Posted on 07/03/2025 6:16:29 PM PDT by SunkenCiv
Schrödinger’s cat is a reasonably simple explanation of an extremely technical and unexpected scientific concept. But when Schrödinger first introduced it, he was making an entirely different point.
Schrödinger's Cat: A History of Quantum Physics | 13:52
The History Guy: History Deserves to Be Remembered | 1.56M subscribers | 36,579 views | June 20, 2025 | ✪ Members first on June 19, 2025
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--> YouTube-Generated Transcript <-- 0:00 · you've probably heard of the thought 0:02 · experiment called Schroinger's cat and 0:04 · no it's it's not about an actual cat 0:06 · it's intended to illustrate an issue in 0:08 · quantum mechanics called the measurement 0:10 · problem in quantum mechanics events 0:12 · occur in a state of superp position 0:14 · literally at the quantum level multiple 0:16 · events can be occurring at the same time 0:18 · until they are finally observed in which 0:19 · case the superposition resolves itself 0:22 · into a single event it's a highly 0:24 · technical and heady problem that's 0:25 · rather elegantly explained with the 0:27 · thought experiment of Schroinger's cat 0:28 · but it may surprise you to find out that 0:30 · when Schroinger introduced the idea he 0:33 · was talking about something else 0:34 · entirely it is history that deserves to 0:37 · be remembered 0:39 · [Music] 0:42 · it might seem surprising to a modern 0:44 · audience but by 1900 the atomic theory 0:47 · of matter that is that all matter is 0:48 · made up of atoms was not fully explained 0:51 · or even universally accepted while the 0:53 · origins of the theory dated to the 18th 0:55 · or early 19th century the exact nature 0:57 · of atoms was still not understood 1:00 · austrian physicist Ernst Mock whose 1:02 · research on sound waves would lead to 1:04 · naming the speed of sound Mach 1:06 · proclaimed after an 1897 lecture that I 1:08 · don't believe atoms exist mock argued 1:11 · instead that atoms were just useful 1:12 · mental concepts for explaining 1:14 · observations but not real mock was just 1:17 · one of a number of scientists who argued 1:18 · against the atomic theory in the 19th 1:20 · century despite some resistance research 1:23 · on atoms continued to produce results 1:25 · right at the turn of the 20th century 1:27 · English physicist JJ Thompson's work on 1:30 · electrons showed that the atom was not 1:31 · the smallest form of matter at all and 1:33 · in 1904 he proposed the first atomic 1:35 · model with subatomic constituents his 1:38 · model the plum pudding model would soon 1:40 · prove incorrect but the discovery that 1:42 · atoms themselves were made up of even 1:44 · tinier pieces would be critical to the 1:46 · formation of an entirely new field of 1:49 · physics 1:50 · problems with classical physics have 1:52 · begun appearing in the 19th century when 1:53 · traditional physics began failing to 1:55 · explain certain phenomena there was for 1:58 · instance the Gibbs paradox in which the 2:00 · expression for entropy appears to 2:02 · violate the second law of thermodynamics 2:05 · other issues also cropped up such as 2:08 · with thermal radiation when an object is 2:10 · heated it becomes first red hot and if 2:12 · it is heated further will emit other 2:14 · colors first yellow white and then blue 2:16 · as it emits light at shorter wavelengths 2:19 · a perfect emitter like this would at 2:21 · cold temperatures appear perfectly black 2:23 · absorbing all light but emitting none 2:25 · this ideal emitter was called a black 2:27 · body and the radiation it emitted black 2:29 · body radiation and while they could 2:31 · explain experimental results at large 2:33 · wavelengths at short wavelengths the 2:35 · theories strongly disagreed with 2:36 · experimental results and in fact 2:39 · classical mechanics seem to predict that 2:40 · at very short wavelengths energy would 2:42 · be emitted at an infinite rate this is 2:45 · called the ultraviolet catastrophe 2:47 · physicists developed a second theory 2:49 · that explained the results at short 2:50 · wavelengths but which likewise failed to 2:52 · explain the results at longer 2:54 · wavelengths the issue was not trivial 2:56 · and scientists sought a single theory 2:58 · that explained all of the results 3:00 · max Planck was the first to explain all 3:03 · the results in 1900 with a new theory 3:05 · instead of imagining that energy could 3:07 · be admitted at any arbitrary amount he 3:09 · proposed harmonic oscillators that were 3:12 · in equilibrium with the thermal 3:13 · radiation each of these oscillators he 3:16 · said emitted energy only at a single 3:17 · characteristic frequency the energy 3:20 · emitted by any particular oscillator was 3:22 · therefore quantized this idea would 3:24 · become known as the