When groups such as the Black Panther Party, the Nation of Islam and various other black nationalist organizations appealed publicly for social justice, they were soundly denounced by white America as dangerous radicals and militants. Fed by a national negative media frenzy, law enforcement created a brutal covert and overt crackdown that included killings, beatings, arrests and destruction of character and property. These actions created a fear that shut down many groups. While civil rights organizations were meted with similar negativity, they had some liberal white press and philanthropy, even white and Jewish members and martyrs. The entire human rights/civil...