Free Republic
Browse · Search
News/Activism
Topics · Post Article

Skip to comments.

She chose it all on the day she died (Euthanasia)
The Oregonian ^ | 9/30/07 | Dan Colburn

Posted on 09/30/2007 10:01:27 AM PDT by wagglebee

Lovelle Svart woke up Friday knowing it was the day she would die.

There was much to do. Her family and closest friends would be gathering at 11 a.m. in her mother's apartment in the Southwest Portland assisted-living center where they both lived.

She directed trips to the grocery store and even called AAA to jump-start the dead battery of her 2006 Scion. She double-checked delivery of food platters from Fred Meyer: turkey sandwiches, strawberries and grapes, pretzels, almonds and sparkling water. There would be pink roses on the dining table and a boombox in the corner to play music, including the polka tunes she loved.

Lovelle made one last trip to "the bridge," a wooden footbridge in a nearby park where she had found quiet sanctuary the past few weeks as painful cancerous tumors spread from her lungs through her chest and her throat.

The consummate planner, she had choreographed the day. She wanted to leave time -- five or so hours -- for storytelling, polka dancing and private goodbyes. And at 4 p.m., she intended to drink a fatal dose of medication, allowed by Oregon law, that would end her life.

A smoker since age 19, Lovelle found out five years ago that she had inoperable lung cancer. Radiation and chemotherapy slowed the cancer's spread but could not stop it.

In June, Lovelle's doctor warned her that she was likely to die within six months, making her eligible for Oregon's unique, 10-year-old Death With Dignity Act.

What some call doctor-assisted suicide and others call physician aid-in-dying or hastened death is one of the most passionately argued issues in U.S. medicine and politics. Proponents frame the question in terms of personal choice, death with dignity and freedom from pain. Opponents say assisted suicide violates the Hippocratic tradition of "First, do no harm" and undermines the doctor-patient relationship by turning physicians from healers into accomplices of death.

Far more people ask for a lethal prescription than actually use the drug. Either their symptoms overwhelm them before they make a final decision, or they find other ways to control those symptoms, including pain.

Lovelle was determined to keep control, if possible, of when and how she died.

On July 1, she filled out and signed a one-page form titled, "REQUEST FOR MEDICATION TO END MY LIFE IN A HUMANE AND DIGNIFIED MANNER." By signing, she agreed that she knew the expected result -- death -- and was aware of alternatives, such as hospice care.

By law, she also had to make two oral requests at least 15 days apart. Her doctor wrote the prescription for a lethal dose of barbiturate in late July, and she had it filled Aug. 7. She kept the orange bottle of clear liquid in a plastic grocery bag on a stack of towels in her bedroom closet -- "hidden in plain sight," as she put it.

She was still unsure whether she would take the drug, but said she took comfort in knowing it was there.

Once she knew she had less than six months to live, Lovelle also decided to try to start a more open public discussion of dying. During the past three months, mostly through a series of online video diaries for The Oregonian, she shared publicly the experience of facing death.

Lovelle, 62, has "touched a chord" by chronicling her "deeply intimate struggle with mortality," said Dr. Susan Tolle, director of the Center for Ethics in Health Care at Oregon Health & Science University.

"People are following closely," Tolle said Friday. "They want to know what happens to her.

"Lovelle has become their friend."

Friday morning, Lovelle stuck a yellow note on the door of her mother's apartment: "Please Do NOT Disturb. Unless Urgent. Thank you."

She wore a blue sweat suit over a "Cancer Fighter" T-shirt.

Lovelle delighted in Friday's blustery weather and a forecast that included possible thunder and lightning about the time she planned to die. "Oh, the woo-woo crowd will have a blast with that," she said.

After AAA jump-started her car, she left the engine running to recharge the battery, returned to her apartment and set the kitchen timer for 10 minutes to remind her.

When a friend later expressed shock that Lovelle had spent part of the last morning of her life dealing with a dead car battery, Lovelle explained:

"The car goes to my sister. I didn't want it to be dead."

In the living room, her family and friends sat and told stories and jokes, sometimes with political references. Sometimes they laughed a bit too loudly, out of nervousness at the occasion. Twice, Lovelle came out of the bedroom where she was having private meetings to say, "No politics!"