plank relation and 3:26 · the constant in the equation as plank's 3:29 · constant 3:30 · this was the first quantum theory in 3:33 · physics and plank was awarded the Nobel 3:35 · Prize in physics in 1918 for the 3:38 · services rendered to the advancement of 3:40 · physics by his discovery of energy 3:42 · quanta it's difficult to overstate how 3:45 · this understanding would transform 3:46 · physics it was the foundation for the 3:49 · theories that would solve many of the 3:50 · issues in classical mechanics in 1905 3:53 · Albert Einstein applied the theory of 3:55 · quanta to a different issue in the late 3:58 · 1890s JJ Thompson had discovered 4:00 · electrons but in 1902 Hungarian 4:02 · physicist Philip Leonard was surprised 4:05 · that the energy of electrons ejected 4:06 · when light hits a metallic surface are 4:08 · not related to the intensity of the 4:10 · light as classical mechanics predicted 4:13 · einstein suggested that for 4:14 · instantaneous transitions of energy the 4:17 · energy in light might occur in a finite 4:19 · number of energy quanta in his 1905 4:23 · paper on a huristic viewpoint 4:24 · considering the emissions and 4:26 · transformation of light Einstein wrote 4:28 · that when a light ray is spreading from 4:29 · a point the energy is not distributed 4:31 · continuously over everinccreasing spaces 4:34 · but consist of a finite number of energy 4:36 · quanta that are localized in points in 4:38 · space move without dividing and can be 4:40 · absorbing or generating as a whole 4:43 · albert Fosling a German physicist turned 4:45 · scientific journalist called this 4:47 · sentence the most revolutionary sentence 4:50 · written by a physicist in the 20th 4:52 · century this work is what earned 4:54 · Einstein the Nobel Prize in physics in 4:56 · 1921 4:58 · the quantum theory of light was followed 5:00 · by the work of Danish theoretical 5:01 · physicist Neils Boore who used quantum 5:04 · theory to explain the emission spectrum 5:06 · of atoms when gas is heated it emits 5:09 · light at discrete frequencies bore 5:11 · proposed a new model of the atom which 5:13 · included quantized electron orbits this 5:16 · created essentially our modern 5:17 · understanding of the atom a dense 5:19 · nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons 5:21 · that orbit at discrete orbits when the 5:23 · electrons move from one orbit to another 5:25 · they release photons at specific 5:27 · energies creating emission spectrums all 5:31 · these theories were really applied as 5:32 · corrections to classical mechanics but 5:35 · not as yet as their own field that 5:38 · changed as physicists continued to 5:39 · develop new explanations in 1924 French 5:42 · theoretical physicist Lewis de Bruy 5:45 · published the hypothesis that matter has 5:47 · wave properties an idea that was proven 5:49 · experimentally 5:51 · two theories quickly followed the 5:52 · development of matrix mechanics by 5:54 · German physicist Wner Heisenberg Max 5:56 · Bourne and Pascal Yordan and wave 5:59 · mechanics developed by Austrianborn 6:01 · theoretical physicist Irvin Schroinger 6:03 · schroinger showed that the two mechanics 6:05 · were in fact equivalent schroinger went 6:08 · on to apply the concepts to the hydrogen 6:10 · atom describing four properties of an 6:12 · atom put together they described the 6:14 · electrons quantum state multiple 6:16 · physicists such as Boore and Heisenberg 6:19 · attempted to explain the experimental 6:20 · results in what became known as the 6:22 · Copenhagen interpretation after Bo's 6:24 · institute in the Danish city where 6:26 · Heisenberg worked as an assistant no 6:28 · actual definitive version of the 6:30 · interpretation exists as the physicists 6:32 · held a variety of differing opinions 6:34 · there were some characteristic ideas 6:35 · however such as that a system is 6:37 · completely described by a quantum state 6:39 · and that atomic interactions are 6:41 · discontinuous others include the Bourne 6:44 · rule of max Bourne which says that the 6:46 · description of nature is essentially 6:48 · probabilistic and Heisenberg's 6:50 · uncertainty principle which states that 6:52 · we can't know both the position and 6:54 · speed of a particle with perfect 6:55 · accuracy simultaneously 6:58 · more complex is quantum superposition 7:00 · which posits that a quantum system can 7:02 · exist in multiple potential states until 7:04 · a measurement is made when the wave 7:07 · function collapses into one of those 7:08 · states the Copenhagen interpretation was 7:12 · far from universally agreed upon among 7:14 · the most notable critics was Albert 7:15 · Einstein himself einstein didn't have 7:18 · issues with the experimental results but 7:20 · doubted the conclusions of some others 7:22 · like Boore and thought that quantum 7:24 · mechanics remained