Posted on 06/02/2021 1:27:37 AM PDT by Kevmo
Lattice Confinement Fusion
NASA Detects Lattice Confinement Fusion A team of NASA researchers seeking a new energy source for deep-space exploration missions, recently revealed a method for triggering nuclear fusion in the space between the atoms of a metal solid. Their research was published in two peer-reviewed papers in the top journal in the field, Physical Review C, Volume 101 (April, 2020): “Nuclear fusion reactions in deuterated metals” and “Novel nuclear reactions observed in bremsstrahlung-irradiated deuterated metals.” Nuclear fusion is a process that produces energy when two nuclei join to form a heavier nucleus. “Scientists are interested in fusion, because it could generate enormous amounts of energy without creating long-lasting radioactive byproducts,” said Theresa Benyo, Ph.D., of NASA’s Glenn Research Center. “However, conventional fusion reactions are difficult to achieve and sustain because they rely on temperatures so extreme to overcome the strong electrostatic repulsion between positively charged nuclei that the process has been impractical.” Called Lattice Confinement Fusion, the method NASA revealed accomplishes fusion reactions with the fuel (deuterium, a widely available non-radioactive hydrogen isotope composed of a proton, neutron, and electron, and denoted “D”) confined in the space between the atoms of a metal solid. In previous fusion research such as inertial confinement fusion, fuel (such as deuterium/tritium) is compressed to extremely high levels but for only a short, nano-second period of time, when fusion can occur. In magnetic confinement fusion, the fuel is heated in a plasma to temperatures much higher than those at the center of the Sun. In the new method, conditions sufficient for fusion are created in the confines of the metal lattice that is held at ambient temperature. While the metal lattice, loaded with deuterium fuel, may initially appear to be at room temperature, the new method creates an energetic environment inside the lattice where individual atoms achieve equivalent fusion-level kinetic energies.
Photograph of the deuterated metals exposed to the bremsstrahlung radiation during the test. During exposure, the deuterated erbium (ErD3) showed evidence of fusion reactions. A metal such as erbium is “deuterated” or loaded with deuterium atoms, “deuterons,” packing the fuel a billion times denser than in magnetic confinement (tokamak) fusion reactors. In the new method, a neutron source “heats” or accelerates deuterons sufficiently such that when colliding with a neighboring deuteron it causes D-D fusion reactions. In the current experiments, the neutrons were created through photodissociation of deuterons via exposure to 2.9+MeV gamma (energetic X-ray) beam. Upon irradiation, some of the fuel deuterons dissociate resulting in both the needed energetic neutrons and protons. In addition to measuring fusion reaction neutrons, the Glenn Team also observed the production of even more energetic neutrons which is evidence of boosted fusion reactions or screened Oppenheimer-Phillips (O-P) nuclear stripping reactions with the metal lattice atoms. Either reaction opens a path to process scaling.
Illustration of the main elements of the lattice confinement fusion process observed. In Part (A), a lattice of erbium is loaded with deuterium atoms (i.e., erbium deuteride), which exist here as deuterons. Upon irradiation with a photon beam, a deuteron dissociates, and the neutron and proton are ejected. The ejected neutron collides with another deuteron, accelerating it as an energetic “d*” as seen in (B) and (D). The “d*” induces either screened fusion (C) or screened Oppenheimer-Phillips (O-P) stripping reactions (E). In (C), the energetic “d*” collides with a static deuteron “d” in the lattice, and they fuse together. This fusion reaction releases either a neutron and helium-3 (shown) or a proton and tritium. These fusion products may also react in subsequent nuclear reactions, releasing more energy. In (E), a proton is stripped from an energetic “d*” and is captured by an erbium (Er) atom, which is then converted to a different element, thulium (Tm). If the neutron instead is captured by Er, a new isotope of Er is formed (not shown).
A novel feature of the new process is the critical role played by metal lattice electrons whose negative charges help “screen” the positively charged deuterons. Such screening allows adjacent fuel nuclei to approach one another more closely, reducing the chance they simply scatter off one another, and increasing the likelihood that they tunnel through the electrostatic barrier promoting fusion. This is according to the theory developed by the project’s theoretical physicist, Vladimir Pines, Ph.D, of PineSci. “The current findings open a new path for initiating fusion reactions for further study within the scientific community. However, the reaction rates need to be increased substantially to achieve appreciable power levels, which may be possible utilizing various reaction multiplication methods under consideration,” said Glenn’s Bruce Steinetz, Ph.D., the NASA project principal investigator. “The key to this discovery has been the talented, multi-disciplinary team that NASA Glenn assembled to investigate temperature anomalies and material transmutations that had been observed with highly deuterated metals,” said Leonard Dudzinski, Chief Technologist for Planetary Science, who supported the research. “We will need that approach to solve significant engineering challenges before a practical application can be designed.” With more study and development, future applications could include power systems for long-duration space exploration missions or in-space propulsion. It also could be used on Earth for electrical power or creating medical isotopes for nuclear medicine. Publications
NASA Detects Lattice Confinement Fusion
Novel Nuclear Reactions Observed in Bremsstrahlung-Irradiated Deuterated Metals
Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Deuterated Metals
Experimental Observations of Nuclear Activity in Deuterated Materials Subjected to a Low-Energy Photon Beam
Gamma Energy Evaluation for Creation of Cd-111(sub m), In-113(sub m), and In-115(sub m) Isotopes
Investigation of Deuterium Loaded Materials Subject to X-Ray Exposure
NASA GRC Hosts Lattice Confinement Fusion Virtual Workshop
Lattice Confinement Fusion (LCF) Overview
Fast Neutron Spectroscopy with Organic Scintillation Detectors in a High Radiation Field Images
Fusion reaction results from one of the tests performed. (a) Neutron spectra observed during the gamma exposure of deuterated erbium (ErD3) showing evidence of fusion energy neutrons (~2.5 MeV). The plot also shows the presence of higher energy 4-5 MeV neutrons that indicates other nuclear processes occurred. These are believed to be screened Oppenheimer-Phillips reactions that may point a way toward increasing reaction rates, important to future applications. (b) Data from the current NASA work is consistent with fusion energy neutrons observed in an ENEA-Fusion tokamak magnetic confinement fusion reactor, shown in the lower figure. Videos
The GRC Team’s LCF Journey
Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Deuterated Metals
https://youtu.be/ug7B7Gsm-2Y
“you’re unwelcome on these cold fusion threads”
With Mev energies before fusion it is certainly no cold fusion!
