Physicists Observe New Phase in Quantum Condensate of Light

Physicists Observe New Phase in Quantum Condensate of Light Apr 2, 2021 by Enrico de Lazaro

Physicists at the University of Bonn have experimentally observed a new, previously unknown phase in the photon Bose-Einstein condensate.

The Bose-Einstein condensate is a gas of atoms so dense and cold that their matter waves lose their individuality and condense into a ‘superatom wave.’

It was predicted in the 1920s by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein and was eventually created in the lab in the 1990s at the University of Colorado Boulder, MIT and Rice University using laser cooling and evaporative cooling techniques.

“Our special system is still in use today: we trap light particles in a resonator made of two curved mirrors spaced just over a micrometer apart that reflect a rapidly reciprocating beam of light,” they said.

“The space is filled with a liquid dye solution, which serves to cool down the photons.” “This is done by the dye molecules ‘swallowing’ the photons and then spitting them out again, which brings the light particles to the temperature of the dye solution — equivalent to room temperature.”

“The overdamped phase we observed corresponds to a new state of the light field, so to speak,” added team member Fahri Emre Öztürk, a doctoral student at the Institute of Applied Physics at the University of Bonn.

“This shows that there is a Bose-Einstein condensate, which is really a different state than the standard laser.” “In other words, we are dealing with two separate phases of the optical Bose-Einstein condensate.”

“The system makes it possible to cool light particles in the first place, because their natural characteristic is to dissolve when cooled.” In their new experiments, the physicists observed a so-called overdamped phase in the photon Bose-Einstein condensate coupled to the environment. “The somewhat translucent mirrors cause photons to be lost and replaced, creating a non-equilibrium that results in the system not assuming a definite temperature and being set into oscillation,” they explained. “This creates a transition between this oscillating phase and a damped phase. Damped means that the amplitude of the vibration decreases.”

--------------------------- ____ Fahri Emre Öztürk et al. 2021. Observation of a non-Hermitian phase transition in an optical quantum gas. Science 372 (6537): 88-91; doi: 10.1126/science.abe9869

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Physicists Observe New Phase in Quantum Condensate of Light
Apr 2, 2021 by Enrico de Lazaro
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Physicists at the University of Bonn have experimentally observed a new, previously unknown phase in the photon Bose-Einstein condensate.

The optical microresonator filled with dye solution (yellow); on the right is a microscope objective used to observe and analyze the light emerging from the resonator. Image credit: Gregor Hübl / University of Bonn.
The Bose-Einstein condensate is a gas of atoms so dense and cold that their matter waves lose their individuality and condense into a ‘superatom wave.’
It was predicted in the 1920s by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein and was eventually created in the lab in the 1990s at the University of Colorado Boulder, MIT and Rice University using laser cooling and evaporative cooling techniques.
In 2010, Professor Martin Weitz from the Institute of Applied Physics at the University of Bonn and colleagues created for the first time a Bose-Einstein condensate from photons.
“Our special system is still in use today: we trap light particles in a resonator made of two curved mirrors spaced just over a micrometer apart that reflect a rapidly reciprocating beam of light,” they said.
“The space is filled with a liquid dye solution, which serves to cool down the photons.”
“This is done by the dye molecules ‘swallowing’ the photons and then spitting them out again, which brings the light particles to the temperature of the dye solution — equivalent to room temperature.”
“The system makes it possible to cool light particles in the first place, because their natural characteristic is to dissolve when cooled.”
In their new experiments, the physicists observed a so-called overdamped phase in the photon Bose-Einstein condensate coupled to the environment.
“The somewhat translucent mirrors cause photons to be lost and replaced, creating a non-equilibrium that results in the system not assuming a definite temperature and being set into oscillation,” they explained.
“This creates a transition between this oscillating phase and a damped phase. Damped means that the amplitude of the vibration decreases.”
“The overdamped phase we observed corresponds to a new state of the light field, so to speak,” added team member Fahri Emre Öztürk, a doctoral student at the Institute of Applied Physics at the University of Bonn.
“The special characteristic is that the effect of the laser is usually not separated from that of Bose-Einstein condensate by a phase transition, and there is no sharply defined boundary between the two states. This means that we can continually move back and forth between effects.”
“However, in our experiment, the overdamped state of the optical Bose-Einstein condensate is separated by a phase transition from both the oscillating state and a standard laser,” Professor Weitz said.
“This shows that there is a Bose-Einstein condensate, which is really a different state than the standard laser.”
“In other words, we are dealing with two separate phases of the optical Bose-Einstein condensate.”
The team’s work was published in the journal Science.
_____
Fahri Emre Öztürk et al. 2021. Observation of a non-Hermitian phase transition in an optical quantum gas. Science 372 (6537): 88-91; doi: 10.1126/science.abe9869

Paper: “”New Approach to the Plasma Quantum Condensate as a New State of Matter” (Kulakov and Tyutyunnik)
Posted on May 7, 2021 •

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348010143_NEW_APPROACH_TO_THE_PLASMA_QUANTUM_CONDENSATE_AS_A_NEW_STATE_OF_MATTER

ResearchGate
December 2020
by Anatoly Kulakov and V.M. Tyutyunnik
titled “New Approach to the Plasma Quantum Condensate as a New State of Matter”

The authors propose that plasma quantum condensate, which they state is “theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed” is a liquified plasma which contains the characteristics of normal fluid and ionized plasma, and that it is a source of energy that is environmentally friendly, non-polluting and renewable.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348010143_NEW_APPROACH_TO_THE_PLASMA_QUANTUM_CONDENSATE_AS_A_NEW_STATE_OF_MATTER
From the article:
“Researchers have made it possible to predict, then experimentally in the laboratory to detect the existence of fundamentally new states of matter, that is the quantum plasma condensate, which
combines the signs inherent in normal fluid (fluidity, surface tension, inner correlations), and signs characteristic of ionized plasma in normal understanding. Theory, developed in our research, based on direct solution of the Schrödinger equation and widespread to the state class of continuous spectrum
(perturbation theory taking into account exchange forces), allowed to explain already observed features of plasma phases, that can and should be used with modern equipment and technology (Kulakov and Tyutyunnik, 2016). Described studies have predicted and confirmed the existence of fundamentally
new, alternative, renewable and sustainable energy source on the planet Earth, there is plasma quantum condensate. This source is the only ecological clean, does not deplete and not polluting the Planet, and its use clears the surrounding medium of Planet Earth”

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