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Schrödinger's Cat: A History of Quantum Physics [13:52]
YouTube ^ | June 20, 2025 | The History Guy: History Deserves to Be Remembered

Posted on 07/03/2025 6:16:29 PM PDT by SunkenCiv

Schrödinger’s cat is a reasonably simple explanation of an extremely technical and unexpected scientific concept. But when Schrödinger first introduced it, he was making an entirely different point.  
Schrödinger's Cat: A History of Quantum Physics | 13:52 
The History Guy: History Deserves to Be Remembered | 1.56M subscribers | 36,579 views | June 20, 2025 | ✪ Members first on June 19, 2025
Schrödinger's Cat: A History of Quantum Physics | 13:52 | The History Guy: History Deserves to Be Remembered | 1.56M subscribers | 36,579 views | June 20, 2025 | ✪ Members first on June 19, 2025

(Excerpt) Read more at youtube.com ...


TOPICS: Astronomy; Science
KEYWORDS: astronomy; multiplenicktrolls; physics; quantummechanics; quantumphysics; schrodingerscat; science; stringtheory; thehistoryguy

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--> YouTube-Generated Transcript <--
0:00·you've probably heard of the thought
0:02·experiment called Schroinger's cat and
0:04·no it's it's not about an actual cat
0:06·it's intended to illustrate an issue in
0:08·quantum mechanics called the measurement
0:10·problem in quantum mechanics events
0:12·occur in a state of superp position
0:14·literally at the quantum level multiple
0:16·events can be occurring at the same time
0:18·until they are finally observed in which
0:19·case the superposition resolves itself
0:22·into a single event it's a highly
0:24·technical and heady problem that's
0:25·rather elegantly explained with the
0:27·thought experiment of Schroinger's cat
0:28·but it may surprise you to find out that
0:30·when Schroinger introduced the idea he
0:33·was talking about something else
0:34·entirely it is history that deserves to
0:37·be remembered
0:39·[Music]
0:42·it might seem surprising to a modern
0:44·audience but by 1900 the atomic theory
0:47·of matter that is that all matter is
0:48·made up of atoms was not fully explained
0:51·or even universally accepted while the
0:53·origins of the theory dated to the 18th
0:55·or early 19th century the exact nature
0:57·of atoms was still not understood
1:00·austrian physicist Ernst Mock whose
1:02·research on sound waves would lead to
1:04·naming the speed of sound Mach
1:06·proclaimed after an 1897 lecture that I
1:08·don't believe atoms exist mock argued
1:11·instead that atoms were just useful
1:12·mental concepts for explaining
1:14·observations but not real mock was just
1:17·one of a number of scientists who argued
1:18·against the atomic theory in the 19th
1:20·century despite some resistance research
1:23·on atoms continued to produce results
1:25·right at the turn of the 20th century
1:27·English physicist JJ Thompson's work on
1:30·electrons showed that the atom was not
1:31·the smallest form of matter at all and
1:33·in 1904 he proposed the first atomic
1:35·model with subatomic constituents his
1:38·model the plum pudding model would soon
1:40·prove incorrect but the discovery that
1:42·atoms themselves were made up of even
1:44·tinier pieces would be critical to the
1:46·formation of an entirely new field of
1:49·physics
1:50·problems with classical physics have
1:52·begun appearing in the 19th century when
1:53·traditional physics began failing to
1:55·explain certain phenomena there was for
1:58·instance the Gibbs paradox in which the
2:00·expression for entropy appears to
2:02·violate the second law of thermodynamics
2:05·other issues also cropped up such as
2:08·with thermal radiation when an object is
2:10·heated it becomes first red hot and if
2:12·it is heated further will emit other
2:14·colors first yellow white and then blue
2:16·as it emits light at shorter wavelengths
2:19·a perfect emitter like this would at
2:21·cold temperatures appear perfectly black
2:23·absorbing all light but emitting none
2:25·this ideal emitter was called a black
2:27·body and the radiation it emitted black
2:29·body radiation and while they could
2:31·explain experimental results at large
2:33·wavelengths at short wavelengths the
2:35·theories strongly disagreed with
2:36·experimental results and in fact
2:39·classical mechanics seem to predict that
