Posted on 09/11/2009 8:27:27 AM PDT by Salvation
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Since 1179, cardinals have been the exclusive electors of the Roman Pontiff. In the twelfth century members of the electoral college were also prelates (bishops and archbishops) from outside of Rome, and by the fifteenth century (under Pope Eugenius IV in 1439) even cardinals who were only priests were given a voice in the papal election.
Among the College of Bishops, it has been a longstanding tradition of the Church, to raise certain bishops and archbishops to the College of Cardinals. The Cardinals have traditionally been seen as the "Princes of the Church". Because of their special devotion and holiness, they are called to assist the Holy Father in the governance of the Church. Most Cardinals are either Archbishops of the largest dioceses in their countries or regions, or the heads of the dicasteries of the Roman Curia (the Pope's Ministers of State, if you like).
Of course, the singular role that the Cardinals play is that of electing a new Pontiff when the See of Peter is vacant (see Electing a Pope). To them belongs this honour and responsibility.
Because the Cardinals are called to help the Pope in his leadership of the Church, they are also linked in a special way to the Diocese of Rome. A small number of Cardinals are made the titular bishops (ie, in name only) of the suburbicarian sees surrounding Rome. In addition, each of the remaining Cardinals is given the honorary "governance" of one of the Parish Churches of Rome. Whenever they visit Rome, they are encouraged to minister to their community in Rome. Strictly speaking, it is the Cardinal who is the "parish priest" of these parishes, not the priest who fulfils that role in reality. However, in real terms, the Cardinal's position in that church is only titular.
There are three degrees within the College of Cardinals:
This does not correspond to their actual degree of orders (ie, whether they are a bishop, priest or deacon) but to their position within the College of Cardinals. Cardinals appointed from dioceses around the world are made Cardinal Priests. Cardinals appointed from within the Roman Curia are made Cardinal Deacons. However, after having been a Cardinal Deacon for 10 years, the Cardinal can petition the Pope to be promoted to Cardinal Priest. The distinction between the three degrees of Cardinals has little practical significance except in determining the order and rank for ceremonial processions. Also, during the period after a Pope dies and before a new one is elected, it is one's position within the College of Cardinals that determines one's power to exercise certain powers if the Dean of the College of Cardinals or Camerlengo are unable to do so.
Pope John Paul II most recently appointed new Cardinals to the College in 2003 when he created 42 new cardinals, including two that he had been reserving "in pectore" from a previous Consistory. This means that they were appointed, but only he knows who they were (usually to protect the cardinal in question where they find themselves living in a situation of persecution, eg, in China). If the Pope had died before their names were revealed, they would not have been able to claim their "red hat". They do not have the right to vote in Conclave while their names have not been revealed, but once revealed, their seniority in the College dates from the date they were named "in pectore" not from the date their names were revealed.
This was Pope John Paul's ninth ordinary public consistory for the naming of cardinals. In the previous six consistories, he created 137 cardinals. The previous consistories were held on: June 30, 1979 (15 cardinals, of whom one was "in pectore"); February 2, 1983 (18); May 25, 1985 (28); June 28, 1988 (24: he had named 25 but theologian Hans Urs von Balthasar died on June 26); June 28, 1991 (22); November 26, 1994 (30); 18 February 1998 (20) and 2001 (44).
Pope Paul VI's Apostolic Constitution "Romano Pontifici Eligendo," promulgated on October 1, 1975, established numerical limits for the College of Cardinals. It stated that cardinals who had reached the age of 80 could not enter into conclave, and that the number of electors could not go beyond 120. Pope John Paul II continued this limitation when he revoked "Romano Pontifici Eligendo" and introduced a new revised set of rules for papal elections in "Universi Dominici Gregis" in 1996. However, in the 2001 Consistory and again in 2003, the Holy Father ignored the limit he had set and appointed a large number of Cardinals, taking the number of Cardinals under 80 (and therefore eligible to vote) to 137.