A bit later, Lovelle and George Eighmey, head of Compassion & Choices of Oregon, an advocacy group that works with most of the Oregonians who end their lives under the Death With Dignity Act, danced a brief but rousing polka.

By midafternoon, the studiously punctual Lovelle was falling behind her schedule. No one complained.

But a little before 4 p.m., she decided it was time to make her final preparations. First, she had to take the two pre-medication pills -- to calm her stomach and control vomiting. They were hard to swallow, given the tumors in her neck, but she got them down with water.

"It" would be in about an hour, she told her family. Time now to sit alone with her mom, Vi Svart, in her bedroom for the last time. The rest of the group sat in the living room, debating whether they wanted -- and whether Lovelle wanted them -- to be in the room with her at the end.

Lovelle's three siblings and her mother, despite deep misgivings about her decision to end her life, supported Lovelle in her choice.

"I feel so at peace," she said. "I've had such a good time. . . . And today has been so wonderful.

"I'm really ready to go. I'm ready."

About 4:30, Lovelle announced she wanted "a hugging line" -- one last hug for everybody. "You'll be first and last," she said, turning to her mom.

Lovelle stood in the center of the living room and embraced them one by one -- long hugs with tears and laughter.

Then one last cigarette break on her favorite sitting stone next to the parking lot. Afterward, Lovelle took the elevator up to the third-floor apartment and hung up her coat and hat.

"OK," she said to no one in particular. "I'm going to get into bed now."

In many ways, Lovelle fits the pattern of Oregonians who choose to end their lives under the Death With Dignity Act.

Like most, she had cancer. She was in her 60s. Well educated and insured. Not formally religious. White. Enrolled in hospice care.

And fiercely independent.

"I could be very gregarious -- and very private," she said. "Very much the partygoer -- and very much want to stay home and read."

She was chosen Miss Cafeteria at Crater Lake Lodge in the summer of 1963, and she has the lemon-yellow rayon dress to prove it. She left it hanging in a plastic dry-cleaning bag on her bathroom door.

She loved surfboarding and polka-dancing and both her first and last names, "because they are different, and I like things that are different."

And she liked, as she was the first to admit, being in control.

Lovelle decided it was more important to die by taking the lethal drug while she had a degree of control over her body than to wait for nature to take its course. But how to decide when?

Her symptoms -- shortness of breath, stomach distress, weakness and pain -- were intensifying. If she waited too long, she would be unable to drink and swallow the lethal drug on her cupboard shelf.

Lovelle sought a shifty window between life-worth-living and incapacity, "this tiny bit of freedom" when, for her last act, she could swallow a fatal potion in the company of family and friends. "That's when I want to go."

Last Sunday, after a painful, restless night, Lovelle decided it was almost time.

Swallowing was more painful than ever, like choking on broken glass or razor blades, she said. She had barely eaten in two weeks. She started taking morphine to dull her pain.

She told family and friends to come Friday.

Lovelle sat on the foot of the bed, while 10 others gathered around. A photograph of Lovelle as a curly-haired 5-year-old stood on one bedside table; on the other were a glass tumbler containing the liquid medication, which looked like water, along with a container of morphine and Lovelle's ever-present mug of Gatorade. On the wall above the head of the bed were five more family photographs.

With some help, Lovelle yanked off her shoes and socks and slipped partway under the covers.

Eighmey stood by her bedside. He has attended more than three dozen deaths of this kind.

"Is this what you really want?"

"Actually, I'd like to go on partying," Lovelle replied, laughing before turning serious. "But yes."

"If you do take it, you will die."

"Yes."

Ever the detail person, she reminded him that she wanted her glasses and watch removed, "after I fall asleep."

Eighmey warned her that the clear liquid would taste bitter. She needn't gulp it. She would have about a minute and a half to get it down.

Lovelle dipped her right pinky into the glass and tasted.

"Yuck," she said. "That's why I need the Gatorade."

Holding the glass, Eighmey asked her again to affirm that this was her wish.

Yes, she replied.

Someone asked, "Can we have another hugging line?"

One by one, they came to head of the bed for hugs and teary whispers.

"Sweet dreams."

"It's all right."

"I know."

