Study Shows How Secondhand Smoke Injures Babies' Lungs

UC Davis ^ | 08/15/06 | UC Davis

[Moonman62]

UC Davis researchers today described in unprecedented biochemical and anatomical detail how cigarette smoke damages the lungs of unborn and newborn children.

The findings illustrate with increased urgency the dangers that smokers' families and friends face, said UC Davis Professor Kent Pinkerton, and should give family doctors helpful new insight into the precise hidden physical changes occurring in their young patients' lungs.

"Smoke exposure causes significant damage and lasting consequences in newborns," Pinkerton said. "This research has a message for every parent: Do not smoke or breathe secondhand smoke while you are pregnant. Do not let your children breathe secondhand smoke after they are born."

Pinkerton added that the results from this study are further proof that secondhand smoke's effects on children are not minor, temporary or reversible. "This is the missed message about secondhand smoke and children," he said. "Parents need to understand that these effects will not go away. If children do not grow healthy lungs when they are supposed to, they will likely never recover. The process is not forgiving and the children are not going to be able to make up this loss later in life."

The 2006 Surgeon General's Report on secondhand smoke estimates that more than 126 million residents of the United States age 3 or older are exposed to secondhand smoke. Among children younger than 18 years of age, an estimated 22 percent are exposed to secondhand smoke in their home; estimates range from 11.7 percent in Utah to 34.2 percent in Kentucky.

To get the word out to parents about the dangers of secondhand smoke, two states (Arkansas and Louisiana) have made it illegal to smoke in a car with young passengers. In California, a similar bill, AB 379, is currently under consideration in the state Legislature.

The new UC Davis research is reported in today's issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. The lead author is Cai-Yun Zhong, a former UC Davis graduate student now working at ArQule Biomedical Institute in Boston; the co-authors are Ya Mei Zhou, also a former UC Davis graduate student and now investigating breast cancer signaling pathways at Buck Research Institute in Novato, Calif.; Jesse Joad, a UC Davis pediatrician who studies children's lung development and cares for sick children in the UC Davis Health System; and Pinkerton, a UC Davis professor of pediatric medicine and director of the UC Davis Center for Health and the Environment.

The Pinkerton research group is one of the few groups in the nation capable of studying the effects of environmental contaminants on unborn and newborn animals. Their 15 years of studies on mice and rats have yielded greater understanding of how air pollution affects human lungs and health through experiments that attempt to reproduce true exposure conditions to environmental air pollutants.

The new study was done with rhesus macaque monkeys, in order to obtain the best possible understanding of what happens in people. Pregnant macaques were exposed to smoke levels equal to those that a pregnant woman would breathe if someone in her home or workplace smoked. Newborn macaques were exposed to secondhand smoke levels similar to those a human baby would breathe if it was cared for by a moderate-to-heavy smoker.

What the researchers found is that environmental tobacco smoke wreaks havoc in babies at a critical time in the development of lungs -- when millions of tiny cells called alveoli (pronounced al-VEE-o-lye) are being formed.

Alveoli are the place where oxygen passes from the lungs into the bloodstream. Human infants are born with only about one-fifth of the 300 million alveoli they will need as adults. They construct almost all those 300 million alveoli between birth and age 8.

Pinkerton's group had previously shown that rats exposed to secondhand smoke while in the womb and after birth developed hyper-reactive, or "ticklish," airways, which typically occurs in children and adults with asthma. The airways in those rodents remained hyper-reactive even when the secondhand smoke exposure stopped. Thus, this early exposure to environmental tobacco smoke created a long-lasting and perhaps permanent asthma-like condition.

In the new study, the researchers analyzed step-by-step how the alveolar cells' inner workings reacted to cigarette smoke. They found the normal orderly process of cell housecleaning had gone haywire.

In healthy people, cells live and die on a schedule. Programmed cell death, called apoptosis (a-pop-TOE-sis), is regulated by genes that increase or decrease various chemical reactions in the cell.

But in this study, when baby monkeys were exposed to cigarette smoke before and after birth, apoptosis went awry. Critical cellular controls regulating cell death turned off. Alveolar cells died twice as fast as they should have.

"If you are killing cells at a higher rate during a critical developmental stage, when they are supposed to be proliferating in order to create new alveoli, the lungs may never be able to recover," Pinkerton said.

Funding for the study, "Environmental Tobacco Smoke Suppresses Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling to Increase Apoptosis in Infant Monkey Lungs," was included in a five-year, $1.5 million research grant from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and $450,000 from taxes on sales of tobacco products in California.

Media contact(s): • Kent Pinkerton, Center for Health and the Environment, (530) 752-8334, kepinkerton@ucdavis.edu • Jesse Joad, Department of Pediatrics, (916) 734-3189, jpjoad@ucdavis.edu • Sylvia Wright, UC Davis News Service, (530) 752-7704, swright@ucdavis.edu

[Publius6961]

This is not really rocket science, folks.

Well, the "scientific" method appears to be to most on this thread.
That's shouldn't be rocket science either.

I'm afraid that using the word "carcinogen", without a context, is just posturing and demagoguering.

[murphE]

And on another thread these same people are denying that the unborn are children at all.

This was my first thought too. If scientists and law makers really care about the health of unborn children why do we allow 4,000 abortions a day? From what I've read, I understand that abortion is very harmful to the unborn.

[Alter Kaker]

Dear Moonman,

Don't you know that smoking is good for you?

In fact, responsible parents encourage their children to smoke no later than age 2. Carcinogens? They simply do not exist. Weak infant lungs benefit from a protective coating of tar.

You cite a study that says otherwise. But scientific studies are, by definition, biased against the Tobacco Industry. In fact, science and medicine have demonstrated anti-tobacco biases.

Also, my uncle's best friend's sister knew someone who smoked ten packs a day and was healthy until a bus ran her over while she was running a marathon on her 115th birthday.

I could quit if I wanted to, because nicotine is not addictive. But why would anyone want to?

Yours Sincerely,

The FreeRepublic Head-in-Sand Tobacco Lobby

[Just another Joe]

Thanks for your scintillating post that was just chock full of scientific proof that smoking has been proven to harm no one but the smoker.
Appreciate the support.

[takenoprisoner]

all we need now is his report on Iranian nukes and the effect they will have on our children.

[panthermom]

I'm in my 40's, when I look at picture albums from when we were growing up, EVERYBODY has a cigarette! There is one picture of my mom sitting next to the bassinet at my brothers christening, smoking a cigarette. We laugh about it. My aunt had kids right when the lamaze thing started, she said they would go to lamaze class and then a group of them would go out afterwards, drink martinis and have dinner, and yes they smoked. How we survived I'll never know.

[CSM]

Yep, the surest way to ensure that I keep smoking is to ridicule and mock smokers. Your kind keeps me puffin'. How does it feel to be the root cause of so much smoking?

