IntroductionIn the early 1980s, spreadsheets were still a nascent idea. VisiCalc had proven the concept and created the market, but it was Lotus 1-2-3 that turned spreadsheets into a business phenomenon. Launched in 1983 by Lotus Development, 1-2-3 combined raw speed, integrated graphing, rudimentary database features and programmable macros into a single, keyboard-driven package that ran well on the IBM PC. The result was an application that not only dominated office automation for a decade but also shaped how people thought about end-user computing.This article revisits Lotus 1-2-3: what it introduced, why it mattered, and how its ideas echo in...