"Thank you for being my big sister."

"All the church is praying for you."

Lovelle was sitting up in bed, three pillows propping her up.

She held the glass tumbler in her right hand, raised it to her lips and drank. It was 8 minutes after 5.

"Most godawful stuff I ever tasted in my life," she said, making a face before taking a sip of Gatorade and plain water.

She laid back and scrunched down under the covers, glasses still on to see her loved ones.

She reached for her mother, who leaned closer, then laid down next to Lovelle, stroking her hand.

"Are you OK, honey?"

"I'm fine, Mom."

"You're not sick?"

"No. I'm peaceful. It stopped raining, the sun's out. And I've had a wonderful day.

Her eyes closed.

"It's starting to hit me now."

For a while, no one moved or spoke, as Lovelle drifted into a coma. Then Lovelle's mom asked for a prayer. Others spoke up with prayers and memories, which prompted other stories. Lovelle's brother Larry read part of William Wordsworth's "Intimations of Immortality."

Lovelle lay motionless but for the gentle rise and fall of her chest. Her heart slowed but didn't stop.

About an hour into the vigil, Lovelle's mom lit three white candles in cut-glass candlesticks in the living room. "She's still with us," she said.

Hours passed. Given what Lovelle's body had been through -- not only lung cancer but also open-heart surgery in 2004, Eighmey was surprised how long she was lingering. But not her family.

"I hate to say this," one said with a smile, "but this is just like her."

"A little spitfire," agreed another.

"Above average -- that's Lovelle."

"One last reminder that she's the one in control."

Jane O'Dell, a volunteer for Compassion & Choices, sat at Lovelle's bedside all evening, holding her right hand, monitoring her breathing and regularly checking the pulse in her wrist and neck.

About 10:30 p.m., more than five hours after she had taken the drug, O'Dell signaled that Lovelle's breathing had become shallower and more labored. Her pulse dropped, her skin turned pallid and her fingernails bluish. It was more than a minute between breaths.

Family and friends resumed their bedside vigil, and silence again fell over the dark room. Lovelle's chest stopped moving.

Eighmey leaned over at 10:42 p.m. and put his ear to her chest to listen for a heartbeat. He stepped back, shaking his head and spoke in a quiet voice.

"She's gone."


TOPICS: Culture/Society; Government; News/Current Events; US: Oregon
KEYWORDS: 2horrible4words; assistedsuicide; bioethics; compassionandchoices; compassionindying; cultureofdeath; dancolburn; dutytodie; euthanasia; georgeeighmey; ghastly; ghoulish; hell; hellisreal; janeodell; kevorkian; lifehate; medicide; moralabsolutes; oregon; paincontrol; prolife; socializedmedicine; suicide; susantolle
Navigation: use the links below to view more comments.
first previous 1-20 ... 141-160161-180181-200 ... 261-264 next last
To: Riverman94610
But I am not going to smugly sit up here and judge this woman.

Why not? The whole tone of the article is smugly judging everyone else.

And can you honestly look yourself in the mirror and say you would not make the same choice if that were you?.

I would probably choose morphine to numb the pain.

Cheers!

161 posted on 09/30/2007 10:45:43 PM PDT by grey_whiskers (The opinions are solely those of the author and are subject to change without notice.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 13 | View Replies]

To: MHGinTN

So you are opposed to treating cancer at all, or pneumonia, or heart disease, since it is God’s will that life-threatening diseases not be thwarted?


162 posted on 09/30/2007 10:49:33 PM PDT by BuckeyeForever
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 149 | View Replies]

To: the invisib1e hand
One might ask, "why is so much effort going in to promoting this practice; into brainwashing acceptance of it?"
Because if it's widely accepted, it'll keep the costs down when we get socialized medicine. Hell, we might not even have to worry about SSI if this works out! Damn, the government will have saved the day and if we wish a life of idle sloth ending in a meaningless processing into the afterlife, we're set!
163 posted on 09/30/2007 10:50:15 PM PDT by Axenolith (The Market is a harsh mistress...)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 5 | View Replies]

To: MHGinTN

Well said.

She took her own life. She committed suicide imo.

I understand the need for pain meds/morphine when one is suffering or dying. This woman chose to end her life by taking a drug/med. I have a tough time with that.