[aft_lizard]

I'm afraid that using the word "carcinogen", without a context, is just posturing and demagoguering.>>>

I believe that if anybody wants to complain and pretend to be an expert on studies then they better have there lingo down, or they dont even belong in the discussion at all.

[Old Professer]

Part of the job description.

[Publius6961]

Most of the people who use the word "average" in the mathematical or statistical context, have no grasp whatsoever of the concept.

A really really really really simple example for the dogmatic and reason-challenged out there:

If you take five individuals, and four of them live to be 60, and the fourth dies at childbirth, the "average" longevity of the group is 48 years. A 20% reduction in the lifespan of all the survivors. Statistically useful but not particularly informative.

We won't even get into why or how, of the ducumented 10 people who lived to over 105, 9 of them smoked until age 95.
There must be other factors involved. YA THINK?

[Gabz]

Very (not) funny...........

It must be so nice to go through life with the idea of controlling the lives of others.

You must be so proud of yourselves.

[Alter Kaker]

Thanks for your scintillating post that was just chock full of scientific proof that smoking has been proven to harm no one but the smoker. Appreciate the support.

Forgive me. Look below for scientific proof that second-hand smoking harms non-smokers. If you'd like additional studies, I will be happy to look further, but this should be enough to get you started.

504	Active and passive smoking and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage: an international population-based case-control study	Stroke 2004; 35:633-637 Bennett, D; Lin, RB; Hankey, G; Jamrozik, K; Anderson, CS; Feigin, V	2004
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401	Cohort study of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of first ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack	Neuroepidemiology 2004; 23:38-44 Iribarren, C; Darbinian, J; Klatsky, AL; Friedman, GD	2004
632	Does environment mediate earlier onset of the persistent childhood asthma phenotype?	Pediatrics 2004; 113:345-350 Kurukulaaratchy, RJ; Matthews, S; Arshad, SH	2004
747	Domestic risk factors for wheeze in urban and rural Ethiopian children	QJM 2004; 97:489-498 Dagoye, D; Bekele, Z; Woldemichael, K; Nida, H; Yimam, M; Venn, AJ; Hall, A; Britton, JR; Lewis, SA; McKeever, T; Hubbard, R	2004
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399	Effects of tobacco smoke exposure on asthma prevalence and medical care use in North Carolina middle school children	Am J Public Health 2004; 94:308-313 Sturm, JJ; Yeatts, K; Loomis, D	2004
505	Environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of pancreatic cancer: findings from a Canadian population-based case-control study	Can J Public Health 2004; 95:32-37 Villeneuve, PJ; Johnson, KC; Mao, Y; Hanley, AJ	2004
724	Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among pregnant women: impact on fetal biometry at 20-24 weeks of gestation and newborn child's birth weight	Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77:47-52 Hanke, W; Sobala, W; Kalinka, J	2004
400	Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in women with lung cancer	Lung Cancer 2004; 43:127-134 de Andrade, M; Ebbert, JO; Wampfler, JA; Miller, DL; Marks, RS; Croghan, GA; Jatoi, A; Finke, EE; Sellers, TA; Yang, P	2004
641	Environmental tobacco smoke may induce early lung damage in healthy male adolescents	Chest 2004; 125:1387-1393 Rizzi, M; Sergi, M; Andreoli, A; Pecis, M; Bruschi, C; Fanfulla, F	2004
779	Glutathione S transferase deficiency and passive smoking increase childhood asthma	Thorax 2004; 59:569-573 Kabesch, M; Hoefler, C; Carr, D; Leupold, W; Weiland, SK; von Mutius, E	2004
620	Household wood and charcoal smoke increases risk of otitis media in childhood in Maputo	Int J Epidemiol 2004; 33:573-578 Da Costa, JL; Navarro, A; Neves, JB; Martin, M	2004
646	Housing characteristics and children's respiratory health in the Russian Federation	Am J Public Health 2004; 94:657-662 Spengler, JD; Jaakkola, JJ; Parise, H; Katsnelson, BA; Privalova, LI; Kosheleva, AA	2004
451	Increased prevalence of asthma and allied diseases among active adolescent tobacco smokers after controlling for passive smoking exposure. A cause for concern?	Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:1017-1023 Annesi-Maesano, I; Oryszczyn, MP; Raherison, C; Kopferschmitt, C; Pauli, G; Taytard, A; Tunon, DL; Vervloet, D; Charpin, D	2004
340	Maternal smoking in pregnancy, fetal development, and childhood asthma	Am J Public Health 2004; 94:136-140 Jaakkola, JJ; Gissler, M	2004
654	Maternal smoking: an increasing unique risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome in Sweden	Acta Paediatr 2004; 93:471-478 Chong, DS; Yip, PS; Karlberg, J	2004
628	Mortality among 'never smokers' living with smokers: two cohort studies, 1981-4 and 1996-9	BMJ 2004; 328:988-989 Hill, S; Blakely, T; Kawachi, I; Woodward, A	2004
721	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and type of tobacco smoke	Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13:431-437 Stagnaro, E; Tumino, R; Parodi, S; Crosignani, P; Fontana, A; Masala, G; Miligi, L; Nanni, O; Ramazzotti, V; Rodella, S; Senoiri, CA; Vigano, C; Vindigni, C; Vineis, P	2004
645	Parental cigarette smoking and childhood risks of hepatoblastoma: OSCC data	Br J Cancer 2004; 90:1016-1018 Sorahan, T; Lancashire, RJ	2004
568	Parental smoking in childhood and adult obstructive lung disease: results from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey	Thorax 2004; 59:295-302 Svanes, C; Omenaas, E; Jarvis, D; Chinn, S; Gulsvik, A; Burney, P	2004
656	Passive cigarette smoking is a risk factor in cervical neoplasia	Gynecol Oncol 2004; 93:116-120 Tay, SK; Tay, KJ	2004
642	Passive smoking and breast cancer risk among non-smoking Chinese women	Int J Cancer 2004; 110:605-609 Shrubsole, MJ; Gao, YT; Dai, Q; Shu, XO; Ruan, ZX; Jin, F; Zheng, W	2004
745	Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective study with cotinine measurement	BMJ 2004; 329:200-205 Whincup, PH; Gilg, JA; Emberson, JR; Jarvis, MJ; Feyerabend, C; Bryant, A; Walker, M; Cook, DG	2004
718	Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy	Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159:993-1001 Venners, SA; Wang, X; Chen, C; Wang, L; Chen, D; Guang, W; Huang, A; Ryan, L; O'Connor, J; Lasley, B; Overstreet, J; Wilcox, A; Xu, X	2004
728	Population attributable fraction of smoking to low birth weight in Japan	Pediatr Int 2004; 46:264-267 Ojima, T; Uehara, R; Watanabe, M; Tajimi, M; Oki, I; Nakamura, Y	2004
506	Secondhand smoke exposure in adulthood and risk of lung cancer among never smokers: a pooled analysis of two large studies	Int J Cancer 2004; 109:125-131 Brennan, P; Buffler, PA; Reynolds, P; Wu, AH; Wichmann, HE; Agudo, A; Pershagen, G; Jöckel, KH; Benhamou, S; Greenberg, RS; Merletti, F; Winck, C; Fontham, ET; Kreuzer, M; Darby, SC; Forastiere, F; Simonato, L; Boffetta, P	2004
746	Secondhand smoke exposure, smoking hygiene, and hospitalization in the first 18 months of life	Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158:687-693 Leung, GM; Ho, LM; Lam, TH	2004
629	Sleep-disordered breathing in 3,680 Greek children	Pediatr Pulmonol 2004; 37:499-509 Kaditis, AG; Finder, J; Alexopoulos, EI; Starantzis, K; Tanou, K; Gampeta, S; Agorogiannis, E; Christodoulou, S; Pantazidou, A; Gourgoulianis, K; Molyvdas, PA	2004
778	Smokeless tobacco use, birth weight, and gestational age: population based, prospective cohort study of 1217 women in Mumbai, India	BMJ 2004; 328:1538 Gupta, PC; Sreevidya, S	2004