an incomplete theory 7:26 · the disagreements are highly technical 7:28 · and have been repeatedly discussed among 7:30 · physicists much of it sprung from the 7:32 · idea that physicists like Boore and 7:33 · Heisenberg believed their theory was 7:35 · complete bourne and Heisenberg wrote in 7:37 · 1928 that the theory was a closed theory 7:40 · whose fundamental physical and 7:41 · mathematical assumptions are no longer 7:43 · susceptible to any modification 7:46 · einstein find that there were still 7:47 · significant unanswered or 7:49 · unsatisfactorily answered questions one 7:51 · of the primary disagreements regarded 7:53 · the implications about the construction 7:54 · of reality according to Heisenberg 7:57 · physical reality was only defined at the 7:59 · moment of observation another issue 8:01 · stemmed from Heisenberg's uncertainty 8:03 · principle in 1935 a paper was published 8:05 · under the authors Einstein Boris 8:08 · Bidolski and Nathan Rosen which 8:10 · challenged the idea that the theory was 8:11 · complete entitled can quantum mechanical 8:14 · description of physical reality be 8:16 · considered complete and now generally 8:18 · known as the EPR paper the paper 8:20 · attempts to construct a thought 8:21 · experiment paradox according to the 8:23 · rules of the Copenhagen interpretation 8:26 · this thought experiment imagined two 8:28 · particles A and B which interact briefly 8:30 · and then move off in opposite directions 8:32 · according to the uncertainty principle 8:34 · it's not possible to measure both the 8:36 · position and momentum of particle B 8:38 · precisely but you could measure the 8:40 · position of a particle A according to 8:42 · the paper finding the position of 8:44 · particle A meant that you could 8:45 · calculate the exact position of B and 8:48 · finding the momentum of A the momentum 8:49 · of B could be calculated the argument 8:52 · was essentially that absent a direct 8:53 · observation the momentum or the position 8:56 · of particle B could be measured meaning 8:58 · that there was a reality to those things 9:00 · independent of their observation 9:02 · this the paper argued meant that the 9:04 · wave function does not provide a 9:06 · complete description of the physical 9:07 · reality bore objected and argued later 9:10 · that year that the paper's reasoning was 9:11 · faulty for Einstein's part in letters to 9:14 · Irvin Schroinger he said that the paper 9:16 · did not really represent his views and 9:18 · that it was mostly written by Bolski he 9:20 · said that the reality of particle B's 9:22 · momentum or position is a sausage to me 9:25 · a German saying meaning that he couldn't 9:27 · care less instead he focused on the 9:29 · issue of non-locality it made no sense 9:32 · he thought that measuring particle A 9:34 · could lead to two states for particle B 9:37 · no matter how far apart they were 9:40 · quantum states as it stood he thought 9:42 · couldn't accurately reflect reality the 9:44 · same year the EPR paper was published 9:46 · Shreddinger wrote to Einstein to 9:48 · congratulate him for challenging the 9:49 · dogmatic quantum mechanics the 9:52 · correspondence which continued was in 9:54 · essence a series of critiques of Boore 9:55 · and his school in August Einstein asked 9:58 · Schroinger to imagine if the small-cale 10:00 · mechanics physicists talked about were 10:02 · enlarged suppose you had an unstable 10:04 · barrel of gunpowder that had an equal 10:06 · probability of exploding or not 10:08 · exploding in the next year after a year 10:10 · the mathematical equations in quantum 10:12 · mechanics would cease to make sense as 10:13 · they would describe a sort of blend of 10:16 · not yet and already exploded systems in 10:19 · reality Einstein said there is no such 10:21 · intermediary between exploded and not 10:23 · exploded troinger took that concept and 10:26 · imagined his own scenario which he 10:28 · called a quite ridiculous case confined 10:31 · in a steel chamber is a geer counter 10:33 · prepared with a tiny amount of uranium 10:35 · so small that in the next hour it's just 10:37 · as probable to expect one atomic decay 10:39 · as none an amplified relay provides that 10:41 · the first atomic decay shatters a small 10:43 · bottle of pressic acid this and cruy a 10:47 · cat is also trapped in the steel chamber 10:49 · after an hour he said "Quantum mechanics 10:51 · would say the living and dead cat are 10:53 · smeared out in equal measure." Einstein 10:56 · liked the thought experiment a wave 10:58 · function that contains a living as well 11:00 · as the dead cat just cannot be taken as 11:02 · a description of the real state of 11:03 · affairs einstein agreed writing to 11:05 · Schroinger that nobody really doubts 11:07 · that the presence or absence of the cat 11:09 · is something independent of