My 85 yr old mother was dying, for months. Without any pain meds until two days before she died when she asked me to take the pain away - so I called Hospice, started the procedure so she could get morphine to ease the pain.

This woman planned her death, took a pill or meds to die. She’s not someone to admire imo. I feel sorry for her because she didn’t seem to have the grace of God or belief in God or whatever. She wanted control. There’s no dignity in dying. Both my parents wore diapers, had to be fed, etc. It’s horrible. My mom especially hated that. She was indedependent. She would have never taken a pill to kill herself which is what this woman did.

This woman shopped, had company, danced on the day she died and then took a pill or series of pills to control her death.

I’m not judging her. It’s her life and death. I’m commenting on her *show* and on her *control* of her death. If she was that lucid to control her death, she wasn’t at death’s door. She killed herself. That’s not strength or dignity imo. Dying at any age is tough but she killed herself. She was fine with it, her family and friends were fine with it, so be it. However, she didn’t die with any dignity and this story is just a sob story. I can understand not taking measures to prolong one’s life but taking a pill to end life, it’s just odd to me. It’s the “I don’t want to suffer, want control” line. I look at this as if I was diagnosed with cancer or some inoperable thing - living a few more months sick all the time or living those months until I died while undergoing chemo or whatever. No idea what I’d do at this point but I would never just take a pill or two to end it.

I guess it’s the being in charge that astounds me. Of course we’d all like to be in charge. I know I would. I don’t want anyone to change my diapers, feed me, wipe my butt etc. but it may happen. I had to for my parents and it killed my mom to have someone take care of those needs for her but she never once wanted to take it out of God’s hands. She did want pain meds two days before she died.

This woman wasn’t about pain meds and easing the pain of dying. She was about control which is fine but not about God. IMO. This story romanticizes her death when it was nothing but a suicide. IMO


164 posted on 09/30/2007 11:07:40 PM PDT by Twink
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 149 | View Replies]

To: MHGinTN

Now you’ve done it...

You introduced GOD and Jesus into the equation...

Next you’ll be declaring that when the woman saw Jesus He turned His back on her...

And said, “You see these stripes? They were intended for your healing...why did you not accept my healing power?”

Golly you might even go further and say that when you had cancer and was in terrible pain, and given up to die, you chose to believe the Word of God and dragged your body up and down the room for hours at a time, cursing the cancer (because it is a curse and not a blessing from God...there is no disease or sickness in Heaven) and claiming complete healing in the Name of Jesus...

And you might even say that in a period of three weeks the doctors planned to take out your vocal cords FOUR different times and then changed there minds and sent you home from the hospital..

And then your might have the audacity to make the ijits in this thread scream by saying that one day the doctors told you that they knew you had had cancer all these monthsa but now...they dont know where it went...

But you dont have to..though I know you believe in Jesus the Healer...I just did for you...

It ALWAYS pays to believe God first ...not, “well we even prayed..but it didnt work”..

The Word of God ALWAYS works...for those who chose to work it..

So be healed in mind and body the lovely Name of Jesus...


165 posted on 09/30/2007 11:09:35 PM PDT by Tennessee Nana
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 149 | View Replies]

To: MHGinTN

Whoops

Be healed in mind and body IN the lovely Name of Jesus...


166 posted on 09/30/2007 11:19:15 PM PDT by Tennessee Nana
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 165 | View Replies]

To: ga medic

I’m confused by this *cancer is the most horrible death* crap. All dying is hard. Cancer deaths don’t have the front of line or corner on dying/difficult deaths.

It’s not about wanting to feel better about oneself. It’s not about “opting” for a better way to die. Dying sucks and there’s no dignity in dying especially for those who need to be cared for by others. This woman, this thread is about this woman who committed suicide or assisted suicide or chose to end her life by taking a pill or two or three. She had no dignity in death since she chose to end her life by taking some pills. She may have had another day to live or two or three. Heck, from the story, she wasn’t at death’s door, dying, so why take the pills other than to control her death? From the story, she chose that day to die, to take those pills that day, so she killed herself. She shopped, took care of her car, had friends over,etc. directed the day. Then took some pills to kill herself that day. The day she wanted to die. That’s suicide imo.

