Posted on 10/14/2020 9:25:50 AM PDT by Red Badger
A major new milestone has just been achieved in the quest for superconductivity. For the first time, physicists have achieved the resistance-free flow of an electrical current at room temperature - a positively balmy 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit).
This has smashed the previous record of -23 degrees Celsius (-9.4 degrees Fahrenheit), and has brought the prospect of functional superconductivity a huge step forward.
"Because of the limits of low temperature, materials with such extraordinary properties have not quite transformed the world in the way that many might have imagined," physicist Ranga Dias of the University of Rochester said in a press statement.
"However, our discovery will break down these barriers and open the door to many potential applications."
Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911, and has since become a fervently pursued goal in condensed matter physics.
It consists of two key properties. The first is zero resistance. Usually, the flow of an electrical current encounters some degree of resistance - a bit like how air resistance pushes back on a moving object, for example. The higher the conductivity of a material, the less electrical resistance it has, and the current can flow more freely.
The second is something called the Meissner effect, in which the magnetic fields of the superconducting material are expelled. This forces the magnetic field lines to reroute around the material. If a small permanent magnet is placed above a superconducting material, the repulsive force of these magnetic field lines will cause it to levitate.
The potential applications of superconductivity could revolutionise our world - from maglev transportation to data transfer to lossless power grids. But there's a big problem.
Superconducting materials are usually only created and maintained at extremely low temperatures, way below those found in nature. Keeping materials at these temperatures is difficult and expensive, which has proven a practical barrier to broader implementation.
Recently, physicists have found success in raising the temperature in lightweight elements, such as hydrogen sulfide and lanthanum hydride. The common element there is hydrogen, the lightest element in nature. But hydrogen as a gas is an insulator; in order to make it superconducting, it needs to be metalised under immense pressures.
"To have a high temperature superconductor, you want stronger bonds and light elements. Those are the two very basic criteria. Hydrogen is the lightest material, and the hydrogen bond is one of the strongest," Dias said.
"Solid metallic hydrogen is theorised to have high Debye temperature and strong electron-phonon coupling that is necessary for room temperature superconductivity."
supercond labThe superconductivity lab. (Adam Fenster)
Since pure metallic hydrogen can only be created under extreme pressure, the right conditions are extremely difficult to achieve. Two teams have reported success in creating it in recent years.
In 2017, physicists reported metallic hydrogen at pressures between 465 and 495 gigapascals and temperatures of 5.5 Kelvin (-267.65 °Cs; -449.77 °F). In 2019, physicists reported metallic hydrogen at pressures of 425 gigapascals and temperatures of 80 Kelvin (-193 °C; -316 °F). Neither of those are close to room temperature. And, for reference, the pressure at Earth's core is between 330 and 360 gigapascals.
The next best thing is a metal that's rich in hydrogen, like the hydrogen sulfide and lanthanum hydride used in previous experiments. These mimic the superconducting properties of pure metallic hydrogen at much lower pressures.
So, a team of physicists led by Elliot Snider of the University of Rochester started experimenting. First, they tried combining the hydrogen with yttrium to create yttrium superhydride. This material exhibited superconductivity at -11 degrees Celsius (12 degrees Fahrenheit) under 180 gigapascals of pressure.
Next, Snider and his team tried combining carbon, sulphur, and hydrogen to create carbonaceous sulphur hydride. They squeezed a tiny sample in a diamond anvil and measured it for superconductivity. And they found it, at 270 gigapascals, and 15 degrees Celsius.
Obviously, it's still a way off being useable in everyday circumstances. The sample sizes were microscopic, between 25 and 35 microns, and the pressure at which superconductivity emerged still rather impractical.
The next step in the research will be to try to reduce the high pressure needed by tuning the chemical composition of the sample. If they can get the mix right, the researchers believe a room-temperature, ambient-pressure superconductor will finally be within our grasp.
The research has been published in Nature.
50 years ago, the only way anyone could even think about superconductivity was at around -450°F.
To me, these results seem like quite an improvement.
Yes, it is an improvement. I am not downplaying that, but rather cutting through much of the hype to get to the core of the results.
Just as bad, since the government will be operating through them.
“To me, these results seem like quite an improvement.”
These experiments also bring more data to the table related to understanding of the physics of nature.
We are living in the future
I’ll tell you how I know
I read it in the paper
Fifteen years ago
We’re all driving rocket ships
And talking with our minds
And wearing turquoise jewelry
And standing in soup lines
We are standing in soup lines
Living in the Future
John Prine
“Just as bad, since the government will be operating through them.”
How is that?
My work says no not possible.
= -.001 gigapascals (Gp)
or,
1 Gp = 145,000 psi = 1,000,000,000 Pascals = 1012 Pascals
Hopefully, this discovery will help me in my work on the Infinite Improbability Drive.
Fascism is a cooperative between government and corporate to control the market and ensure a monopoly on services for the favoured businesses, like the the governments are using Covid today.
Those transportation services will not be operating free from government regulation, but they will operating with the promise of owning their respective markets with no fear of competition, if the government is allowed strict controls.
30 years later, someone may have finally pulled it off.
Electricity free at last! Free at last! Thank Fraud almighty, it’s free at last!..................
Sure, I'll just go out in my yard aqnd dig up a ton or so of yttrium. It's just so abundant! < /sarc >
What, you don’t have a pile of it in your rock garden?
10^9, not 10^12.
True story. I remember the time I thought I needed some francium to facilitate an analysis. Imagine my surprise when I searched the chemical supply catalogs and couldn't find any. Then I found out why I couldn't.
(For the non-chemists, the total amount of francium in the earth's crust is less than one ounce.)
You’re correct. The small leaps along the way get things going in a direction and before you know it good things happen.
Like ships: Rowing->sailing->steam power->oil power->nuclear power. There’s a larger progression that will happens as the incremental stuff gains momentum to bring about the major advancements.
Now about that flux capacitor and time travel... :-)
Thanks Red Badger. Superconductivity ping.
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