Click here for a list of the current Cardinals.
Sodano, Angelo-- -- Aged 81
Gantin, Bernardin-- -- Aged 87
Etchegaray, Roger-- -- Aged 86
*López Trujillo, Alfonso-- -- Aged 73
*Re, Giovanni Battista-- -- Aged 75
*Arinze, Francis-- -- Aged 76
Sfeir, Nasrallah Pierre-- -- Aged 89
Ghattas, Stephanos II-- -- Aged 89
*Daoud, Ignace Moussa I-- -- Aged 78
Delly, Emmanuel III-- -- Aged 81
Total Cardinal Bishops (including Patriarch-Cardinals): 10
Kim Sou-hwan, Stephen-- -- Aged 87
Sales, Eugênio de Araújo-- -- Aged 88
Aponte Martinez, Luis-- -- Aged 87
Arns, Paulo Evaristo, OFM-- -- Aged 87
Baum, William Wakefield-- -- Aged 82
Cé, Marco-- -- Aged 84
Corripio Ahumada, Ernesto-- -- Aged 90
Macharski, Franciszek-- -- Aged 82
Kitbunchu, Michael Michae-- -- Aged 80
do Nascimento, Alexandre-- -- Aged 84
*Danneels, Godfried-- -- Aged 76
*Williams, Thomas Stafford-- -- Aged 79
Martini, Carlo Maria, SJ-- -- Aged 82
*Glemp, Józef-- -- Aged 79
*Meisner, Joachim-- -- Aged 75
Lourdusamy, D. Simon-- -- Aged 85
Innocenti, Antonio-- -- Aged 94
Obando Bravo, Miguel, SDB-- -- Aged 83
Mayer, Paul Augustin, OSB-- -- Aged 98
*Vidal, Ricardo J.-- -- Aged 78
Gulbinowicz, Henryk Roman-- -- Aged 85
Tomko, Jozef-- -- Aged 85
Deskur, Andrzej Maria-- -- Aged 85
*Poupard, Paul-- -- Aged 79
Wetter, Friedrich-- -- Aged 81
Piovanelli, Silvano-- -- Aged 85
*Simonis, Adrianus Johannes-- -- Aged 77
*Law, Bernard Francis-- -- Aged 77
Biffi, Giacomo-- -- Aged 81
Martínez Somalo, Eduardo-- -- Aged 82
Silvestrini, Achille-- -- Aged 85
Falcão, José Freire-- -- Aged 83
*Giordano, Michele-- -- Aged 78
dos Santos, Alexandre José Maria, OFM-- -- Aged 85
Canestri, Giovanni-- -- Aged 90
Pimenta, Simon Ignatius-- -- Aged 89
Clancy, Edward Bede-- -- Aged 85
Szoka, Edmund Casimir-- -- Aged 81
Paskai, László, OFM-- -- Aged 82
*Tumi, Christian Wiyghan-- -- Aged 78
Margéot, Jean-- -- Aged 93
*López Rodriguez, Nicolás de Jesús-- -- Aged 72
*Mahony, Roger Michael-- -- Aged 73
Bevilacqua, Anthony Joseph-- -- Aged 86
Saldarini, Giovanni-- -- Aged 84
Daly, Cahal Brendan-- -- Aged 91
*Ruini, Camillo-- -- Aged 78
Korec, Ján Chryzostom, SJ-- -- Aged 85
*Schwery, Henri-- -- Aged 77
*Sterzinsky, Georg Maximilian-- -- Aged 73
*Vlk, Miloslav-- -- Aged 77
Shirayanagi, Peter Seiichi-- -- Aged 81
Suárez Rivera, Adolfo Antonio-- -- Aged 82
*Ortega y Alamino, Jaime Lucas-- -- Aged 72
*Darmaatmadja, Julius Riyadi, SJ-- -- Aged 74
Wamala, Emmanuel-- -- Aged 82