749	Smoking and orofacial clefts: a United Kingdom-based case-control study	Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2004; 41:381-386 Little, J; Cardy, A; Arslan, MT; Gilmour, M; Mossey, PA	2004
658	Stillbirths and infant deaths associated with maternal smoking among mothers aged > or =40 years: a population study	Am J Perinatol 2004; 21:121-129 Salihu, HM; Shumpert, MN; Aliyu, MH; Alexander, MR; Kirby, RS; Alexander, GR	2004
615	The Canadian asthma primary prevention study: outcomes at 2 years of age	J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113:650-656 Becker, A; Watson, W; Ferguson, A; Dimich-Ward, H; Chan-Yeung, M	2004
444	The complex relationship between smoking in pregnancy and very preterm delivery. Results of the Epipage study	BJOG 2004; 111:258-265 Marpeau, L; Voyer, M; Roze, JC; Treisser, A; Larroque, B; Burguet, A; Kaminski, M; Abraham-Lerat, L; Schaal, JP; Cambonie, G; Fresson, J; Grandjean, H; Truffert, P	2004
402	The effect of environmental tobacco smoke on eczema and allergic sensitization in children	Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:111-118 Kramer, U; Lemmen, CH; Behrendt, H; Link, E; Schafer, T; Gostomzyk, J; Scherer, G; Ring, J	2004
592	The effect of maternal smoking on respiratory and arousal patterns in preterm infants during sleep	Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:733-738 Sawnani, H; Jackson, T; Murphy, T; Beckerman, R; Simakajornboon, N	2004
636	Tobacco smoke exposure, wheeze, and atopy	Pediatr Pulmonol 2004; 37:492-498 Murray, CS; Woodcock, A; Smillie, FI; Cain, G; Kissen, P; Custovic, A	2004
655	Tobacco smoking and oral clefts: a meta-analysis	Bull World Health Organ 2004; 82:213-218 Little, J; Cardy, A; Munger, RG	2004
440	Active and passive tobacco smoking and the risk of borderline and invasive ovarian cancer (United States)	Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14:569-577 Goodman, MT; Tung, KH	2003
720	Association between exposure to workplace secondhand smoke and reported respiratory and sensory symptoms: cross-sectional study	J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45:622-627 Wakefield, M; Trotter, L; Cameron, M; Woodward, A; Inglis, G; Hill, D	2003
343	Association of pediatric dental caries with passive smoking	JAMA 2003; 289:1258-1264 Aligne, CA; Moss, ME; Auinger, P; Weitzman, M	2003
370	Associations between smoking, passive smoking, GSTM-1, NAT2, and rectal cancer	Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2003; 12:882-889 Slattery, ML; Edwards, S; Curtin, K; Schaffer, D; Neuhausen, S	2003
567	Effect of antenatal exposure to maternal smoking on behavioural problems and academic achievement in childhood: prospective evidence from a Dutch birth cohort	Early Hum Dev 2003; 75:21-33 Batstra, L; Hadders-Algra, M; Neeleman, J	2003
625	Effects of early onset asthma and in utero exposure to maternal smoking on childhood lung function	Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:917-924 Gilliland, FD; Berhane, K; Li, YF; Rappaport, EB; Peters, JM	2003
341	Effects of passive smoking on common respiratory symptoms in young children	Acta Paediatr 2003; 92:1394-1397 Shiva, F; Nasiri, M; Sadeghi, B; Padyab, M	2003
369	Effects of passive smoking on lung function in children	Pediatr Int 2003; 45:426-428 Nuhoglu, C; Gurul, M; Nuhoglu, Y; Karatoprak, N; Sonmez, EO; Yavrucu, S; Ozguner, A	2003
648	Effects of volatile organic compounds, damp, and other environmental exposures in the home on wheezing illness in children	Thorax 2003; 58:955-960 Venn, AJ; Cooper, M; Antoniak, M; Laughlin, C; Britton, J; Lewis, SA	2003
527	Environmental tobacco smoke and absenteeism related to respiratory illness in schoolchildren	Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:861-869 Islam, T; Wenten, M; Rappaport, E; Avol, E; Gauderman, WJ; McConnell, R; Peters, JM; Gilliland, FD; Berhane, K	2003
316	Environmental tobacco smoke and adult-onset asthma: a population-based incident case-control study	Am J Public Health 2003; 93:2055-2060 Jaakkola, MS; Piipari, R; Jaakkola, N; Jaakkola, JJ	2003
441	Environmental tobacco smoke and carotid arterial stiffness	Prev Med 2003; 37:148-154 Mack, WJ; Islam, T; Lee, Z; Selzer, RH; Hodis, HN	2003
371	Exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and its association with respiratory ailments	J Asthma 2003; 40:571-576 Tamim, H; Musharrafieh, U; El Roueiheb, Z; Yunis, K; Almawi, WY	2003
633	Factors influencing symptom expression in children with bronchial hyperresponsiveness at 10 years of age	J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:311-316 Kurukulaaratchy, RJ; Matthews, S; Waterhouse, L; Arshad, SH	2003
338	Impact of environmental tobacco smoke on children with sickle cell disease	Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157:1197-1201 West, DC; Romano, PS; Azari, R; Rudominer, A; Holman, M; Sandhu, S	2003
342	Increased respiratory symptoms following surgery in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke	Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:304-310 Drongowski, RA; Lee, D; Reynolds, PI; Malviya, S; Harmon, CM; Geiger, J; Lelli, JL; Coran, AG	2003
634	Indoor and outdoor environmental exposures, parental atopy, and physician-diagnosed asthma in Taiwanese schoolchildren	Pediatrics 2003; 112:e389 Lee, YL; Lin, YC; Hsiue, TR; Hwang, BF; Guo, YL	2003
619	Influences of asthma and household environment on lung function in children and adolescents: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey	Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158:175-189 Chapman, RS; Hadden, WC; Perlin, SA	2003
748	Interaction between smoking, GSTM1 deletion and colorectal cancer: results from the GSEC study	Biomarkers 2003; 8:299-310 Smits, KM; Gaspari, L; Weijenberg, MP; Dolzan, V; Golka, K; Roemer, HC; Nedelcheva, K; Lechner, MC; Mehling, GI; Seidegard, J; Strange, RC; Taioli, E	2003
744	Interaction between smoking, GSTM1 deletion and colorectal cancer: results from the GSEC study	Biomarkers 2003; 8:299-310 Smits, KM; Gaspari, L; Weijenberg, MP; Dolzan, V; Golka, K; Roemer, HC; Nedelcheva, K; Lechner, MC; Mehling, GI; Seidegard, J; Strange, RC; Taioli, E	2003
333	Lifetime exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and cervical intraepithelial neoplasms among nonsmoking Taiwanese women	Arch Environ Health 2003; 58:353-359 Wu, MT; Lee, LH; Ho, CK; Liu, CL; Wu, TN; Wu, SC; Lin, LY; Cheng, BH; Yang, CY	2003
630	Morbidity patterns among low-income wheezing infants	Pediatrics 2003; 112:49-57 Klinnert, MD; Price, MR; Liu, AH; Robinson, JL	2003
623	NO2, as a marker of air pollution, and recurrent wheezing in children: a nested case-control study within the BAMSE birth cohort	Occup Environ Med 2003; 60:876-881 Emenius, G; Pershagen, G; Berglind, N; Kwon, HJ; Lewne, M; Nordvall, SL; Wickman, M	2003
546	Passive smoking and lung function in alpha(1)-antitrypsin heterozygote schoolchildren	Thorax 2003; 58:237-241 Corbo, GM; Forastiere, F; Agabiti, N; Dell'Orco, V; Pistelli, R; Massi, G; Perucci, CA; Valente, S	2003
368	Passive smoking and respiratory symptoms in the FinEsS Study	Eur Respir J 2003; 21:672-676 Larsson, ML; Loit, HM; Meren, M; Põlluste, J; Magnusson, A; Larsson, K; Lundbäck, B	2003
631	Risk factors for acute respiratory tract infections in young Greenlandic children	Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158:374-384 Koch, A; Molbak, K; Homoe, P; Sorensen, P; Hjuler, T; Olesen, ME; Pejl, J; Pedersen, FK; Olsen, OR; Melbye, M	2003
423	Risk modification by CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms in the association of environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a case-control study in Japanese nonsmoking women	Int J Cancer 2003; 107:139-144 Kiyohara, C; Wakai, K; Mikami, H; Sido, K; Ando, M; Ohno, Y	2003