2:40·at very short wavelengths energy would
2:42·be emitted at an infinite rate this is
2:45·called the ultraviolet catastrophe
2:47·physicists developed a second theory
2:49·that explained the results at short
2:50·wavelengths but which likewise failed to
2:52·explain the results at longer
2:54·wavelengths the issue was not trivial
2:56·and scientists sought a single theory
2:58·that explained all of the results
3:00·max Planck was the first to explain all
3:03·the results in 1900 with a new theory
3:05·instead of imagining that energy could
3:07·be admitted at any arbitrary amount he
3:09·proposed harmonic oscillators that were
3:12·in equilibrium with the thermal
3:13·radiation each of these oscillators he
3:16·said emitted energy only at a single
3:17·characteristic frequency the energy
3:20·emitted by any particular oscillator was
3:22·therefore quantized this idea would
3:24·become known as the plank relation and
3:26·the constant in the equation as plank's
3:29·constant
3:30·this was the first quantum theory in
3:33·physics and plank was awarded the Nobel
3:35·Prize in physics in 1918 for the
3:38·services rendered to the advancement of
3:40·physics by his discovery of energy
3:42·quanta it's difficult to overstate how
3:45·this understanding would transform
3:46·physics it was the foundation for the
3:49·theories that would solve many of the
3:50·issues in classical mechanics in 1905
3:53·Albert Einstein applied the theory of
3:55·quanta to a different issue in the late
3:58·1890s JJ Thompson had discovered
4:00·electrons but in 1902 Hungarian
4:02·physicist Philip Leonard was surprised
4:05·that the energy of electrons ejected
4:06·when light hits a metallic surface are
4:08·not related to the intensity of the
4:10·light as classical mechanics predicted
4:13·einstein suggested that for
4:14·instantaneous transitions of energy the
4:17·energy in light might occur in a finite
4:19·number of energy quanta in his 1905
4:23·paper on a huristic viewpoint
4:24·considering the emissions and
4:26·transformation of light Einstein wrote
4:28·that when a light ray is spreading from
4:29·a point the energy is not distributed
4:31·continuously over everinccreasing spaces
4:34·but consist of a finite number of energy
4:36·quanta that are localized in points in
4:38·space move without dividing and can be
4:40·absorbing or generating as a whole
4:43·albert Fosling a German physicist turned
4:45·scientific journalist called this
4:47·sentence the most revolutionary sentence
4:50·written by a physicist in the 20th
4:52·century this work is what earned
4:54·Einstein the Nobel Prize in physics in
4:56·1921
4:58·the quantum theory of light was followed
5:00·by the work of Danish theoretical
5:01·physicist Neils Boore who used quantum
5:04·theory to explain the emission spectrum
5:06·of atoms when gas is heated it emits
5:09·light at discrete frequencies bore
5:11·proposed a new model of the atom which
5:13·included quantized electron orbits this
5:16·created essentially our modern
5:17·understanding of the atom a dense
5:19·nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons
5:21·that orbit at discrete orbits when the
5:23·electrons move from one orbit to another
5:25·they release photons at specific
5:27·energies creating emission spectrums all
5:31·these theories were really applied as
5:32·corrections to classical mechanics but
5:35·not as yet as their own field that
5:38·changed as physicists continued to
5:39·develop new explanations in 1924 French
5:42·theoretical physicist Lewis de Bruy
5:45·published the hypothesis that matter has
5:47·wave properties an idea that was proven
5:49·experimentally
5:51·two theories quickly followed the
5:52·development of matrix mechanics by
5:54·German physicist Wner Heisenberg Max
5:56·Bourne and Pascal Yordan and wave
5:59·mechanics developed by Austrianborn
6:01·theoretical physicist Irvin Schroinger
6:03·schroinger showed that the two mechanics
6:05·were in fact equivalent schroinger went
6:08·on to apply the concepts to the hydrogen
6:10·atom describing four properties of an
6:12·atom put together they described the
6:14·electrons quantum state multiple
6:16·physicists such as Boore and Heisenberg
6:19·attempted to explain the experimental
6:20·results in what became known as the
6:22·Copenhagen interpretation after Bo's
