Large Study Links Daily Multivitamin Use to Increased Mortality Risk

Epoch Times ^ | 07/25/2025 | Sheramy Tsai

[SeekAndFind]

Rather than extending lifespan, daily multivitamin use is linked to a 4 percent higher risk of death, according to a large study of healthy U.S. adults conducted by the National Cancer Institute.

The 2024 study challenges the common belief that multivitamins improve health and longevity, even as nearly one in three U.S. adults takes them with those hopes in mind.

About the Study

Led by Dr. Erikka Loftfield, the study published in JAMA Network Open, sheds light on the effects of multivitamin (MV) use on longevity and questions the benefits of these popular supplements.

Drawing data from three extensive cohort studies, the research followed 390,124 adults across the United States for up to 27 years, making it one of the most comprehensive analyses of its kind.

Participants, all without a history of cancer or chronic diseases, were part of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, and the Agricultural Health Study. They reported their multivitamin use at the study’s start and during follow-up intervals.

The data did not support a mortality benefit for multivitamin users. Instead, the results indicated a slight increase in mortality risk. The study states, “Daily MV use was associated with a 4% higher mortality risk” compared to non-users. This increased risk, though small, suggests multivitamins may not provide the expected health benefits.

The researchers accounted for other health habits such as diet, exercise, and smoking. They found that multivitamin users were generally more health conscious, often eating healthier and exercising more. However, this “healthy user effect” did not translate into a longer lifespan.

The study’s extended follow-up period allowed for a robust analysis of long-term multivitamin use. Over the study period, 164,762 participants died, providing a substantial dataset to evaluate mortality trends. The consistency of the findings across different cohorts and follow-up periods strengthened the conclusion that MV use does not significantly impact mortality rates.

Potential Reasons Behind Study Results

The study linking daily multivitamin use to increased mortality risk has sparked discussion among experts. Several potential reasons could explain the results, reflecting both the complexity of nutritional science and the study’s limitations.

Nutritional Imbalances Related to Multivitamin Use

Individuals who take multivitamins may be getting the wrong balance of nutrients. Dr. Michael Bauerschmidt, founder of Deeper Healing Medical Wellness, offers a nuanced perspective. “What determines the need for any given supplement? Or asked another way, what is the most important supplement you need to take? The answer is it’s the one that you have the least of,” Dr. Bauerschmidt told The Epoch Times.

He emphasized that individual nutritional needs can vary greatly and change over time, which the study did not account for. This variability means that the weakest nutritional link in one person might not be the same in another, and it can shift based on various factors.

“We have no idea what the baseline nutritional status was of any of the folks in the study or if they even needed a multivitamin to begin with,” Dr. Bauerschmidt said. This omission is significant because without knowing the initial nutritional deficiencies, it is challenging to determine the true impact of multivitamin use, he said.

Another concern is the imbalance of minerals in many multivitamins. Robert Love, a neuroscientist, noted in a video , “Multivitamins are deficient in some minerals that most of us are lacking—specifically magnesium and zinc.” He noted that 40 to 70 percent of Americans are deficient in magnesium and many multivitamins also lack adequate zinc, crucial for brain health and immunity. Conversely, multivitamins often contain excessive amounts of minerals such as copper and iron. Mr. Love said that too much copper can cause oxidative stress and brain damage, especially if it is not balanced with zinc.

Similarly, high iron levels , which most Americans do not need, can contribute to oxidative damage and accelerate aging . This imbalance may negate potential benefits and be harmful long term. Renowned scientist David Sinclair, a tenured professor at Harvard Medical School, avoids multivitamins due to concerns about excessive iron intake.

Quality and Type of Multivitamins

Another concern raised by Dr. Bauerschmidt is the quality and type of multivitamins taken by participants. “There is no mention of what multivitamin they were taking. Quite frankly, most of them are junk,” he noted. “My big problem with multivitamins in general is that they have a little bit of everything and not much of anything.” He also points out that many multivitamins contain additives such as magnesium stearate, which can stick to vitamins and minerals and make them harder for your body to absorb, reducing their effectiveness.

False Sense of Security

Experts also warn against the false sense of security that multivitamins can provide. Dr. Surender R. Neravetla, director of cardiac surgery at Springfield Regional Medical Center, questions the value of multivitamins, stating on his website: “So why would you want to take something that does not help and call it an insurance policy? Don’t waste your money in exchange for a false sense of security.” Mr. Love cautioned that relying on multivitamins as a substitute for a healthy diet is misguided. “Multivitamins and supplements, in general, are not a replacement for healthy food. It’s much more important to eat healthy food than it is to take supplements,” he said.

Should You Take a Multivitamin?

Experts urge caution in interpreting the study’s findings. Dr. Bauerschmidt argues that the retrospective nature of the study and its reliance on potentially unvalidated questionnaires add uncertainty, failing to establish a clear causative link between multivitamin use and increased mortality risk. He views this as a clear example of “association does not prove causation.” Similarly, Morgan McSweeney, who holds a doctorate in pharmaceutical sciences and is referred to as “Dr. Noc,” told The Epoch Times that the study was observational, meaning it identifies patterns but can’t prove cause and effect.

