Posted on 06/25/2021 9:48:45 AM PDT by Red Badger
At the onset of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, store shelves were quickly emptied of toilet paper, revealing the commodity’s prominent, yet unspoken role in modern-day society. Although humans have cleaned their bottoms for as long as they have walked the Earth, “three-ply” and “extra-soft” didn’t always describe toilet hygiene. Before the introduction of mass-produced, commercially available toilet paper in the mid-1800s and the continued improvements made into the early 20 century, people relied on less luxurious ways to wipe their bums.
From Seashells to Communal Sponges Through history, local customs and climate often dictated how anal hygiene was carried out. Social hierarchy also had in impact on toilet habits. What’s clear is that humans in all time periods have used a variety of natural tools and materials to clean themselves. In very ancient times, wiping with stones and other natural materials and rinsing with water or snow was common. Some cultures opted for seashells and animal furs.
A sponge on a stick, known as tersorium or xylospongium.
D. Herdemerten/CC BY 3.0
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“The most famous example of ancient ‘toilet paper’ comes from the Roman world [during the first century A.D.] and Seneca's story about the gladiator who killed himself by going into a toilet and shoving the communal sponge on a stick down his throat,” says Erica Rowan, an environmental archaeologist and a lecturer in classical archaeology at the University of London. The sponges, known as tersoriums, may have been used once or cleaned in a bucket of vinegar or salt water and reused, or they may have been used more like toilet brushes than toilet paper.
Beyond the communal sponge, Greco-Romans also used moss or leaves and pieces of ceramic known as pessoi to perform cleansing. Pieces of pessoi may have started as ostraca, broken bits of pottery that often had the names of enemies inscribed on them—a proverbial way to soil upon adversaries.
Small fragments of cloth found in a sewer in Herculaneum, Italy, one of the towns buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D., could have been used as another form of toilet paper, although Rowan points out, “Cloth was made by hand in antiquity so using cloth to wipe your bum would have been quite a decadent activity. It's the equivalent to using the softest and most expensive three-ply today.”
In 1992, archaeologists discovered 2,000-year-old hygiene sticks, known as salaka, cechou and chugi, in latrines at Xuanquanzhi, a former Han Dynasty military base in China that existed along the Silk Road. The instruments, cut from bamboo and other wood, resembled spatulas. The ends were wrapped in cloth and contained traces of preserved fecal matter.
The Introduction of Paper as a Wipe Although paper originated in China in the second century B.C., the first recorded use of paper for cleansing is from the 6th century in medieval China, discovered in the texts of scholar Yen Chih-Thui. In 589 A.D, he wrote, “Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from the Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes.”
By the early 14th century, the Chinese were manufacturing toilet paper at the rate of 10 million packages of 1,000 to 10,000 sheets annually. In 1393, thousands of perfumed paper sheets were also produced for the Hongwu Emperor’s imperial family.
Paper became widely available in the 15th century, but in the Western world, modern commercially available toilet paper didn’t originate until 1857, when Joseph Gayetty of New York marketed a "Medicated Paper, for the Water-Closet,” sold in packages of 500 sheets for 50 cents. Before his product hit the market, Americans improvised in clever ways.
"The greatest necessity of the age! Gayetty's medicated paper for the water-closet."
Library of Congress
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Barry Kudrowitz, associate professor and director of product design at the University of Minnesota, has studied the history and use of toilet paper. Through the 1700s, corncobs were a common toilet paper alternative. Then, newspapers and magazines arrived in the early 18th century. “The ‘legend’ goes that people were primarily using the Sears catalog in outhouses, but when the catalog began to be printed in glossy paper people needed to find a replacement,” says Kudrowitz. Americans also nailed the Farmer’s Almanac onto outhouse walls, leading the company to pre-drill the legendary “hole” into their publication in 1919.
The first perforated toilet paper rolls were introduced in 1890, and by 1930 toilet paper was finally manufactured “splinter free.” Today, softer, stronger and more absorbent describe the toilet paper found in American homes.
Toilet Paper Hoarding Shifts in attitudes and practices over time, including those associated with bathroom habits and hygiene, can help explain why people in modern society feel compelled to have toilet paper on hand, particularly during a crisis. For instance, in the Middle Ages, people considered human waste both good—being valuable and worth money (excellent for crops)—and bad—filthy and disgusting (excellent for humor and insults).
“The good is little accepted today, despite endeavors to [re]use excrement for energy,” says Susan Signe Morrison, a professor at Texas State University and author of Excrement in the Late Middle Ages: Sacred Filth and Chaucer’s Fecopoetics.
A Roman latrine built in stone around AD 124, in part of the Roman province of Britannia.
English Heritage/Heritage Images/Getty Images
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In ancient Rome, public toilets consisted of stone or marble slabs with a series of holes in them. There were no dividers and therefore no privacy. People ended up (quite literally) sitting right next to each other and sharing the communal sponge. Now, most Americans would be embarrassed at the mere thought of running out of toilet paper.