Per the rules, this person has (yet again) been asked to leave the thread.
to split a deuteron costs 2.2 MeV. Hot fusion of two deuterons
yields about 4 MeV. At best this would
never yield more than about a factor of 2....and that’s not taking into account
any of the losses. And those losses will
be very significant.
1) Maybe 1% of the electrons will create significant x-rays, of which only a
fraction will have the requisite minimum
energy of 2.2 MeV. => most of the electron energy ends up as heat.
2) Only a fraction of the 2.2 MeV or greater x-rays will split a deuteron
(1%?). The rest just ionize atoms and end up
as heat.
3) Of the split deuterons, only a fraction will produce neutrons with even the
minimal energy required to fuse two
deuterons (5 keV? - but the more the better).
4) Of those neutrons, only a fraction will actually accelerate a deuteron
resulting in a fusion reaction.
5) A fusion reaction will primarily create two energetic particles, both of
which can further accelerate other
deuterons, however only a tiny fraction of them will actually do so. Most will
simply lose energy ionizing surrounding
atoms, and end up as heat.
In all, …. they would be lucky to get even one part in a million of the
electron beam energy out as fusion energy,
if the proposed method were actually an accurate description of what happens in
their reactor.
< https://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-
Jones Beene Thu, 06 Aug 2020 08:23:11 -0700 H LV wrote: ***Remember 10-12 years ago the buzz around x-rays from peeling tape?
https://youtu.be/r63e5y3Z3R8
*** If this way of generating x-rays could be harnessed it would make this lattice confinement fusion more economical.
That is a QM effect which does not scale up. The same could be said for much of LENR. In addition, it would seem that the Lawson criterion of hot plasma fusion would also apply, in a modified (reworded) way to the new and improved semantics for lattice enhanced but no longer "cold" fusion. i.e. when we observe effective temperature and pressure on the femtoscale.
As for input - an external electron beam of hot fusion could be modeled as internal k-shell or l-shell resonant electron. Here is the Wiki site for Lawson.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson_criterion
IOW - one needs only to reduce the geometry of the active site to its actual minimal dimension to see the similarity to plasma fusion, except for one big distinction.. The lack of gamma radiation remains the main difference between hot and (formerly) cold -- and this is where the lattice itself comes into play.
We have to assume that Hagelstein got that part right, or close - and that the lattice carries away most of the downshifted excess instead of gamma radiation. With that addition, the old "cold fusion" becomes the new QM-lattice-fusion.
It never was cold, was it?
https://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg119229.html
RE: [Vo]:Spacecraft of the Future Could Be Powered By Lattice Confinement Fusion
bobcook39...@hotmail.com Thu, 06 Aug 2020 10:58:21 -0700
The reason why there is no gamma stems from the transfer of spin energy in
small quanta of angular momentum—nuclear to elecroic—with the same entangled
system—the crystalline lattice of the host material. The time frame may be
very short—less than a femto- second.
The new entangled system in effect changes phase with to a quasi stable
condition. The potential energy of the nuclear components is lower and the
kinetic l energy of the atomic electrons is higher with total energy being the
same. The higher kinetic energy (thermal energy) is then shared with the
universe by radiation of EM energy until it comes to a thermal equilibrium with
the environment at a slow pace compared to a femto-second or shorter pace.
***From my standpoint LANT (lattice assisted nuclear transmutation) is a more accurate description of the phenomena that occurs in the entangled system, and the 2nd law of TD does not apply
Bob Cook
https://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-
Re: [Vo]:Spacecraft of the Future Could Be Powered By Lattice Confinement Fusion
Jack Cole Fri, 07 Aug 2020 11:06:25 -0700
By “our” last experiments I mean you and I. The idea was mostly yours if I
recall correctly. I don’t have the site up anymore, but you can see it
here:
http://web.archive.org/web/20180613041630/http://lenr-coldfusion.com/
***On Thu, Aug 6, 2020 at 7:45 PM Jones Beene {jone...@pacbell.net} wrote:
Jack Cole wrote:
It is also hard to not see some parallels with our last experiments (2016) with TiH2, nickel sheets, and light.
Jack
Do you have an online citation for this work?
Re: Lattice Confinement Fusion Terry Blanton Wed, 19 Aug 2020 11:43:21 -0700
On Wed, Aug 19, 2020 at 12:39 PM CB Sites wrote:
” Any ideas as to why they chose Erbium for the host metal?”
*** I can think of one reason:
Palladium 2,197.00 USD per Troy Ounce
Platinum 962.50 USD per Troy Ounce
Erbium $650 per kilogram!
https://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-
So does Hunter Biden..........................
...and the mess thereafter. Flood that well!
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