339	Secondhand smoke and earaches in adolescents: the Florida Youth Cohort Study	Nicotine Tob Res 2003; 5:943-946 Lee, DJ; Gaynor, JJ; Trapido, E	2003
638	Smoking and musculoskeletal disorders: findings from a British national survey	Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62:33-36 Palmer, KT; Syddall, H; Cooper, C; Coggon, D	2003
398	Treatment compliance, passive smoking, and asthma control: a three year cohort study	Arch Dis Child 2003; 88:229-233 Soussan, D; Liard, R; Zureik, M; Touron, D; Rogeaux, Y; Neukirch, F	2003
362	A prospective study on active and environmental tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk (The Netherlands)	Cancer Causes Control 2002; 13:83-90 Zeegers, MP; Goldbohm, RA; van den Brandt, PA	2002
345	Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer by age 50 years among German women	Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:616-626 Kropp, S; Chang-Claude, J	2002
364	Active and passive smoking and the risk of stomach cancer, by subsite, in Canada	Eur J Cancer Prev 2002; 11:27-38 Mao, Y; Hu, J; Semenciw, R; White, K	2002
178	Active and passive smoking in breast cancer: prospective results from the Nurses' Health Study	Epidemiology 2002; 13:138-145 Egan, KM; Stampfer, MJ; Hunter, D; Hankinson, S; Rosner, BA; Holmes, M; Willett, WC; Colditz, GA	2002
344	Active and passive smoking, chronic infections, and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: prospective results from the Bruneck Study	Stroke 2002; 33:2170-2176 Kiechl, S; Werner, P; Egger, G; Oberhollenzer, F; Mayr, M; Xu, Q; Poewe, W; Willeit, J	2002
381	Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the development of acute coronary syndromes: the CARDIO2000 case-control study	Tob Control 2002; 11:220-225 Skoumas, J; Tzioumis, K; Stefanadis, C; Toutouzas, P; Pitsavos, C; Panagiotakos, DB; Chrysohoou, C	2002
462	Association between passive cigarette smoking and the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes: the CARDIO2000 study	Heart Vessels 2002; 16:127-130 Pitsavos, C; Panagiotakos, DB; Chrysohoou, C; Tzioumis, K; Papaioannou, I; Stefanadis, C; Toutouzas, P	2002
271	Childhood asthma in Beijing, China: a population-based case-control study	Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:977-983 Zheng, T; Niu, S; Lu, B; Fan, X; Sun, F; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhang, B; Owens, P; Hao, L; Li, Y; Leaderer, B	2002
777	Diet, reproductive factors and lung cancer risk among Chinese women in Singapore: evidence for a protective effect of soy in nonsmokers	Int J Cancer 2002; 97:365-371 Seow, A; Poh, WT; Teh, M; Eng, P; Wang, YT; Tan, WC; Chia, KS; Yu, MC; Lee, HP	2002
543	Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and nocturnal symptoms among inner-city children with asthma	J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:147-153 Morkjaroenpong, V; Rand, CS; Butz, AM; Huss, K; Eggleston, P; Malveaux, FJ; Bartlett, SJ	2002
424	Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and pulmonary function among adults in NHANES III: impact on the general population and adults with current asthma	Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:765-770 Eisner, MD	2002
379	Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during travel among adults with asthma	Chest 2002; 122:826-828 Eisner, MD; Blanc, PD	2002
526	Exposure of hospitality workers to environmental tobacco smoke	Tob Control 2002; 11:125-129 Bates, MN; Fawcett, J; Dickson, S; Berezowski, R; Garrett, N	2002
372	Exposure to indoor combustion and adult asthma outcomes: environmental tobacco smoke, gas stoves, and woodsmoke	Thorax 2002; 57:973-978 Eisner, MD; Yelin, EH; Katz, PP; Earnest, G; Blanc, PD	2002
727	Involuntary smoking and lung cancer	Scand J Work Environ Health 2002; 28 Suppl 2:30-40 Boffetta, P	2002
525	Lung function of school children with low levels of alpha1-antitrypsin and tobacco smoke exposure	Eur Respir J 2002; 19:1099-1106 von Ehrenstein, OS; von Mutius, E; Maier, E; Hirsch, T; Carr, D; Schaal, W; Roscher, AA; Olgemöller, B; Nicolai, T; Weiland, SK	2002
446	Lung tissue concentrations of nicotine in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)	J Pediatr 2002; 140:205-209 McMartin, KI; Platt, MS; Hackman, R; Klein, J; Smialek, JE; Vigorito, R; Koren, G	2002
366	Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Italian infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections, and association between respiratory syncytial virus infection risk factors and disease severity	Pediatr Pulmonol 2002; 33:458-465 Lanari, M; Giovannini, M; Giuffre, L; Marini, A; Rondini, G; Rossi, GA; Merolla, R; Zuccotti, GV; Salvioli, GP	2002
367	Relation of childhood brain tumors to exposure of parents and children to tobacco smoke: the SEARCH international case-control study. Surveillance of Environmental Aspects Related to Cancer in Humans	Int J Cancer 2002; 100:206-213 Filippini, G; Maisonneuve, P; McCredie, M; Peris-Bonet, R; Modan, B; Preston-Martin, S; Mueller, BA; Holly, EA; Cordier, S; Choi, NW; Little, J; Arslan, A; Boyle, P	2002
464	Smoking, nicotine and tar and risk of small for gestational age babies	Acta Paediatr 2002; 91:323-328 Mitchell, EA; Thompson, JM; Robinson, E; Wild, CJ; Becroft, DM; Clark, PM; Glavish, N; Pattison, NS; Pryor, JE	2002
363	Smoking, passive smoking and lung cancer cell types among women in Poland	Lung Cancer 2002; 35:129-136 Rachtan, J	2002
445	The exposure of nonsmoking and smoking mothers to environmental tobacco smoke during different gestational phases and fetal growth	Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:601-606 Dejmek, J; Solansk y, I; Podrazilova, K; Sram, RJ	2002
408	Acute exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and heart rate variability	Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:711-716 Pope, CA; Eatough, DJ; Gold, DR; Pang, Y; Nielsen, KR; Nath, P; Verrier, RL; Kanner, RE	2001
448	Airway function at one year: association with premorbid airway function, wheezing, and maternal smoking	Thorax 2001; 56:680-686 Dezateux, C; Stocks, J; Wade, AM; Dundas, I; Fletcher, ME	2001
449	Association of tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory syncitial virus infection with airways reactivity in early childhood	Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 32:418-427 Adler, A; Ngo, L; Tosta, P; Tager, IB	2001
417	Childhood cancer and parental use of tobacco: findings from the inter-regional epidemiological study of childhood cancer (IRESCC)	Br J Cancer 2001; 84:141-146 Sorahan, T; McKinney, PA; Mann, JR; Lancashire, RJ; Stiller, CA; Birch, JM; Dodd, HE; Cartwright, RA	2001
332	Determinants of cough in young adults participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey	Eur Respir J 2001; 18:647-654 Janson, C; Chinn, S; Jarvis, D; Burney, P	2001
458	Does tobacco smoke prevent atopic disorders? A study of two generations of Swedish residents	Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:908-914 Hjern, A; Hedberg, A; Haglund, B; Rosen, M	2001
347	Effect of passive smoking on respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, lung function, and total serum IgE in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey: a cross-sectional study	Lancet 2001; 358:2103-2109 Janson, C; Chinn, S; Jarvis, D; Zock, JP; Toren, K; Burney, P	2001
486	Effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy and environmental tobacco smoke on asthma and wheezing in children	Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:429-436 Gilliland, FD; Li, YF; Peters, JM	2001
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A Tel: (404) 639-3311 / Public Inquiries: (404) 639-3534 / (800) 311-3435