“It’s psychological,” says Morrison. “We hoard toilet paper because we fear having to face our poo. If we run out of toilet paper, how will we wipe our bottoms?”
I just use dollar bills these days.
I just use dollar bills these days.
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Described as-such by the author of “Rich Dad, Poor Dad”.
https://youtu.be/SAaHe26RdsY?t=222
I remember a story about the Sears Roebuck catalog from when my dad was a kid in the 1920s living on a farm. His aunt ordered all thing needed for the family and workers. So she once send in an order by mail for toilet paper. Sears Roebuck wrote back, “please include the catalog item number when you order.”. She wrote back “if I had the catalog, I wouldn’t need the toilet paper!”
A WWII vet told me about a kid from Arkansas going into a French bathroom. He came out saying. "Boy, they've got some short people here. You should see that drinking fountain they've got in there."
I went on a three month backpacking adventure in my youth. River rocks work quite well.
Yes I remember.
People tell me that today is better...
Hah hah!
Ah, yes, the old Muzzie saying, “Eat right, wipe left.”
...which is why Arabs traditionally cut off the right hand as punishment.
I hate going to the store and always forget stuff so.... I do what I call paper runs. When my supply of tp and paper towels gets low I make one run and fill up my car. You know, 10-12 packs of the 12 double rolls of tp and 6 or so of the huge packs of paper towels. Then I just stack them all in the garage. When Covid hit with the tp shortage I had just done a run and had 12 of the huge packages of tp stacked up in the garage. lol
That was my first thought, too. “Gargantua and Pantagruel” is the like the OED on the subject.
All the others just left!
https://www.sapiens.org/column/curiosities/ancient-roman-bathrooms/
So you carried your tersorium around with you?
Or used a communal one when in a public loo?
What did they do with it after use?
EUW.
My husband served during the Korean War. One day while handling a payroll at the Bank of Seoul he went to the restroom. It was a round room with seats all around the wall, like the Roman one shown here but round. There were several men seated. Then a woman walked in and the men nodded their heads politely. She also sat down, as did my husband. I wonder if they knew any Romans? He also learned to eat Kimchi. Every country home had a barrel of the stuff outside the house, and he figured if captured, he could escape and eat Kimchi until he rejoined our troops.
We had a summer country cottage with an outhouse. One year bees built honey combs under the seat. Using the toilet was a nervous experience, but we were never stung. We avoided going in the late afternoon. The bees seemed more agitated and numerous at that time. Perhaps coming home from a hard days work. Perhaps our smell seemed like part of the hive from the years of accumulation, so we were not perceived as an enemy.
We had a summer country cottage with an outhouse. One year bees built honey combs under the seat. Using the toilet was a nervous experience, but we were never stung. We avoided going in the late afternoon. The bees seemed more agitated and numerous at that time. Perhaps coming home from a hard days work. Perhaps our smell seemed like part of the hive from the years of accumulation, so we were not perceived as an enemy.
When I landed in Korea, and was housed temporarily not far from Kimpo airport, waiting our transportation to our assignments, I smelled the smell of Kimchi in the air; it was so new to my senses that merely the hint of it flowing in the air was enough for me to say: “what is that smell”.
I became a Kimchi fan while I was there.
Traditionally a mixture that becomes Kimchi is prepared in the fall or winter, buried in ceramic pots in the ground, where it ferments. It is after the fermentation has occurred that Kimchi has the familiar Kimchi taste.
In truth though, spicy hot Kimchi is no earlier than the 17th century. Before that many of the “hotter” spices were not well known or much available in Korea. I don’t think modern Koreans care so much about that, as it is the spicier versions so many Koreans like today.
OK, so ancient Roman pooping habits seem strange, but what about their customs around pee?
As best we can tell from historic and archaeological data, ancient Romans peed in small pots in their homes, offices, and shops. When those small pots became full, they dumped them into large jars out in the street. Just like with your garbage, a crew came by once a week to collect those hefty pots of pee and bring them to the laundromat. Why? Because ancient Romans washed their togas and tunics in pee!
Human urine is full of ammonia and other chemicals that are great natural detergents. If you worked in a Roman laundromat, your job was to stomp on clothes all day long—barefoot and ankle deep in colossal vats of human pee.
(Frankly, I wonder why we haven’t emulated this aspect of Roman culture in our age of green, eco-friendly, and sustainable businesses. I’m thinking of opening a chain called Urine-Urout All-Natural Laundromat. It’s a sparkling business opportunity!) As peculiar as personal hygiene practices in ancient Rome may seem to us, the historical fact is that many Romans successfully and sustainably used tersoria and washed their clothes in pee for several centuries—far longer than we’ve used toilet paper. Indeed, toilet paper is not a universal technology even today, as any trip to India, rural Ethiopia, or remote areas of China will make abundantly clear.
I’ve been to Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Gotta say, was pretty impressed with their plumbing.
Works better than a lot of modern American major metros I’ve been in...
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