CHICAGO, Jan. 5 — The annual meeting of the American Economic Association, which opened here on Friday, is usually a pretty esoteric affair. But this year it could resonate much more broadly as the departing president of the organization, which represents most of the nation’s academic economists, tries to push prevailing economic theory further away from the free market approach that has generally held sway for the last four decades. The protagonist in this drama is George A. Akerlof, a Nobel laureate, who is using the same platform that the late Milton Friedman adopted in 1968. As president of the...