*Keeler, William Henry-- -- Aged 78
*Turcotte, Jean-Claude-- -- Aged 73
Carles Gordó, Ricardo María-- -- Aged 82
*Maida, Adam Joseph-- -- Aged 79
*Puljic, Vinco-- -- Aged 64
Razafindratandra, Armand Gaétan-- -- Aged 84
Pham Dình Tung, Paul Joseph-- -- Aged 90
*Sandoval Íñiguez, Juan-- -- Aged 76
Swiatek, Kazimierz-- -- Aged 94
Tonini, Ersilio-- -- Aged 95
*De Giorgi, Salvatore-- -- Aged 79
Araújo, Serafim Fernandes de-- -- Aged 85
*Rouco Varela, Antonio María-- -- Aged 73
*Ambrozic, Aloysius Matthew-- -- Aged 79
*Tettamanzi, Dionigi-- -- Aged 75
*Pengo, Polycarp-- -- Aged 65
*Schönborn, Christoph, OP-- -- Aged 64
*Rivera Carrera, Norberto-- -- Aged 67
*George, Francis Eugene, OMI-- -- Aged 72
Shan Kuo-his, Paul, SJ-- -- Aged 85
Laghi, Pio-- -- Aged 87
Cassidy, Edward Idris-- -- Aged 85
Sánchez, José T.-- -- Aged 89
Noè, Virgilio-- -- Aged 87
Angelini, Fiorenzo-- -- Aged 93
Poggi, Luigi-- -- Aged 91
Furno, Carlo-- -- Aged 87
Agustoni, Gilberto-- -- Aged 87
Jaworski, Marian-- -- Aged 83
*Pujats, Janis-- -- Aged 78
*Sepe, Crescenzio-- -- Aged 66
González Zumárraga, Antonio José-- -- Aged 84
*Dias, Ivan-- -- Aged 73
*Agnelo, Geraldo Majella-- -- Aged 75
*Rubiano Sáenz, Pedro-- -- Aged 76
*McCarrick, Theodore Edgar-- -- Aged 79
Connell, Desmond-- -- Aged 83
*Backis, Audrys Juozas-- -- Aged 72
*Errázuriz Ossa, Francisco Javier, Schönstatt-- -- Aged 76
*Terrazas Sandoval, Julio, CSsR-- -- Aged 73
*Napier, Wilfrid Fox, OFM-- -- Aged 68
*Rodríguez Maradiaga, Oscar Andrés, SDB-- -- Aged 66
Agré, Bernard-- -- Aged 83
*Cipriani Thorne, Juan Luis-- -- Aged 65
Álvarez Martínez, Francisco-- -- Aged 84
*Hummes, Cláudio, OFM-- -- Aged 75
Vithayathil, Varkey, CSsR-- -- Aged 82
*Bergoglio, Jorge Mario, SJ-- -- Aged 72
*Policarpo, José da Cruz-- -- Aged 73
*Poletto, Severino-- -- Aged 76
*Murphy-O'Connor, Cormac-- -- Aged 77
*Egan, Edward Michael-- -- Aged 77
*Husar, Lubomyr-- -- Aged 76
*Lehmann, Karl-- -- Aged 73
Honoré, Jean-- -- Aged 89
*Scola, Angelo-- -- Aged 67
*Okogie, Anthony Olubumni-- -- Aged 73
*Panafieu, Bernard-- -- Aged 78
*Zubeir Wako, Gabriel-- -- Aged 68
*Amigo Vallejo, Carlos, OFM-- -- Aged 75
*Rigali, Justin Francis-- -- Aged 74
*O'Brien, Keith Michael Patrick-- -- Aged 71
*Scheid, Eusebio Oscar, SCI-- -- Aged 76
*Antonelli, Ennio-- -- Aged 72
*Bertone, Tarcisio, SDB-- -- Aged 74
*Turkson, Peter Kodwo Appiah-- -- Aged 60
*Toppo, Telesphore Placidus-- -- Aged 69
*Pell, George-- -- Aged 68
*Bozanic, Josip-- -- Aged 60
