NOT GUILTY!
...although she could certainly cause some inflammation.
Cheers!
Posted on 03/03/2010 6:28:41 AM PST by decimon
The signaling molecule CD95L, known as "death messenger," causes an inflammatory process in injured tissue after spinal cord injuries and prevents its healing. This discovery was published by scientists of the German Cancer Research Center. In mice, the researchers found out that if they switch off CD95L, the injured spinal cord heals and the animals regain better ability to move. Therefore, substances which block the death messenger might offer a new approach in the treatment of severe inflammatory diseases.
A couple of years ago, Dr. Ana Martin-Villalba of the German Cancer Research Center already succeeded in reducing the effects of spinal cord injuries in mice. She was able to improve the animals' ability to move by neutralizing the signaling molecule CD95L. In her research work now published, Martin-Villalba and her team were studying the question of how CD95L exerts its harmful effect in injured nerve tissue.
So far, scientists had assumed that the CD95L molecule, which is also known as 'death messenger', attaches to the death receptor, CD95, on the surface of neurons, thus triggering programmed cell death, or apoptosis, and further damaging injured nerve tissue. After the recent discoveries, this view needs to be revised.
Martin-Villalba's team observed in mice that after spinal cord injuries there is a prolonged inflammatory reaction in the surrounding tissue. Within 24 hours after an injury, large numbers of white blood cells migrate to the affected site in the spinal cord. These are primarily cells of what is called the innate immunity – macrophages and neutrophils. Researchers found out that during the same time the amount of CD95L on the cell surface of white blood cells in the blood stream increases significantly – apparently as a result of a still unidentified chemical signal sent out by the injured tissue.
In their latest study, Martin-Villalba's team has proven that the signaling molecule CD95L is responsible for the migration of immune cells to the injury site. When the investigators blocked the death messenger using specific agents, the migration came to an end. The researchers identified a previously unknown signaling pathway by which CD95L activates immune cells to become mobile and migrate from the blood stream into the injured spinal cord. This mobilization is not restricted to the inflammatory reaction in spinal cord injuries; in mice with severe peritonitis, the researchers also found CD95L mediated migration of immune cells into the affected tissue.
CD95L promotes tissue-damaging inflammatory reactions
What does CD95L cause in injured spinal cord tissue? To explore this question, the DKFZ researchers investigated genetically modified mice whose immune cells are unable to form CD95L. If the spinal cord of such animals is injured, their neurons are protected from death; the mice recover and perform better in subsequent mobility tests than normal mice.
It seems that the migrated immune cells boost the tissue-damaging inflammatory reaction. When the researchers switched off the CD95L molecule on immune cells and subsequently studied the gene activity in the injured tissue, they observed a decrease in the activity of genes promoting cell death and inflammation. In contrast, more genes which promote neuronal growth were active.
Does death messenger CD95L really exert its harmful effect in injured spinal cord by causing programmed cell death (apoptosis)? The investigators explored this question in mice whose neurons lack the CD95 receptor, i.e. the docking site for death messenger CD95L. In these animals it became obvious that CD95L contributes to the demise of neurons by recruiting inflammation-promoting immune cells to the injured spinal cord and not by programmed cell death.
Blocking CD95L as a new treatment approach for inflammatory diseases
"We assume that CD95L causes harmful inflammatory reactions in the human body, too," said project leader Ana Martin-Villalba. An analysis of blood samples from patients with spinal cord injuries showed that here, too, the amount of CD95L on immune cells rises within a few hours after the injury.
This is an encouraging indication suggesting that blocking CD95L might be a promising treatment approach for severe inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune disorders, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis. An agent acting against the death messenger would prevent the migration of inflammation-promoting immune cells into the affected tissue and the resulting intensification of the tissue damage. Most recent research results even suggest that inflammatory reactions promote the invasive capability of cancer cells, so that using a CD95L blocker could be helpful in such cases, too.
Such an agent might soon be available. On the basis of inventions from DKFZ, a biotech company is already developing an inhibitor which specifically switches off the human CD95L molecule.
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A picture of Dr Ana Martin-Villalba is available on the Internet at http://www.dkfz.de/de/presse/pressemitteilungen/2010/images/a_villalba.jpg Photography: Yan de Andres
Elisabeth Letellier, Sachin Kumar, Ignacio Sancho-Martinez, Stefanie Krauth, Anne Funke-Kaiser, Sabrina Laudenklos, Katrin Konecki, Stefan Klussmann, Nina S. Corsini, Susanne Kleber, Natalia Drost, Andreas Neumann, Matthieu Lévi-Strauss, Benedikt Brors, Norbert Gretz, Lutz Edler, Carmen Fischer, Oliver Hill, Meinolf Thiemann, Bahram Biglari, Saoussen Karray and Ana Martin-Villalba: CD95-Ligand on Peripheral Myeloid Cells Activates Syk Kinase to Trigger Their Recruitment to the Inflammatory Site. Immunity 2010, DOI 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.01.011
But if mouse data was of no use, then private biological research corporations wouldn't waste billions of dollars a year screening compounds for safety and efficacy in mice.
Usually if it works in rodents, dogs, and non-human primates; it will work in humans.
Primates are, of course, the best model; as their biological molecules are above 95% the same as humans, and the < 5% differences are usually in non functional areas.
Ping...(Thanks, hennie pennie!)
BTTT
Wouldn't some small non human primates be a better choice than dogs? Possibly cheaper too. Although since they are not generally native to the areas where researchers are likely to be, transportation costs might figure in. But, OTOH, they seem to do well in captivity, so they could be raised just for these purposes, just like mice and rats are.
This is really cool. I worked with this axis of the immune system quite a bit, but I am more excited that it is in a spinal cord injury model.
There was once a prominent neurosurgeon (aka the world wide authority on spinal cord injuries), who lectured that if he could, he would make airbags that also inject you with corticosteroids (potent immunesuppressants), because the inflammatory response is so destructive, even minutes after injury. I’m glad they’re getting this down to a molecular level and maybe one day we won’t have to “carpet bomb” the immune system with steroids for every spinal cord injury.
I looked at the actual paper too. It looks solid. Thanks for the ping.
Very interesting.
Thanks for the ping!
Reverse engineering this process, by inducing the CD95L molecule to attach to cancerous cells, might be a fruitful avenue as well. I do know that cancer co-opts the inflammation response in order to spread, and that a variety of anti-inflammatories can be helpful in limiting or slowing the growth of tumors.
BFL
If these scientists *really* wanted to contribute positively to the human condition, they’d develop a constructive inflammation. ;’)
NOT GUILTY!
...although she could certainly cause some inflammation.
Cheers!
Thanks for the ping!
Well thank you JoPro for putting a visual to the ugly little critter that causes so much flippin pain.
Thank fer da pang.
Wow if some dietary/natural therapy could evolve from this finding.
Cant put a patent on and all could benefit from at an affordable cost.
I was thinking of the smaller primates, like tamarins, lemurs, marmosets, etc. Nothing even as large as a gibbon. You'd use the larger, and more closely related, species for the final testing, if required.
The 'sister' organization to the one I work for has successfully maintained a large number of primates, including; Baboons, Chimpanzees, Macaques, Marmosets and Tamarins.
Here are some of the big nasty Hannibal, Lector types
And here are some of the ones I was thinking of.
Honestly, I think it has less to do with cost than it has to do with the short reproductive maturity cycle in rodents, coupled with the short gestation periods. It is possible to observe many generations, within several years vs. several decades, or several lifetimes...
Bump.
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