Posted on 01/02/2010 10:57:44 AM PST by Restore
Mutations are the raw material of evolution. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tubingen, Germany, and Indiana University in Bloomington have now been able to measure for the first time directly the speed with which new mutations occur in plants. Their findings shed new light on a fundamental evolutionary process. They explain, for example, why resistance to herbicides can appear within just a few years.
"While the long term effects of genome mutations are quite well understood, we did not know how often new mutations arise in the first place," said Detlef Weigel, director at the Max Planck Institute in Germany. It is routine today to compare the genomes of related animal or plant species. Such comparisons, however, ignore mutations that have been lost in the millions of years since two species separated. The teams of Weigel and his colleague Michael Lynch at Indiana University therefore wanted to scrutinize the signature of evolution before selection occurs. To this end, they followed all genetic changes in five lines of the mustard relative Arabidopsis thaliana that occurred during 30 generations. In the genome of the final generation they then searched for differences to the genome of the original ancestor.
The painstakingly detailed comparison of the entire genome revealed that in over the course of only a few years some 20 DNA building blocks, so called base pairs, had been mutated in each of the five lines. "The probability that any letter of the genome changes in a single generation is thus about one in 140 million," explains Michael Lynch.
To put it differently, each seedling has on average one new mutation in each of the two copies of its genome that it inherits from mum and dad. To find these tiny alterations in the 120 million base pair genome of Arabidopsis was akin to finding the proverbial needle in a haystack, says Weigel: "To ferret out where the genome had changed was only possibly because of new methods that allowed us to screen the entire genome with high precision and in very short time." Still, the effort was daunting: To distinguish true new mutations from detection errors, each letter in each genome had to be checked 30 times.
The number of new mutations in each individual plant might appear very small. But if one starts to consider that they occur in the genomes of every member of a species, it becomes clear how fluid the genome is: In a collection of only 60 million Arabidopsis plants, each letter in the genome is changed, on average, once. For an organism that produces thousands of seeds in each generation, 60 million is not such a big number at all.
Apart from the speed of new mutations, the study revealed that not every part of the genome is equally affected. With four different DNA letters, there are six possible changes—but only one of these is responsible for half of all the mutations found. In addition, scientists can now calculate more precisely when species split up. Arabidopsis thaliana and its closest relative, Arabidopsis lyrata, differ in a large number of traits including size and smell of flowers or longevity: Arabidopsis lyrata plants often live for years, while Arabidopsis thaliana plants normally survive only for a few months. Colleagues had previously assumed that only five million years had passed by since the two species went their separate ways. The new data suggest instead that the split occurred already 20 million years ago. Similar arguments might affect estimates of when in prehistory animals and plants were first domesticated.
On a rather positive note, the results of the US-German team show that in sufficiently large populations, every possible mutation in the genome should be present. Thus, breeders should be able to find any simple mutation that has the potential to increase yield or make plants tolerate drought in a better manner. Finding these among all the unchanged siblings remains nevertheless a challenging task. On the other hand, the new findings easily explain why weeds become quickly resistant to herbicides. In a large weed population, a few individuals might have a mutation in just the right place in their genome to help them withstand the herbicide. "This is in particular a problem because herbicides often affect only the function of individual genes or gene products," says Weigel. A solution would be provided by herbicides that simultaneously interfere with the activity of several genes.
Turning to the larger picture, Weigel suggests that changes in the human genome are at least as rapid as in Arabidopsis: "If you apply our findings to humans, then each of us will have on the order of 60 new mutations that were not present in our parents." With more than six billion people on our planet, this implies that on average each letter of the human genome is altered in dozens of fellow citizens. "Everything that is genetically possible is being tested in a very short period," adds Lynch, emphasizing a very different view than perhaps the one we are all most familiar with: that evolution reveals itself only after thousands, if not millions of years.
>>Steve Jones, “Darwin’s Ghost,” page 195.<<
Interesting, but the fact the author uses “Darwin” in the title means nothing. TToE focuses exclusively on the nature of changes in living things over time.