Department of Health and Human Services

236

Environmental tobacco smoke and lung function in employees who never smoked: the Scottish MONICA study

Occup Environ Med 2001; 58:563-568 Chen, R; Tunstall-Pedoe, H; Tavendale, R

2001

318

Environmental tobacco smoke and myocardial infarction among never-smokers in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)

Epidemiology 2001; 12:558-564 Rosenlund, M; Berglind, N; Gustavsson, A; Reuterwall, C; Hallqvist, J; Nyberg, F; Pershagen, G

2001

233

Environmental tobacco smoke and periodontal disease in the United States

Am J Public Health 2001; 91:253-257 Arbes, SJ; Agustsdottir, H; Slade, GD

2001

463

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and overtime work as risk factors for sick building syndrome in Japan

Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:803-808 Mizoue, T; Reijula, K; Andersson, K

2001

319

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure during childhood is associated with increased prevalence of asthma in adults

Chest 2001; 120:711-717 Larsson, ML; Frisk, M; Hallstrom, J; Kiviloog, J; Lundback, B

2001

501

Environmental tobacco smoke, parental atopy, and childhood asthma

Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:579-582 Jaakkola, JJ; Nafstad, P; Magnus, P

2001

537

Epidemiology of bronchial asthma and chronic rhinitis in schoolchildren of different ethnic origins from two neighboring towns in Israel

Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 32:217-221 Kivity, S; Sade, K; Abu-Arisha, F; Lerman, Y; Kivity, S

2001

487

Evaluation of the effect of passive smoking on otitis media in children by an objective method: urinary cotinine analysis

Laryngoscope 2001; 111:163-167 Ilicali, ÖC; Keles, N; Deger, K; Sagun, ÖF; Güldíken, Y

2001

474

Exposure to tobacco smoke in utero and the risk of stillbirth and death in the first year of life

Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154:322-327 Wisborg, K; Kesmodel, U; Henriksen, TB; Olsen, SF; Secher, NJ

2001

532

Exposure-response relationship between paternal smoking and children's pulmonary function

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:973-976 Venners, SA; Wang, X; Chen, C; Wang, B; Ni, J; Jin, Y; Yang, J; Fang, Z; Weiss, ST; Xu, X

2001

442

Fetal growth and length of gestation in relation to prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke assessed by hair nicotine concentration

Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:557-561 Jaakkola, JJ; Jaakkola, N; Zahlsen, K

2001

88

Health effects related to environmental tobacco smoke exposure in children in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:36-41 Mannino, DM; Moorman, JE; Kingsley, B; Rose, D; Repace, J

2001

447

Household smoking and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children with asthma

J Asthma 2001; 38:239-251 Ehrlich, R; Jordaan, E; Du, TD; Potter, P; Volmink, J; Zwarenstein, M; Weinberg, E

2001

197

Lifetime residential and workplace exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in never-smoking women, Canada 1994-97