6:24·institute in the Danish city where
6:26·Heisenberg worked as an assistant no
6:28·actual definitive version of the
6:30·interpretation exists as the physicists
6:32·held a variety of differing opinions
6:34·there were some characteristic ideas
6:35·however such as that a system is
6:37·completely described by a quantum state
6:39·and that atomic interactions are
6:41·discontinuous others include the Bourne
6:44·rule of max Bourne which says that the
6:46·description of nature is essentially
6:48·probabilistic and Heisenberg's
6:50·uncertainty principle which states that
6:52·we can't know both the position and
6:54·speed of a particle with perfect
6:55·accuracy simultaneously
6:58·more complex is quantum superposition
7:00·which posits that a quantum system can
7:02·exist in multiple potential states until
7:04·a measurement is made when the wave
7:07·function collapses into one of those
7:08·states the Copenhagen interpretation was
7:12·far from universally agreed upon among
7:14·the most notable critics was Albert
7:15·Einstein himself einstein didn't have
7:18·issues with the experimental results but
7:20·doubted the conclusions of some others
7:22·like Boore and thought that quantum
7:24·mechanics remained an incomplete theory
7:26·the disagreements are highly technical
7:28·and have been repeatedly discussed among
7:30·physicists much of it sprung from the
7:32·idea that physicists like Boore and
7:33·Heisenberg believed their theory was
7:35·complete bourne and Heisenberg wrote in
7:37·1928 that the theory was a closed theory
7:40·whose fundamental physical and
7:41·mathematical assumptions are no longer
7:43·susceptible to any modification
7:46·einstein find that there were still
7:47·significant unanswered or
7:49·unsatisfactorily answered questions one
7:51·of the primary disagreements regarded
7:53·the implications about the construction
7:54·of reality according to Heisenberg
7:57·physical reality was only defined at the
7:59·moment of observation another issue
8:01·stemmed from Heisenberg's uncertainty
8:03·principle in 1935 a paper was published
8:05·under the authors Einstein Boris
8:08·Bidolski and Nathan Rosen which
8:10·challenged the idea that the theory was
8:11·complete entitled can quantum mechanical
8:14·description of physical reality be
8:16·considered complete and now generally
8:18·known as the EPR paper the paper
8:20·attempts to construct a thought
8:21·experiment paradox according to the
8:23·rules of the Copenhagen interpretation
8:26·this thought experiment imagined two
8:28·particles A and B which interact briefly
8:30·and then move off in opposite directions
8:32·according to the uncertainty principle
8:34·it's not possible to measure both the
8:36·position and momentum of particle B
8:38·precisely but you could measure the
8:40·position of a particle A according to
8:42·the paper finding the position of
8:44·particle A meant that you could
8:45·calculate the exact position of B and
8:48·finding the momentum of A the momentum
8:49·of B could be calculated the argument
8:52·was essentially that absent a direct
8:53·observation the momentum or the position
8:56·of particle B could be measured meaning
8:58·that there was a reality to those things
9:00·independent of their observation
9:02·this the paper argued meant that the
9:04·wave function does not provide a
9:06·complete description of the physical
9:07·reality bore objected and argued later
9:10·that year that the paper's reasoning was
9:11·faulty for Einstein's part in letters to
9:14·Irvin Schroinger he said that the paper
9:16·did not really represent his views and
9:18·that it was mostly written by Bolski he
9:20·said that the reality of particle B's
9:22·momentum or position is a sausage to me
9:25·a German saying meaning that he couldn't
9:27·care less instead he focused on the
9:29·issue of non-locality it made no sense
9:32·he thought that measuring particle A
9:34·could lead to two states for particle B
9:37·no matter how far apart they were
9:40·quantum states as it stood he thought
9:42·couldn't accurately reflect reality the
9:44·same year the EPR paper was published
9:46·Shreddinger wrote to Einstein to
9:48·congratulate him for challenging the
9:49·dogmatic quantum mechanics the
9:52·correspondence which continued was in
9:54·essence a series of critiques of Boore
