. . American OutlookThe Biological Case Against Race Joseph L. Graves Jr. In The Descent of Man, published in 1871, Darwin outlined the basic reasoning that still stands today concerning the races of mankind. Darwin pointed out that if we used the techniques that naturalists used to identify race in nonhuman species, we would conclude that there really were no races in anatomically modern humans. Over one hundred and forty years of research have demonstrated that Darwin’s reasoning was correct. . . In my recent book, The Emperor’s New Clothes, I demonstrate that our social construction of race was contingent...