*Pham Minh Mán, Jean-Baptiste-- -- Aged 74
*Quezada Toruño, Rodolfo-- -- Aged 77
*Barbarin, Philippe-- -- Aged 58
*Erdö, Peter-- -- Aged 57
*Ouellet, Marc, PSS-- -- Aged 65
*Urosa Savino, Jorge Liberato-- -- Aged 67
*Rosales, Gaudencio Borbon-- -- Aged 77
*Ricard, Jean-Pierre-- -- Aged 64
*Cañizares Llovera, Antonio-- -- Aged 63
*Cheong Jin-Suk, Nicholas-- -- Aged 77
*O'Malley, Sean Patrick, OFM Cap-- -- Aged 65
*Dziwisz, Stanislaw-- -- Aged 70
*Caffara, Carlo-- -- Aged 71
*Zen Ze-Kiun, Joseph, SDB-- -- Aged 77
*Garcia-Gasco Vicente, Agustín-- -- Aged 78
*Brady, Sean Baptist-- -- Aged 70
*Martínez Sistach, Lluís-- -- Aged 72
*Vingt-Trois, André-- -- Aged 66
*Bagnasco, Angelo-- -- Aged 66
*Sarr, Théodore-Adrien-- -- Aged 72
*Gracias, Oswald-- -- Aged 64
*Robles Ortega, Francisco-- -- Aged 60
*DiNardo, Daniel Nicholas-- -- Aged 60
*Scherer, Odilo Pedro-- -- Aged 59
*Njue, John-- -- Aged 64
Karlic, Estanislao Esteban-- -- Aged 83
Total Cardinal Priests: 151
Medina Estévez, Jorge Arturo-- -- Aged 82
Castrillón Hoyos, Dario-- -- Aged 80
Antonetti, Lorenzo-- -- Aged 87
*Stafford, James Francis-- -- Aged 77
Cheli, Giovanni-- -- Aged 90
Cacciavillan, Agostino-- -- Aged 83
*Sebastiani, Sergio-- -- Aged 78
*Grocholewski, Zenon-- -- Aged 69
*Saraiva Martins, José, CMF-- -- Aged 77
Mejía, Jorge María-- -- Aged 86
*Kasper, Walter-- -- Aged 76
Tucci, Roberto, SJ-- -- Aged 88
Dulles, Avery, SJ-- -- Aged 91
*Tauran, Jean-Louis-- -- Aged 66
*Martino, Renato Raffaele-- -- Aged 76
Marchisano, Francesco-- -- Aged 80
*Herranz, Julian-- -- Aged 79
*Lozano Barragán, Javier-- -- Aged 76
*Nicora, Attilio-- -- Aged 72
Cottier, George Marie Martin, OP-- -- Aged 87
Spidlik, Tomas, SJ-- -- Aged 89
Nagy, Stanislas, SCI-- -- Aged 87
*Levada, William Joseph-- -- Aged 73
*Rodé, Franc, CM-- -- Aged 74
*Vallini, Agostino-- -- Aged 69
Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, Andrea-- -- Aged 84
Dery, Peter Poreku-- -- Aged 91
Vanhoye, Albert, SJ-- -- Aged 86
*Sandri, Leonardo-- -- Aged 65
*Foley, John Patrick-- -- Aged 73
*Lajolo, Giovanni-- -- Aged 74
*Cordes, Paul Josef-- -- Aged 75
*Comastri, Angelo-- -- Aged 65
*Rylko, Stanislaw-- -- Aged 64
*Farina, Raffaele, SDB-- -- Aged 75
Coppa, Giovanni-- -- Aged 83
Navarrete Cortés, Urbano, SJ-- -- Aged 89
Betti, Umberto, OFM-- -- Aged 87
Total Cardinal Deacons: 38
TOTAL CARDINAL ELECTORS: 114
TOTAL CARDINALS: 199
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