9:55·and his school in August Einstein asked
9:58·Schroinger to imagine if the small-cale
10:00·mechanics physicists talked about were
10:02·enlarged suppose you had an unstable
10:04·barrel of gunpowder that had an equal
10:06·probability of exploding or not
10:08·exploding in the next year after a year
10:10·the mathematical equations in quantum
10:12·mechanics would cease to make sense as
10:13·they would describe a sort of blend of
10:16·not yet and already exploded systems in
10:19·reality Einstein said there is no such
10:21·intermediary between exploded and not
10:23·exploded troinger took that concept and
10:26·imagined his own scenario which he
10:28·called a quite ridiculous case confined
10:31·in a steel chamber is a geer counter
10:33·prepared with a tiny amount of uranium
10:35·so small that in the next hour it's just
10:37·as probable to expect one atomic decay
10:39·as none an amplified relay provides that
10:41·the first atomic decay shatters a small
10:43·bottle of pressic acid this and cruy a
10:47·cat is also trapped in the steel chamber
10:49·after an hour he said "Quantum mechanics
10:51·would say the living and dead cat are
10:53·smeared out in equal measure." Einstein
10:56·liked the thought experiment a wave
10:58·function that contains a living as well
11:00·as the dead cat just cannot be taken as
11:02·a description of the real state of
11:03·affairs einstein agreed writing to
11:05·Schroinger that nobody really doubts
11:07·that the presence or absence of the cat
11:09·is something independent of the act of
11:11·observation einstein also had some
11:13·philosophical disagreements regarding
11:15·the Copenhagen interpretation's idea
11:16·that quantum physics was essentially
11:18·probabilistic and not deterministic
11:20·famously he wrote in 1926 that God does
11:22·not play dice with the universe he
11:24·qualified the statement in a 1945 letter
11:27·writing that God tirelessly plays dice
11:29·under laws which he himself has
11:30·prescribed many have attempted in the
11:33·years since his death to better
11:34·understand his reservations and ideas
11:36·about quantum mechanics schroinger
11:38·published his famous cat thought
11:40·experiment in November 1935 in the
11:42·German magazine Natural Sciences he
11:44·almost withdrew it when the Jewish
11:46·editor of the magazine Arnold Berliner
11:48·was fired due to policies of the Nazi
11:50·government but decided to publish it
11:52·anyway at Berlin's request the point was
11:55·to highlight the incompleteness of the
11:57·model to critique the Copenhagen
11:58·interpretation but instead the thought
12:01·experiment has become part of the
12:02·foundation of quantum mechanics much
12:04·discussed in theoretical discussions
12:07·and to answer the obvious question no so
12:10·far as we know Irvin Schroinger did not
12:13·own a cat
12:15·boore didn't respond directly to
12:17·Schroinger's paper but the two continued
12:19·to correspond and in the end the
12:21·Copenhagen interpretation wasn't all
12:23·that bothered by the observations of
12:24·Einstein and Schroinger and actually the
12:27·concept that the cat can exist in two
12:29·states at the same time is now a
12:31·fundamental part of quantum mechanics or
12:33·at least at the quantum level scientists
12:35·have continued to test quantum mechanics
12:37·and the Copenhagen interpretation is
12:39·still the leading explanation for
12:41·quantum mechanics but the historical
12:43·irony is that Schroinger's cat is often
12:46·used to illustrate the counterintuitive
12:48·elements of quantum mechanics today and
12:51·the fact that he introduced the thought
12:53·experiment not to explain quantum
12:55·mechanics but to challenge it has
12:57·largely been forgotten
13:00·i hope you enjoyed watching this episode
13:02·of the history guy and if you did please
13:03·feel free to like and subscribe and
13:05·share the history guy with your friends
13:07·and if you also believe that history
13:09·deserves to be remembered then you can
13:10·support the history guy as a member on
13:12·YouTube a supporter on our community at
13:15·locals or as a patron on Patreon you can
13:18·also check out our great merchandise
13:20·shop or book a special message from the
13:21·history guy on Cameo
13:30·[Music]
13:39·heat heat
13:42·[Applause]
13:48·[Applause]
13:49·[Music]

