Challenges The Myth Of A Pristine Wilderness) [05/30/2004]
• Prehistoric Row Erupts Over Hunter-Gatherer Riddle [02/20/2004]
• Experts: Dogs originated in ancient Asia [02/17/2004]
• Mesopotamian Climate Change (8,000 Years Ago) [02/15/2004]
• Farmers Genetically Modified Corn 4,000 Years Ago [11/13/2003]
• Ancient Corncobs Unlock Riddle [10/14/2003]
• Amazonian find stuns researchers [09/20/2003]
• Ancient Amazon Settlements Uncovered [09/18/2003]
• Scientists Say They've Cloned a Horse [08/06/2003]
• 'Mediterranean Diet' Cuts Heart Attack, Cancer Risk [06/26/2003]
• Papua New Guineans Among World's First Farmers [06/20/2003]
• Eating tomatoes 'turns kids into criminals' [02/23/2003]
• An origin of new world agriculture in coastal Ecuador (12,000 BP) [02/14/2003]
• CANINE EVOLUTION: A Shaggy Dog History [11/21/2002]
• World's Dogs Are Descended From Asian Wolves [11/21/2002]
• Atkins diet beats low-fat fare [11/18/2002]
• Rainforest Researchers Hit Paydirt (Farming 11K Years Ago in South America) [08/30/2002]
• Origins of Domestic Horse Revealed [07/16/2002]
• Human settlements far older than suspected discovered in South America. [04/21/2002]
• Dogs Make Us Human [03/26/2002]
• The Paleolithic Diet and Its Modern Implications [03/07/2002]
• The Cold Snap That Civilised The World [02/23/2002]
• The Dixie Dingo [11/30/2001]

[SunkenCiv]

Thanks! Archaeology works for stories I've missed as well.

[ComputerGuy]

The fact that they filled in and covered up the site tells me drastic social changes were occurring. I have no idea what kind.

[SunkenCiv]

Some topics out of the FRchives, just added to the keyword. These emerged from the chrono search on FR, and yet, they happen to be in alpha order!

• Ancient hunter-gatherers were potters, too [01/04/2023]
• Before Stonehenge monuments, hunter-gatherers made use of open habitats [05/03/2022]
• Eggshell beads made by hunter-gatherers 33,000 years ago used as a social network [03/12/2020]
• Human migration, hunter-gatherers to agriculture, & 8 different Indian policies over 500 years [09/04/2019]
• Nutrition and health in agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers [09/19/2014]

[Justa]

The agricultural Karens outlawed the mens’ yearly hunting trips and get togethers for leaving chores undone and taxes unpaid.

[ComputerGuy]

I would guard my mancave with my life!

[HYPOCRACY]

The WEF monsters all but shut the place down...

https://youtu.be/cPNgGnUrCKM?feature=shared

[Former Proud Canadian]

marking

[Salamander]

I just watched a show on it last night.
Would love to go there.

[BenLurkin]

5,000-year-old ceremonial temple discovered beneath sand dune in Peru
By Jennifer Nalewicki published 21 hours ago
https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/5000-year-old-ceremonial-temple-discovered-beneath-sand-dune-in-peru

[SunkenCiv]

It’s not a fact, it’s an apparently unfounded speculation.

[blueplum]

“...These include vessels large enough to make 43 gallons of beer or porridge...the absence of remains of domestic grain at Göbekli Tepe isn’t conclusive proof that people there weren’t planting crops.”

Was grain cultivated on-site even necessary for beer or for flour? Women might harvest wild and plentiful Einkorn, with a 30K year history, or Emmer, which required pounding with mortar and pestle to release the seeds. Water and a sugar source like honey and yeast off the surface of dates, and there’s your beer.

[DouglasKC]

The best explanation I’ve heard was that it was memorial/warning of a cataclysm that wiped out a large portion of mankind. Graham Hancock has a pretty good explanation of i that it was likely warning people to watch out for comet/meteor strike during certain times of the year.

[SunkenCiv]

Yeah, because they wouldn't be building shelters for themselves, even though they're smart enough to allegedly have some kind of precocious astronomical knowledge. GH is a buffoon.

[SunkenCiv]

the site is much larger than originally thought. The same kind of thing happened in the 1950s-60s with the Catal Huyuk site -- the digging just happened to encounter a shrine with various human and animal skulls. The site was occupied for over 1400 years and abandoned over 7500 years ago.

Multirow barley was developed at least 14K years ago, in Anatolia, and as you noted, other grain crops have been available for a long while.

The fact is, I've never seen much value to this artificial, modern division of hunter-gatherer vs farming. :^)