Int J Cancer 2001; 93:902-906 Johnson, KC; Hu, J; Mao, Y

2001

203

Lung cancer in lifetime nonsmoking men - results of a case-control study in Germany

Br J Cancer 2001; 84:134-140 Kreuzer, M; Gerken, M; Kreienbrock, L; Wellmann, J; Wichmann, HE

2001

488

Parental smoking and the risk of respiratory symptoms among schoolboys in Al-Khobar City, Saudi Arabia

J Asthma 2001; 38:149-154 Al Dawood, K

2001

182

Passive smoking at home and cancer risk: a population-based prospective study in Japanese nonsmoking women

Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12:797-802 Nishino, Y; Tsubono, Y; Tsuji, I; Komatsu, S; Kanemura, S; Nakatsuka, H; Fukao, A; Satoh, H; Hisamichi, S

2001

245

Prevalence of bronchial asthma and association with environmental tobacco smoke exposure in adolescent school children in Chandigarh, north India

J Asthma 2001; 38:501-507 Gupta, D; Aggarwal, AN; Kumar, R; Jindal, SK

2001

536

Pulmonary function in nonsmokers following exposure to sidestream cigarette smoke

Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:260-264 Smith, CJ; Bombick, DW; Ryan, BA; Morton, MJ; Doolittle, DJ

2001

427

Relationship of cigarette smoking to congenital anomalies and perinatal death

Am J Pathol 1978; 90:289-294 Naeye, RL

2001

443

The ecological relationship of tobacco smoking to the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and other atopic diseases in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)

Eur J Epidemiol 2001; 17:667-673 Mitchell, EA; Stewart, AW

2001

498

The effects of environmental tobacco smoke on health services utilization in the first eighteen months of life

Pediatrics 2001; 107:E91 Lam, TH; Leung, GM; Ho, LM

2001

380

The impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on delivery outcome

Eur J Public Health 2001; 11:329-333 Kallen, K

2001

476

Trends in passive smoking in cystic fibrosis, 1993-1998

Pediatr Pulmonol 2001; 31:133-137 Smyth, A; O'Hea, U; Feyerabend, C; Lewis, S; Smyth, R

2001

515

A prospective study of smoking during pregnancy and SIDS

Arch Dis Child 2000; 83:203-206 Wisborg, K; Kesmodel, U; Henriksen, TB; Olsen, SF; Secher, NJ

2000

242

Active and passive smoking during pregnancy and risk of central nervous system tumours in children

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2000; 14:78-84 Filippini, G; Farinotti, M; Ferrarini, M

2000

320

Association of environmental tobacco smoke at work and forced expiratory lung function among never smoking asthmatics and non-asthmatics. The SAPALDIA-Team. Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Disease in Adults

Soz Praventivmed 2000; 45:208-217 Kunzli, N; Schwartz, J; Stutz, EZ; Ackermann-Liebrich, U; Leuenberger, P

2000

894

Atopy in Danish children and adolescents: results from a longitudinal population study

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85:293-297 Ulrik, CS; Backer, V

2000

426

Breast cancer and active and passive smoking: the role of the N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype

Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:226-232 Morabia, A; Bernstein, MS; Bouchardy, I; Kurtz, J; Morris, MA

2000

322

Breast cancer, passive and active cigarette smoking and N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype

Pharmacogenetics 2000; 10:461-469 Delfino, RJ; Smith, C; West, JG; Lin, HJ; White, E; Liao, SY; Gim, JS; Ma, HL; Butler, J; Anton-Culver, H

2000

773

Characteristics of nonsmoking women exposed to spouses who smoke: epidemiologic study on environment and health in women from four Italian areas

Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108:1171-1177 Forastiere, F; Mallone, S; Lo, PE; Baldacci, S; Pistelli, F; Simoni, M; Scalera, A; Pedreschi, M; Pistelli, R; Corbo, G; Rapiti, E; Agabiti, N; Farchi, S; Basso, S; Chiaffi, L; Matteelli, G; Di Pede, F; Carrozzi, L; Viegi, G

2000

843

Cord blood IgE: its determinants and prediction of development of asthma and other allergic disorders at 12 months

Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 84:37-42 Kaan, A; Dimich-Ward, H; Manfreda, J; Becker, A; Watson, W; Ferguson, A; Chan, H; Chan-Yeung, M

2000

433

Delayed conception and active and passive smoking. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood Study Team

Fertil Steril 2000; 74:725-733 Hull, MG; North, K; Taylor, H; Farrow, A; Ford, WC

2000

109

Effects of air pollution on children's respiratory health in three Chinese cities

Arch Environ Health 2000; 55:126-133 Qian, Z; Chapman, RS; Tian, Q; Chen, Y; Lioy, PJ; Zhang, J

2000

497

Effects of in utero and environmental tobacco smoke exposure on lung function in boys and girls with and without asthma

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:2097-2104 Li, YF; Gilliland, FD; Berhane, K; McConnell, R; Gauderman, WJ; Rappaport, EB; Peters, JM

2000

817

Effects of indoor painting and smoking on airway symptoms in atopy risk children in the first year of life results of the LARS-study. Leipzig Allergy High-Risk Children Study

Int J Hyg Environ Health 2000; 203:23-28 Diez, U; Kroessner, T; Rehwagen, M; Richter, M; Wetzig, H; Schulz, R; Borte, M; Metzner, G; Krumbiegel, P; Herbarth, O

2000

121

Environmental risk factors for respiratory infections

Arch Environ Health 2000; 55:300-303 Rylander, R; Mégevand, Y

2000

202

Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer: a case-control study in Germany

Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:241-250 Kreuzer, M; Krauss, M; Kreienbrock, L; Jockel, KH; Wichmann, HE

2000

325

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis

Lung Cancer 2000; 27:3-18 Zhong, L; Goldberg, MS; Parent, ME; Hanley, JA

2000

220

Indoor air pollution and pulmonary adenocarcinoma among females: a case-control study in Shenyang, China

Oncol Rep 2000; 7:1253-1259 Zhou, BS; Wang, TJ; Guan, P; Wu, JM

2000

485

Influence of smoking on asthmatic symptoms and allergen sensitisation in early childhood

Postgrad Med J 2000; 76:694-699 Tariq, SM; Hakim, EA; Matthews, SM; Arshad, SH

2000

361

Is there an association between passive smoking and breast cancer?