“They did their best to control for things like the possible ‘sick user effect,’ but there could be other factors not fully accounted for, such as differences in how often people see their doctors or other health habits that aren’t reflected in the available data sets, which might influence the results,” he said. While the study states that multivitamins do not benefit longevity, it is harder to say with certainty that they cause harm, he added.

The study mainly focused on mortality, leaving open the possibility that vitamins may have other health benefits or risks not measured in this research. “Although the study did not find evidence of any benefit with respect to mortality, that does not rule out the theoretical possibility for some other type of benefit that they weren’t measuring,” Mr. McSweeney added.

Mr. McSweeney’s personal view is clear—if a health care provider recommends a supplement, follow their advice. “However, in cases where people may be choosing to take new supplements based on things they see on social media, I still don’t see strong evidence that justifies spending a lot of money on products that don’t seem to offer significant health benefits,” he said.

He suggests that people might be better off spending their money on healthy foods rich in dietary fiber and phytonutrients. “Such foods are pricey these days with inflation, but have very clear benefits for health,” he concluded.

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Sheramy Tsai, BSN, RN, is a seasoned nurse with a decade-long writing career. An alum of Middlebury College and Johns Hopkins, Tsai combines her writing and nursing expertise to deliver impactful content. Living in Vermont, she balances her professional life with sustainable living and raising three children.

[jimwatx]

I’m guessing it’s the iron and possibly copper. Both are pro-oxidant.

[Uncle Miltie]

I doubt 4% is statistically significant especially with the lack of causation. This study is useless.

[Georgia Girl 2]

I just think multi vitamins are worthless not harmful. We take the Zelenko protocol everyday which includes zinc and magnesium. We have not had a sniffle since November 2022.

[your other brother]

“daily multivitamin use is linked to a 4 percent higher risk of death”

Yeah I don’t think so. I am pretty sure we all have 100% chance of dying.

[If You Want It Fixed - Fix It]

YELLING: HOW MANY GOT THE CLOT SHOT?

[montag813]

Ok folks...since a few people have DM'ed me about this article...firstly, let's keep in mind that the "4 percent higher risk of death" is minimal, nearly within the margin of error, and frankly surprising to have been published with such fanfare. JAMA ought to know better, but they are not what they used to be (sadly). So...RELAX!

But the big issue is that most people have no idea how vitamins and minerals actually work, are absorbed - or more likely peed right out of your system.

People taking "multivitamins" are doing the latter in most cases, because the pills - which often contain harmful additives - lump together water-soluble vitamins with oil-soluble ones. You might as well just take snake oil when you do that, because practically nothing will be metabolized by your body.

#1 rule: take vitamins and minerals separately, and preferably with food that compliments it.

Of course people take "multivitamins" because no one likes to take tons of pills. But most people don't need a laundry list of vitamins. There are several key ones.

The most important vitamin: D3. The best version of Vitamin D3 is in "nanoemulsion format (oil suspended)," which studies including this one (FR link) have shown greatly increase absorption.
The best such D3 according to ConsumerLab.com is:
Bluebonnet Nutrition Liquid Vitamin D3 Drops 5000 IU

Mrs Montag has M.S. and takes 6-8 drops of this every single morning. 12 years with M.S. and she is still in much better shape than most, with no new symptoms (Thank God).

What helps D3 work even better is if you take it with oil-rich food, such as salmon, avocado or even nuts (same for other oil-solubles like A, E, and K).

If you have any other questions, DM me, as I could go on about this all day. But here is a useful list of vitamins and minerals sorted by oil/water solubility. At the very least, just take them together, preferably at separate meals a few hours apart, and with foods that will complement them:

Some additional info on this subject:

Water-Soluble Vitamins are vitamin C and the B’s, i.e., thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), and cobalamin (B12). They are well absorbed with or without food. However, B12 is better absorbed with meals. Avoid taking vitamin C and B12 together because vitamin C can reduce the absorption of B12. If you need these vitamins, take them at least 2 hours apart. Our body does not store water-soluble vitamins, so we need them daily.

"Prenatal" Vitamins such as folic acids and iron should be taken with food early in the evening before bedtime if you have morning sickness. Iron can worsen nausea.

Iron supplements should be taken when you haven’t eaten anything. Take it with fruit juice rich in vitamin C, such as orange juice is recommended. Do not take iron supplements with high-calcium foods or calcium supplements because they inhibit iron absorption. Postmenopausal people should not take iron supplements unless prescribed by a doctor.

Mineral supplements,such as zinc, calcium, and magnesium, should be taken with food but at different meals. Having them all at the same time reduces the absorption of both minerals. Do not take minerals with multivitamins or antioxidants such as lycopene or beta-carotene.

[Cold Heart]

...look to buy the most expensive brands

I would change that to more expensive. Some high end brand names have turned out to be not worth it. Boars Head meats just came to mind.

[Rockingham]

As always, “caveat emptor.”

[Bobbyvotes]

I was popular at both my employers and with neighbors. Imy wife was American born English-Irish red head. Almost all my friends were not Indians. My best friend at work was born in Germany and and immigrated to USA when he was 10 y.o.

[Bobbyvotes]

no problem at all.

[Republican Wildcat]

There are so many variables involved in this to wonder if it is actually the vitamins themselves causing it. The “false sense of security” - just pop this vitamin and you don’t have to watch other aspects of your health / diet / exercise, etc. could be the main factor.

But one thing is for sure - they aren’t a cure all for anything.