the act of 11:11 · observation einstein also had some 11:13 · philosophical disagreements regarding 11:15 · the Copenhagen interpretation's idea 11:16 · that quantum physics was essentially 11:18 · probabilistic and not deterministic 11:20 · famously he wrote in 1926 that God does 11:22 · not play dice with the universe he 11:24 · qualified the statement in a 1945 letter 11:27 · writing that God tirelessly plays dice 11:29 · under laws which he himself has 11:30 · prescribed many have attempted in the 11:33 · years since his death to better 11:34 · understand his reservations and ideas 11:36 · about quantum mechanics schroinger 11:38 · published his famous cat thought 11:40 · experiment in November 1935 in the 11:42 · German magazine Natural Sciences he 11:44 · almost withdrew it when the Jewish 11:46 · editor of the magazine Arnold Berliner 11:48 · was fired due to policies of the Nazi 11:50 · government but decided to publish it 11:52 · anyway at Berlin's request the point was 11:55 · to highlight the incompleteness of the 11:57 · model to critique the Copenhagen 11:58 · interpretation but instead the thought 12:01 · experiment has become part of the 12:02 · foundation of quantum mechanics much 12:04 · discussed in theoretical discussions 12:07 · and to answer the obvious question no so 12:10 · far as we know Irvin Schroinger did not 12:13 · own a cat 12:15 · boore didn't respond directly to 12:17 · Schroinger's paper but the two continued 12:19 · to correspond and in the end the 12:21 · Copenhagen interpretation wasn't all 12:23 · that bothered by the observations of 12:24 · Einstein and Schroinger and actually the 12:27 · concept that the cat can exist in two 12:29 · states at the same time is now a 12:31 · fundamental part of quantum mechanics or 12:33 · at least at the quantum level scientists 12:35 · have continued to test quantum mechanics 12:37 · and the Copenhagen interpretation is 12:39 · still the leading explanation for 12:41 · quantum mechanics but the historical 12:43 · irony is that Schroinger's cat is often 12:46 · used to illustrate the counterintuitive 12:48 · elements of quantum mechanics today and 12:51 · the fact that he introduced the thought 12:53 · experiment not to explain quantum 12:55 · mechanics but to challenge it has 12:57 · largely been forgotten 13:00 · i hope you enjoyed watching this episode 13:02 · of the history guy and if you did please 13:03 · feel free to like and subscribe and 13:05 · share the history guy with your friends 13:07 · and if you also believe that history 13:09 · deserves to be remembered then you can 13:10 · support the history guy as a member on 13:12 · YouTube a supporter on our community at 13:15 · locals or as a patron on Patreon you can 13:18 · also check out our great merchandise 13:20 · shop or book a special message from the 13:21 · history guy on Cameo 13:30 · [Music] 13:39 · heat heat 13:42 · [Applause] 13:48 · [Applause] 13:49 · [Music]
The History Guy?!? Well! This could be a twofer with GGG. Probably not gonna be, but what a wild turn!
I wish they’d leave that poor cat alone. By now it probably doesn’t know if it’s alive or dead.
Timothy Leary is Schrodinger’s Cat
Leary’s outside.
“Schrödinger’s Cat
a hypothetical cat in a closed box may be considered to be simultaneously both alive and dead while it is unobserved, as a result of its fate being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.”
Well, lets see.
A cat in a box.
Makes about as much sense as A Cat In A Hat.
Why is the cat IN the box?
How does a cat manufacture a cardboard box?
How long is the cat in the box?
Any of these can change the outcome of a deadalive cat so unless the cat can manufacture a cardboard box, jump in and seal it shut, wait to be deadalive, unseal the box from the inside and jump out, then the test is invalid.
Gotcha.
.
Cop stops Heisenberg because Heisenberg is speeding.
Cop: you know fast you were going?
Heisenberg: No officer, but I knew exactly where I was!
So reality is based on an oxymoron. A “thought experiment”.
Didn’t we call that “dry labbing” it?
And reality can best be described as a probability. No wonder nothing gets done perfectly. Impossible to accurately predict the future. Time for pancakes.
😆
“But when Schrödinger first introduced it, he was making an entirely different point.”
yeah, i think Schrödinger just didn’t want to have to feed his cat ...
His sudden disappearance still puzzles investigators. ;^)
Schrodinger’s cat walked into a bar and didn’t.
Is there a litter box in the box?
Dave? Dave? Dave’s not here.
There is and there isn’t . . simultaneously.
Schroedinger’s illegal alien:
1. cabron takes our jobs and,
2. the lazy bum is on welfare
Solved: He takes our job AND goes on welfare
That darned cat!, Solved.
He has nine lives. Do the experiment ten times.
LOL
😆
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