Eur J Epidemiol 2000; 16:1117-1121 Khuder, SA; Simon, VJ

2000

204

Lifetime environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and primary lung cancer of non-smoking Taiwanese women

Int J Epidemiol 2000; 29:224-231 Lee, CH; Ko, YC; Goggins, W; Huang, JJ; Huang, MS; Kao, EL; Wang, HZ

2000

836

Lower respiratory tract infections in an ethnic and social context

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2000; 14:53-60 Hjern, A; Haglund, B; Bremberg, S

2000

214

Lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke in a non-industrial area of China

Int J Cancer 2000; 88:139-145 Wang, L; Lubin, JH; Zhang, SR; Metayer, C; Xia, Y; Brenner, A; Shang, B; Wang, Z; Kleinerman, RA

2000

495

Maternal active and passive smoking and fetal growth: A prospective study in Nagoya, Japan

J Epidemiol 2000; 10:335-343 Matsubara, F; Kida, M; Tamakoshi, A; Wakai, K; Kawamura, T; Ohno, Y

2000

432

Maternal smoking and birthweight: effect modification of period, maternal age and paternal smoking

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000; 79:485-489 Haug, K; Irgens, LM; Skjaerven, R; Markestad, T; Baste, V; Schreuder, P

2000

243

Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function

Thorax 2000; 55:271-276 Gilliland, FD; Berhane, K; McConnell, R; Gauderman, WJ; Vora, H; Rappaport, EB; Avol, E; Peters, JM

2000

397

Maximal and partial expiratory flow rates in a population sample of 10- to 11-yr-old schoolchildren. Effect of volume history and relation to asthma and maternal smoking

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:436-439 O'Connor, GT; Sparrow, D; Demolles, D; Dockery, D; Raizenne, M; Fay, M; Ingram, RH; Speizer, FE

2000

315

Parental cigarette smoking, hard liquor consumption and the risk of childhood brain tumors--a case-control study in northeast China

Acta Oncol 2000; 39:979-984 Hu, J; Mao, Y; Ugnat, AM

2000

484

Parental factors affecting respiratory function during the first year of life

Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 29:331-340 Young, S; Sherrill, DL; Arnott, J; Diepeveen, D; LeSouëf, PN; Landau, LI

2000

411

Parental smoking, CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and childhood leukemia (Quebec, Canada)

Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11:547-553 Infante-Rivard, C; Krajinovic, M; Labuda, D; Sinnett, D

2000

180

Passive and active smoking and breast cancer risk in Canada, 1994-97

Cancer Causes and Control 2000; 11:211-221 Johnson, Kenneth C; Hu, Jinfu; Mao, Yang

2000

184

Passive smoking exposure and female breast cancer mortality

J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:1666-1673 Wartenberg, D; Calle, EE; Thun, MJ; Heath, CW; Lally, C; Woodruff, T

2000

111

Perinatal risk factors for asthma in Finnish adolescent twins

Thorax 2000; 55:25-31 Rasanen, M; Kaprio, J; Laitinen, T; Winter, T; Koskenvuo, M; Laitinen, LA

2000

827

Predictors for multiple hospital admissions in children with asthma

Can Respir J 2000; 7:163-166 Gurkan, F; Ece, A; Haspolat, K; Derman, O; Bosnak, M

2000

439

Prenatal active or passive tobacco smoke exposure and the risk of preterm delivery or low birth weight

Epidemiology 2000; 11:427-433 Windham, GC; Hopkins, B; Fenster, L; Swan, SH

2000

324

Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking

BMJ 2000; 320:417-418 Copas, JB; Shi, JQ

2000

482

Respiratory effects of environmental tobacco smoke in a panel study of asthmatic and symptomatic children

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:802-806 Schwartz, J; Timonen, KL; Pekkanen, J

2000

234

Risk of childhood cancer and adult lung cancer after childhood exposure to passive smoke: A meta-analysis

Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108:73-82 Boffetta, P; Tredaniel, J; Greco, A

2000

540

Salivary cotinine levels in children presenting with wheezing to an emergency department

Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 29:257-263 Chang, MY; Hogan, AD; Rakes, GP; Ingram, JM; Hoover, GE; Platts-Mills, TA; Heymann, PW

2000

156

Social class, smoking and the severity of respiratory symptoms in the general population

J Epidemiol Community Health 2000; 54:340-343 Trinder, PM; Croft, PR; Lewis, M

2000

903

Symptoms suggestive of atopic rhinitis in children aged 6-9 years and the indoor environment

Allergy 2000; 55:945-950 Zacharasiewicz, A; Zidek, T; Haidinger, G; Waldhor, T; Vutuc, C; Zacharasiewicz, A; Goetz, M; Pearce, N

2000

323

The associations of adolescent cigarette smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, environmental tobacco smoke, and ionizing radiation with subsequent breast cancer risk (United States)

Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11:271-278 Marcus, PM; Newman, B; Millikan, RC; Moorman, PG; Baird, DD; Qaqish, B

2000

103

The relation between infant indoor environment and subsequent asthma

Epidemiology 2000; 11:128-135 Ponsonby, AL; Couper, D; Dwyer, T; Carmichael, A; Kemp, A; Cochrane, J

2000

881

The role of acute and chronic stress in asthma attacks in children

Lancet 2000; 356:982-987 Sandberg, S; Paton, JY; Ahola, S; McCann, DC; McGuinness, D; Hillary, CR; Oja, H

2000

815

Very low birthweight and asthma by age seven years in a national cohort

Pediatr Pulmonol 2000; 30:291-296 Darlow, BA; Horwood, LJ; Mogridge, N

2000

857

Wheeze associated with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure: a prospective, longitudinal study. ALSPAC Study Team

Arch Dis Child 2000; 83:307-312 Qaqish, B; Henderson, AJ; Pocock, SJ

2000

33

Wheezing in early life and asthma at school age: predictors of symptom persistence

Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2000; 11:225-229 Csonka, P; Kaila, M; Laippala, P; Kuusela, AL; Ashorn, P

2000

219

A case-control study of lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke among nonsmoking women living in Shanghai, China

Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10:607-616 Zhong, L; Goldberg, MS; Gao, YT; Jin, F

1999

331

Active and passive cigarette smoking and the occurrence of breast cancer

Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149:5-12 Lash, TL; Aschengrau, A

1999

238

Active and passive smoking and the occurrence of natural menopause

Epidemiology 1999; 10:771-773 Cooper, GS; Sandler, DP; Bohlig, M

1999

67

Acute otitis media and sociomedical risk factors among unselected children in Greenland

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1999; 49:37-52 Homoe, P; Christensen, RB; Bretlau, P

1999

154

Acute otitis media in children

Journal of the College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan 1999; 9:507-510 Tariq, S; Memon, IA

1999

96

Allergic disease in teenagers in relation to urban or rural residence at various stages of childhood

Allergy 1999; 54:716-721 Nilsson, L; Castor, O; Lofman, O; Magnusson, A; Kjellman, NI

1999

163

Association between indoor and outdoor air pollution and adolescent asthma from 1995 to 1996 in Taiwan

Environ Res 1999; 81:239-247 Wang, TN; Ko, YC; Chao, YY; Huang, CC; Lin, RS

1999

565

Associations of smoking with hospital-based care and quality of life in patients with obstructive airway disease

