Posted on 09/25/2007 12:58:19 PM PDT by blam
Contact: Lisa Nelson
Lisa.Nelson@nau.edu
928-523-6123
Northern Arizona University
Research team says extraterrestrial impact to blame for Ice Age extinctions
A colorized scanning electron microscope image of a glassy carbon sphere that contains evidence of extraterrestrial impact. The sphere measures about .012 inches in width.
What caused the extinction of mammoths and the decline of Stone Age people about 13,000 years ago remains hotly debated. Overhunting by Paleoindians, climate change and disease lead the list of probable causes. But an idea once considered a little out there is now hitting closer to home.
A team of international researchers, including two Northern Arizona University geologists, reports evidence that a comet or low-density object barreling toward Earth exploded in the upper atmosphere and triggered a devastating swath of destruction that wiped out most of the large animals, their habitat and humans of that period.
“The detonation either fried them or compressed them because of the shock wave,” said Ted Bunch, NAU adjunct professor of geology and former NASA researcher who specializes in impact craters. “It was a mini nuclear winter.”
Ted Bunch of the Northern Arizona University geology department is a member of an international team that has found evidence of an extraterrestrial impact that may have wiped out the...
Bunch and Jim Wittke, a geologic materials analyst at NAU, are co-authors of the paper, which fingers an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago for the mass extinctions at the end of the Ice Age. The paper was just released online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The research team includes several members of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and researchers from Hungary and the Netherlands.
No one has found a giant crater in the Earth that could attest to such a cataclysmic impact 13,000 years ago, but the research team offers evidence of a comet, two and a half to three miles in diameter, that detonated 30 to 60 miles above the earth, triggering a massive shockwave, firestorms and a subsequent drastic cooling effect across most of North America and northern Europe.
“The comet may have broken up into smaller pieces as it neared the Earth and then these pieces detonated in various places above two continents,” Bunch said.
The evidence for multiple detonations comes from a four-inch-thick “black mat” of carbon-rich material that appears as far north as Canada, Greenland and Europe to as far south as the Channel Islands off the coast of California and eastward to the Carolinas. Two sites exist in Arizona at Murray Springs and Lehner Ranch, both near Sierra Vista.
Evidence of mammoths and other megafauna and early human hunters, known as the Clovis culture, are found beneath the black mat but are missing entirely within or above it. This led the research team to conclude an extraterrestrial impact wiped out many of the inhabitants of the Late Pleistocene. Bunch notes that some animals may have survived in protected niches.
The black mat was formed by ponding of water and algal blooms and contains carbon, soot and glassy carbon—remnants of burned materials. Some of these remnants are extraterrestrial in nature. For example, the research team has identified fullerenes, spherical carbon cages resembling a soccer ball, which are formed in shock events outside the Earth’s atmosphere. Trapped inside the fullerenes is a concentration of helium 3 that is many times greater than what is found in the Earth’s atmosphere.
The black mat also has turned up nanodiamonds, which are formed in the interstellar medium outside the solar system, by or by a high-explosive detonation.
“Either these things came in with the impactor or they were made during impact detonation. We have no other explanation for their presence,” Bunch said.
The magnitude of the detonations would have been huge.
“A hydrogen bomb is the equivalent of about 100 to 1,000 megatons,” Bunch said. “The detonations we’re talking about would be about 10 million megatons. That’s larger than the simultaneous detonation of all the world’s nuclear bombs past and present.”
The research team believes the detonations destabilized a vast ice sheet, known as the Laurentide Ice Sheet, that covered most of what was then Canada and the northern United States. Heat from the detonation and firestorms would have melted much of the ice sheet, releasing water vapor into the atmosphere.
“The result was rapid cooling of about eight degrees over the next 100 years,” Bunch said. The melting of the ice sheet and subsequent climate change would explain the water-based nature of the black mat.
Catastrophic extraterrestrial impacts are not new. Scientists theorize a much larger asteroid impact annihilated the dinosaurs and about 85 percent of the Earth’s biomass about 65 million years ago. The most recent incident, known as the Tunguska event, occurred in 1908 in Russia. The Tunguska explosion was an airburst of a comet or meteorite estimated at 10-15-megatons that destroyed tens of millions of trees across more than 800 square miles.
Bunch says impact airbursts may be more common than previously thought with possibly two or three such events having occurred over the last 100,000 years. And more are sure to follow.
### NOTE: The work by an international team of researchers that points to a comet or low-density asteroid as the cause of the massive Ice Age extinctions has attracted widespread attention. The National Geographic Channel, which was on campus in May to film Northern Arizona University’s Ted Bunch and Jim Wittke, will air a documentary on the research on Sunday, Oct. 7, at 10 p.m. EST. Discover magazine cited Bunch in an article on “The Great American Extinction” that appeared in the August issue.
“Interesting hypothesis...still some holes that need to be filled with something else other than speculation.”
Regarding whether there was an event (comet, or other airburst event), or whether this caused the depopulation found in the sediment and fossil record?
FYI
The audacity of mere mortals is immeasurable...
Is that Chelsea?
What is the min/max penalty if found guilty of breaking this law?
Also, can you imagine the 17 ring CIRCUS that occur around the trial of someone accused of violating this law would become?
I read that this had been repealed about 15 years ago.
Wasn't there some speculation a while ago that sperm samples from frozen mammoths could impregnate a female elephant? Now there's a good use for science. I say bring back the mammoths!
Mmm, mammoth meat...
Yes...
A mammoth makes a FINE meal....
This is getting to be a more and more plausible theory.
The best evidence of catastrophe comes from the gold mining fields of Alaska.
Huge deposits of “muck” have been found, a mixture of mud, forest debris,and millions upon millions of bones - not skeletons, like an animal lied down on the beach and died, but smashed bones, crushed and pulverized and blended, of known and unknown species.
None of the current known geologic theories of whats going on on Earth can explain these finds. It was a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions.
Snopes has a page on this.
Probably not. Velikovsky was guessing and guessed wrong. He knew little of the action of permafrost.
Tom Cruise, John Travolta and their Scientology cloaked spaceships are causing Global Warming!
Twelve Thousandths of an inch? must have been a heck of an impact. ;-D
"The detonations we’re talking about would be about 10 million megatons."
The Cycle of Cosmic Catastrophes:
Flood, Fire, and Famine
in the History of Civilization
by Richard Firestone, Allen West, and Simon Warwick-Smith
Cosmic blast may have killed off megafauna Scientists say early humans doomed, too
Boston Globe | September 27, 2007 | Colin Nickerson
Posted on 09/25/2007 9:45:11 PM EDT by baynut
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