No one knows her last minutes or seconds with God so I don’t comment on that. No one knows what the 9-11 terrorists felt/thought their last seconds or what they talked to God about/their last minutes or seconds with God before they murdered countless innocents. I don’t know what women talk to God about when they’re murdering their babies. Or years later when they regret it. Or before they die. I do know that what this woman did is wrong if she’s a Christian. And her planned death and story isn’t something that should be viewed or held up as something good or honorable. She was weak and pathetic. She was all about control and nothing about God. That’s what I got from her story.


167 posted on 09/30/2007 11:31:27 PM PDT by Twink
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 151 | View Replies]

To: Logic n' Reason

She committed suicide. I don’t admire that.

I do understand choosing not to be kept alive by articificial means. I disagree that she’s perfect proof of our Creator’s Way.

I would agree that it was her choice, outisde of God’s Will, but the taking pills to kill herself kills it for me. She chose when she died and how she died. Sorta takes God and God’s Will out of it for me. She committed suicide. Her choice of course but nothing to admire.


168 posted on 09/30/2007 11:42:07 PM PDT by Twink
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 108 | View Replies]

To: the invisib1e hand

I am not for euthanasia. But, I do have a question? Why is an animal put to sleep to put them out of their misery, but not the same for people?


169 posted on 09/30/2007 11:48:12 PM PDT by HungarianGypsy
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 5 | View Replies]

To: grey_whiskers

Yep, the article and story was smug.

Me too. When I’m in pain, give me drugs :) If I’m dying and in pain, give me morphine.

Not judging the woman but also not falling for the sob story or her story of committing suicide as something honorable.

Morphine and a few beers to dull the pain for sure.


170 posted on 09/30/2007 11:49:43 PM PDT by Twink
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 161 | View Replies]

To: wagglebee

One factor is this lady probably saved society 100k and more in terms of costs for medical care. And I’ve seen other cases where it would be in the millions.

When the nation is at war we have to start thinking not in ideals but also practicality.


171 posted on 10/01/2007 12:07:35 AM PDT by ran20
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: Twink

I get the feeling this woman was manipulated by a group that hopes to advance their agenda on her death. I have doubts about how debilitating her illness was at the time she took her own life. As my mother battled a terminal illness, she was more worried about my father’s ability to care for himself than her own suffering. She admitted several times she hated the fact she was creating such a burden on so many people, but she never thought about taking her own life. My dad on the other hand became someone I had never seen before; he literally gave up two years of his life to “baby-sit” my mother as she deteriorated. At the end, when she became too much for my father to care for, she was still trying her hardest to become functional enough to come home. My mother died with amazing dignity.


172 posted on 10/01/2007 12:12:40 AM PDT by Yogafist
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 164 | View Replies]

To: wagglebee
PORNO FOR NECROS

Disgusting!

An American Expat in Southeast Asia

173 posted on 10/01/2007 12:16:32 AM PDT by expatguy (Support Conservative Blogging - "An American Expat in Southeast Asia")
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies]

To: Centurion2000

You have a problem with objectivity don’t you?


174 posted on 10/01/2007 12:19:00 AM PDT by expatguy (Support Conservative Blogging - "An American Expat in Southeast Asia")
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 155 | View Replies]

To: Twink

OK, it was suicide.

Why would it be wrong for a Christian to commit suicide? Where is suicide prohibited in the Bible?


175 posted on 10/01/2007 12:20:41 AM PDT by BuckeyeForever
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 167 | View Replies]

To: MHGinTN
Yes, unbelief, for she chose to 'be in control' at the very time when she should have been submitting to the will of her Creator and God, by anticipating meeting face to face her Savior. And why would I assert that?... Because she proved her unbelief by demanding the ultimate measure of 'be in control'.

Well said.

176 posted on 10/01/2007 12:22:39 AM PDT by skr (Car bombs and IEDs are the exclamation marks for the latest Democrats' talking points.)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 149 | View Replies]

To: Yogafist

I agree. I do question this situation and those manipulating it for their advantage. The story seemed odd to me.