If someone chooses to bring abiogenesis into it, that is well and good but does not apply to the OP.
>>Personally, I am more a believer in devolution. I think all the genetic information is there originally, and that some of it is lost lost or changed over time............<<
That explains nancy pelosi and barney franks to say the least.
For me it stopped the day I was conceived.
>>Rudimentary nipples, easy way to tell how cold it is. <<
And they do break up the chest area for models — maybe I need to rethink this... ;)
>>For me it stopped the day I was conceived.<<
But it starts up again when you conceive...
Not really. Gandalf didn't zap things into existence. He was forbidden from exercising his total power as a Maia; his role was mostly to encourage and lead the free peoples. The Valar remembered well the ruin they made of Middle-earth when Ainu fought Ainu in the days before the sun and in the War of Wrath, and did not want to visit that fate on the Eruhini once more. But the prohibitions are only half the story; even a full-powered Vala like Morgoth couldn't create things ex nihilo. They were limited to working with what Iluvatar had created at the beginning of time.
Darwin's "Origin of the Species" contains fourteen chapters, four of which containing the words "Geological" or "Geographical."
The Jones book is a modern update of Darwin's work, and Jones' fourteen chapters duplicate Darwin's original titles.
In my opinion, the entire universe is evolving.
“The God that created Evolution as part of a Universe that follows extremely complex rules that can be discovered and harnessed is awesome, almost beyond imagination.
A God that *zaps* things into existence is Gandalf writ large and easy for small/primitive minds to comprehend. Science in 2000 BC was unheard of except as recording empirical effects of phenomenon.
My God, who sent His Son to die for us all, created the complex Universe — and gave Man the ability to explore it, although we will never understand it all.”
Well said. Bravo, and thank you for posting.
Thanks and Happy New Year, SI.
>>even a full-powered Vala like Morgoth couldn’t create things ex nihilo. They were limited to working with what Iluvatar had created at the beginning of time.<<
OMG — a “Book of Lost Tales” and/or “Silmarillion” reader! I loved those books but that was the toughest set of books I ever read in my life (other than the Bible).
I meant “Gandalf” as a stand-in for an approachable, understandable Wizard.
But, now that you mention it I think I will reread those texts and try harder to apply them to the Bible (upon which they were based).
>>And your refutation to the article is?<<
What kind of sucker falls for the line that resistance to herbicides is evidence of evolution?
>>In my opinion, the entire universe is evolving.<<
It is and God knows (literally) into what. But He is consistent in that whatever evolves does so according to rules, even evolving rules.
I am just heading off at the pass the idea that TToE is somehow linked to abiogenesis.
Darwin was an intelligent man and I suspect his approach to Geology had more to do with the parallel observations in the Earth as seen in living creatures.
But the pursuit of the study of TToE is truly independent of Geology and the like.
>>What kind of sucker falls for the line that resistance to herbicides is evidence of evolution?<<
One that understands science. The information is in the article. Again, your SCIENTIFIC refutation is?
As usual the evo-theists are reaching again. It’s just adaption using that danged junk DNA already there. That’s like saying the offspring of parents who don’t look like exact copies of the parents are mutants.
>>As usual the evo-theists are reaching again. It’s just adaption using that danged junk DNA already there. That’s like saying the offspring of parents who don’t look like exact copies of the parents are mutants.<<
You might want to actually READ the article. It is quite empirical.
>>Again, your SCIENTIFIC refutation is?<<
There’s no need for you to repeat yourself.
When the case has been made, I will refute it. Till then, I’ve given it more attention than it deserves.
>>When the case has been made, I will refute it. Till then, I’ve given it more attention than it deserves.<<
I appreciate your admitting you have no refutation. It is more than most will admit.
>>I appreciate your admitting you have no refutation. <<
I can only suggest remedial reading for you. Now go away and quit wasting my time. You have chosen well your screen name.
>>I can only suggest remedial reading for you. Now go away and quit wasting my time.<<
I read it. You admitted it.
>>You have chosen well your screen name.<<
Ad hominem at last. Well, for those with no argument, you have to find SOME refuge.
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