1. Introduction In recent decades, distortions resulting from pervasive non-market policies and practices have left critical minerals supply chains of market-oriented economies vulnerable to a myriad of disruptions, including economic coercion. Correcting these vulnerabilities is imperative, as critical minerals are strategic assets integral to modern and innovative industrial economies, and diverse, resilient, and market-based supply chains are essential for our economic and national security. To this end, the United States and the United Mexican States (“Mexico”) (collectively, “the Participants”) seek to develop a new paradigm for preferential trade in critical minerals supported by price floors and other measures, and have...