I’m so sorry about your mom. It was the same here. My mom was more concerned with us than herself. Same with my Dad when he was dying. My Dad used to talk about being a burden but he was hilarious too - he accepted his situation (being cared for by us, we always joked about it) moreso than my Mom did - she was always talking about not being a burden on us and fought it until the end. She hated the dependence, being a burden as she called it. She was witty but didn’t have my Dad’s wit or attitude about it all.

Both my parents died with dignity but moreso my Mom. Only because she’s the most recent death. She tried her best to stay functional (my Dad was ok with letting us care for him in his last days). My Mom fought it until the end.

Both my parents died with dignity. I have say my Mom moreso but that’s only because of her situation and pain and how difficult it was for her to be cared for. It was horrible for her to have me or anyone care for her basic needs. She talked about/worried so much about us cleaning her. My Dad did too but he joked about it and I’d laugh, say a comment back, it was funny. Not my Mom. It was awful for her. She really hated being what she called a burden. It wasn’t of course but she felt it was.

My Mom died with dignity too. So did my Dad but he was such a joker. It was worse for my Mom so that’s what I recall. They both died with dignity, or as much dignity as death allows. They lived their entire lives with dignity so dying was the same.

I guess I just don’t feel that death or dying, when one has to be cared for, involves dignity. Or the basic dignity. My Dad gave it all up with a laugh, joke, smile. His usual stuff. My Mom , it was awful for her not being able to care for her basic needs. Maybe that’s why it was so much harder with my Mom, because it was harder for her. She hated living with us, being cared for by us. Her last year of life here was mostly fighting with her for us to do stuff for her. She got really sick about 4 months before she died and it was round the clock -she hated it, being changed, fed, cared for. She gave my kids a gift, two teens and two elementary age kids - they helped care for her here for a year. They have wonderful memories of her in their life and they also have caring for her when she was dying for that last year. They were her caretakers that last year and it’s something special even though it was hard for them to experience.

No death or dying is easy but fortunately I’ve had two parents who died with dignity or what I call dignity but more importantly, lived dignified lives. They lived their lives this way and died the same way. Tough act to follow but something to achieve as their kid. They were excellent parents, human beings. I always say my Dad gave me the gift of his humor/wit and my Mom gave me her faith/christianity/catholicism. I just have to live up to it all, lol.


177 posted on 10/01/2007 1:05:22 AM PDT by Twink
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 172 | View Replies]

To: BuckeyeForever

For your first question, any Christian knows this so if you’re a Christian you know the answer to that question. And if not, tell me and I’ll explain.

Have you read the Bible? I ask because it’s sorta an important lesson in a few biblical passages.

Granted, I’m taking your post as one of those goofy ones - asking the question why suicide is wrong for a Christian and asking where suicide is prohibited in the Bible. Either you really don’t know or you’re being snarky or something. If you’re serious, let me know and I’ll answer. I have a gut feeling you’re just being snarky but I’m wrong often and open to discussion.


178 posted on 10/01/2007 1:22:36 AM PDT by Twink
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 175 | View Replies]

To: wagglebee
Pinged from Terri Dailies

8mm


179 posted on 10/01/2007 4:22:50 AM PDT by 8mmMauser (Jezu ufam tobie...Jesus I trust in Thee)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 2 | View Replies]

To: ran20; 8mmMauser; BykrBayb
One factor is this lady probably saved society 100k and more in terms of costs for medical care. And I’ve seen other cases where it would be in the millions.

When the nation is at war we have to start thinking not in ideals but also practicality.

Well ... you aren't the first person who has thought along these lines.


Translation:
"This person suffering from hereditary defects costs the people 60,000 Reichmarks during his lifetime. People, that is your money. Read 'New People'."

180 posted on 10/01/2007 4:28:38 AM PDT by wagglebee ("A political party cannot be all things to all people." -- Ronald Reagan, 3/1/75)
[ Post Reply | Private Reply | To 171 | View Replies]


Navigation: use the links below to view more comments.
first previous 1-20 ... 141-160161-180181-200 ... 261-264 next last

Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.

Free Republic
Browse · Search
News/Activism
Topics · Post Article

FreeRepublic, LLC, PO BOX 9771, FRESNO, CA 93794
FreeRepublic.com is powered by software copyright 2000-2008 John Robinson