1 posted on 07/03/2025 6:16:29 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
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To: 6SJ7; AdmSmith; AFPhys; Arkinsaw; allmost; aristotleman; autumnraine; bajabaja; ...
The History Guy?!? Well! This could be a twofer with GGG. Probably not gonna be, but what a wild turn!


· List topics · post a topic · subscribe · Google ·

2 posted on 07/03/2025 6:18:31 PM PDT by SunkenCiv (The moron troll Ted Holden believes that humans originated on Ganymede.)
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To: All

I wish they’d leave that poor cat alone. By now it probably doesn’t know if it’s alive or dead.


3 posted on 07/03/2025 6:19:41 PM PDT by BipolarBob (I tried pushing the envelope but it remained stationery.)
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To: SunkenCiv

Timothy Leary is Schrodinger’s Cat


4 posted on 07/03/2025 6:22:09 PM PDT by BenLurkin (The above is not a statement of fact. It is opinion or satire. Or both.)
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To: BenLurkin

Leary’s outside.


5 posted on 07/03/2025 6:27:59 PM PDT by sasquatch (Do NOT forget Ashli Babbit! c/o piytar)
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To: SunkenCiv

“Schrödinger’s Cat
a hypothetical cat in a closed box may be considered to be simultaneously both alive and dead while it is unobserved, as a result of its fate being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.”

Well, lets see.

A cat in a box.

Makes about as much sense as A Cat In A Hat.

Why is the cat IN the box?

How does a cat manufacture a cardboard box?

How long is the cat in the box?

Any of these can change the outcome of a deadalive cat so unless the cat can manufacture a cardboard box, jump in and seal it shut, wait to be deadalive, unseal the box from the inside and jump out, then the test is invalid.

Gotcha.

.


6 posted on 07/03/2025 6:44:02 PM PDT by TLI (ITINERIS IMPENDEO VALHALLA)
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To: SunkenCiv

Cop stops Heisenberg because Heisenberg is speeding.
Cop: you know fast you were going?
Heisenberg: No officer, but I knew exactly where I was!

So reality is based on an oxymoron. A “thought experiment”.
Didn’t we call that “dry labbing” it?

And reality can best be described as a probability. No wonder nothing gets done perfectly. Impossible to accurately predict the future. Time for pancakes.


7 posted on 07/03/2025 7:03:10 PM PDT by Getready (Wisdom is more valuable than gold and harder to find. )
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To: BenLurkin

😆


8 posted on 07/03/2025 7:18:33 PM PDT by SunkenCiv (The moron troll Ted Holden believes that humans originated on Ganymede.)
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To: SunkenCiv

“But when Schrödinger first introduced it, he was making an entirely different point.”

yeah, i think Schrödinger just didn’t want to have to feed his cat ...


9 posted on 07/03/2025 7:20:42 PM PDT by catnipman ((A Vote For The Lesser Of Two Evils Still Counts As A Vote For Evil))
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To: catnipman

His sudden disappearance still puzzles investigators. ;^)


10 posted on 07/03/2025 7:26:46 PM PDT by SunkenCiv (The moron troll Ted Holden believes that humans originated on Ganymede.)
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To: SunkenCiv

11 posted on 07/03/2025 7:32:27 PM PDT by Ol' Dan Tucker (For 'tis the sport to have the engineer hoist with his own petard., -- Hamlet, Act 3, Scene 4)
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Schrodinger’s cat walked into a bar and didn’t.


12 posted on 07/03/2025 7:42:52 PM PDT by yesthatjallen
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To: BipolarBob

Is there a litter box in the box?


13 posted on 07/03/2025 7:47:04 PM PDT by CaptainK ("No matter how cynical you get, it is impossible to keep up” )
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To: SunkenCiv

Dave? Dave? Dave’s not here.


14 posted on 07/03/2025 7:48:10 PM PDT by Stosh
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To: CaptainK

There is and there isn’t . . simultaneously.


15 posted on 07/03/2025 7:50:46 PM PDT by BipolarBob (I tried pushing the envelope but it remained stationery.)
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To: Ol' Dan Tucker

Schroedinger’s illegal alien:
1. cabron takes our jobs and,
2. the lazy bum is on welfare
Solved: He takes our job AND goes on welfare

That darned cat!, Solved.
He has nine lives. Do the experiment ten times.


16 posted on 07/03/2025 8:18:42 PM PDT by tumblindice (America's founding fathers: all armed conservatives)
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To: SunkenCiv

17 posted on 07/03/2025 9:04:31 PM PDT by Albion Wilde (Think about it: The Supreme Court is nine lawyers appointed for life by politicians. —David Horowitz)
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To: Albion Wilde

LOL


18 posted on 07/03/2025 10:15:18 PM PDT by SunkenCiv (The moron troll Ted Holden believes that humans originated on Ganymede.)
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To: Ol' Dan Tucker

😆


19 posted on 07/04/2025 12:51:44 AM PDT by SunkenCiv (The moron troll Ted Holden believes that humans originated on Ganymede.)
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