Posted on 01/18/2003 2:51:58 PM PST by blam
Unearthed: the humble origins of world diplomacy
By David Keys, Archaeology Correspondent
19 January 2003
Archaeologists have discovered evidence of an invasion of the Middle East by one of the world's first superpowers, which destroyed much of the region 33 centuries ago.
Under the ruins of a 3,800-year-old royal palace in western Syria they have found part of an ancient diplomatic and administrative library, the most important archaeological discovery of its kind for more than 20 years.
Accounts on clay tablets describe the region's conquest by one of the Bronze Age's superpowers, the Hittite Empire, in 1340BC. This helped to reduce Egyptian power in neighbouring Palestine and played a key part in creating biblical-era Israel. The invasion also led, in effect, to the invention of the concept of the international treaty.
The clay tablets – discovered at the site of the ancient city of Qatna, 200km north of Damascus – appear to tell the whole story of the Hittite conquest of the region. What seems to be one of the first letters in the sequence – probably from a diplomatic or intelligence officer in northern Syria – describes how the Hittites invaded with a large army and great numbers of chariots and destroyed many towns, including one 100km north of Qatna. The diplomat implores the King of Qatna – a ruler called Idanda – to reinforce his defences.
Another letter – from a fellow king, also somewhere in northern Syria – described to Idanda how the Hittite general was on the march again, laden with war booty, presumably from the sacked cities.
The clay tablets then go on to record Idanda's reaction. One text is an instruction to make 40,000 mud bricks, perhaps to strengthen the city wall. Another orders workshops to make 18,600 swords, while yet another names the 25 military captains who are to receive the weapons.
Apparently the Hittite army arrived and captured Qatna, despite the defenders' new weapons. The palace, and probably the town too, were destroyed. But the destruction, ironically, preserved the library. For when the Hittites set fire to the palace, the wooden floors collapsed and the library's clay tablets fell four metres into a basement corridor and were buried in rubble.
As well as diplomatic letters and intelligence documents, the library included reports and instructions on economic and legal matters. One tablet reveals, for instance, that a lady of the palace, called Napshi-Abi, was very rich and owned 200 gold-hilted knives, ebony chairs and knives inlaid with lapis lazuli.
The letters and reports are unique, not only for their subject matter but also because they are written in a previously unknown language, a mixture of Akkadian (the Semitic lingua franca of the ancient world) and Hurrian (which originated in what is now eastern Turkey and the Caucasus).
Also buried for 33 centuries were the tombs of Qatna's royal family, containing ivory, royal insignia, alabaster vases, gold and silver bowls and gold rosettes. So far archaeologists have found a funerary complex (complete with entrance statues) that served up to 15 generations of royalty.
“Give different answers...” seriously? The ancient language experts back at the time cuneiform was discovered were mostly Christians or of Christian upbringing. When the so-called Hittites were ‘discovered’ they were called “the Forgotten Empire”, and the name assigned to them was flat out lifted from the Bible.
When Forrer started cracking the languages in the old Hittite archive in their former capital, he found some were Indo-European and some were not (cuneiform is unusually well suited to record pretty much any language, which is why it was used for diplomatic correspondence, and was in use longer than we’ve used the alphabetic scripts that gradually replaced cuneiform).
McQueen found that “Hittite appears to be Lydian”, an anomaly that he tried to resolve in a later edition by changing “Lydian” to “Arzawan”. He was right the first time. Coming soon to a new topic near you:
Who Were the Hittites?
Archaeology and the Bible give different answers
Ellen White
02/16/2016
http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/sepphoris-inscriptions-reference-rabbis/
Note: this topic is from . Thanks blam. Just an update.
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