Chest 1999; 115:691-696 Sippel, JM; Pedula, KL; Vollmer, WM; Buist, AS; Osborne, ML

1999

810

Birth outcome, the social environment and child health

Health Rep 1999; 10:57-67 Chen, J; Millar, WJ

1999

563

Bronchial hyper-responsiveness of women with asthma exposed to environmental tobacco smoke

Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1999; 41:75-82 Jindal, SK; Jha, LK; Gupta, D

1999

542

Childhood passive smoking, race, and coronary artery disease risk: the MCV Twin Study. Medical College of Virginia

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999; 153:446-453 Moskowitz, WB; Schwartz, PF; Schieken, RM

1999

533

Comparison of lung function in infants exposed to maternal smoking and in infants with a family history of asthma

Chest 1999; 116:52-58 Sheikh, S; Goldsmith, LJ; Howell, L; Parry, L; Eid, N

1999

871

Cotinine in meconium indicates risk for early respiratory tract infections

Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18:283-290 Nuesslein, TG; Beckers, D; Rieger, CH

1999

9

Differences between infants and adults in the social aetiology of wheeze. The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood

J Epidemiol Community Health 1999; 53:636-642 Baker, D; Henderson, J

1999

477

Effect of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory symptoms in children. SCARPOL Team. Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution, Climate and Pollen

Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999; 129:723-730 Hajnal, BL; Braun-Fahrlander, C; Grize, L; Gassner, M; Varonier, HS; Vuille, JC; Wuthrich, B; Sennhauser, FH

1999

499

Effect of pre- and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure on specific sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 3 years of life. Multicenter Allergy Study Group, Germany

Allergy 1999; 54:220-228 Kulig, M; Luck, W; Lau, S; Niggemann, B; Bergmann, R; Klettke, U; Guggenmoos-Holzmann, I; Wahn, U

1999

174

Effects of air pollution on respiratory health of adults in three Chinese cities

Arch Environ Health 1999; 54:373-381 Zhang, J; Qian, Z; Kong, L; Zhou, L; Yan, L; Chapman, RS

1999

195

Effects of husbands' smoking on the incidence of lung cancer in Korean women

Int J Epidemiol 1999; 28:824-828 Jee, SH; Ohrr, H; Kim, IS

1999

483

Effects of passive smoking and breastfeeding on childhood bronchial asthma

East Afr Med J 1999; 76:606-609 Wafula, EM; Limbe, MS; Onyango, FE; Nduati, R

1999

457

Environmental tobacco smoke and ischaemic heart disease: a case study in applying causal criteria

Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1999; 72 Suppl:R1-40 Mengersen, KL; Merrilees, MJ; Tweedie, RL

1999

494

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and small-for-gestational-age birth

Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150:695-705 Sadler, L; Belanger, K; Saftlas, A; Leaderer, B; Hellenbrand, K; McSharry, JE; Bracken, MB

1999

329

Environmental tobacco smoke, genetic susceptibility, and risk of lung cancer in never-smoking women

J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:2009-2014 Bennett, WP; Alavanja, MC; Blomeke, B; Vahakangas, KH; Castren, K; Welsh, JA; Bowman, ED; Khan, MA; Flieder, DB; Harris, CC

1999

328

Epidemiologic evidence for workplace ETS as a risk factor for lung cancer among nonsmokers: specific risk estimates

Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107 Suppl 6:865-872 Reynolds, P

1999

227

Epidemiologic studies of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease and ETS exposure from spousal smoking

Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107 Suppl 6:841-846 Thun, M; Henley, J; Apicella, L

1999

40

Epidemiology of otitis media onset by six months of age

Pediatrics 1999; 103:1158-1166 Daly, KA; Brown, JE; Lindgren, BR; Meland, MH; Le, CT; Giebink, GS

1999

475

Evidence for an association between environmental tobacco smoke exposure and birthweight: a meta-analysis and new data

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1999; 13:35-57 Windham, GC; Eaton, A; Hopkins, B

1999

598

Exposure to environmental and mainstream tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion

Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149:243-247 Windham, GC; Von Behren, J; Waller, K; Fenster, L

1999

330

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of adenocarcinoma of the lung

Int J Cancer 1999; 83:635-639 Boffetta, P; Ahrens, W; Nyberg, F; Mukeria, A; Bruske-Hohlfeld, I; Fortes, C; Constantinescu, V; Simonato, L; Batura-Gabryel, H; Lea, S; Gaborieau, V; Benhamou, S

1999

811

Factors associated with increased respiratory symptoms among asthmatic children in Singapore

Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1999; 17:143-153 Chew, FT; Teo, J; Quak, SH; Lee, BW

1999

56

Growth from birth to early adolescence in offspring prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marijuana

Neurotoxicol Teratol 1999; 21:513-525 Fried, PA; Watkinson, B; Gray, R

1999

425

Impaired airway function and wheezing in infancy: the influence of maternal smoking and a genetic predisposition to asthma

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:403-410 Dezateux, C; Stocks, J; Dundas, I; Fletcher, ME

1999

512

Influence of parental smoking on respiratory symptoms during the first decade of life: the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study

Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149:1030-1037 Stein, RT; Holberg, CJ; Sherrill, D; Wright, AL; Morgan, WJ; Taussig, L; Martinez, FD

1999

172

Ischemic stroke risk and passive exposure to spouses' cigarette smoking. Melbourne Stroke Risk Factor Study (MERFS) Group

Am J Public Health 1999; 89:572-575 You, RX; Thrift, AG; McNeil, JJ; Davis, SM; Donnan, GA

1999

144

Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is an independent predictor for symptoms of middle ear disease at five years' postdelivery

Pediatrics 1999; 104:e16 Stathis, SL; O'Callaghan, DM; Williams, GM; Najman, JM; Andersen, MJ; Bor, W

1999

502

Maternal smoking and childhood asthma

Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150:528-531 Infante-Rivard, C; Gautrin, D; Malo, JL; Suissa, S

1999

373

Meta-analysis on the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood

Pediatr Pulmonol 1999; 27:5-13 Li, JS; Peat, JK; Xuan, W; Berry, G

1999

73

Pacifier use and otitis media in infants twelve months of age or younger

Pediatr Dent 1999; 21:255-260 Jackson, JM; Mourino, AP

1999

209

Passive smoking and lung cancer in Chandigarh, India

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Lung cancer in nonsmoking Chinese women: a case-control study

Lung Cancer 1996; 14 Suppl 1:S93-S98 Wang, TJ; Zhou, BS; Shi, JP

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Maternal and perinatal risk factors for childhood brain tumors (Sweden)

Cancer Causes Control 1996; 7:437-448 Linet, MS; Gridley, G; Cnattingius, S; Nicholson, HS; Martinsson, U; Glimelius, B; Adami, HO; Zack, M

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Am J Hum Genet 1996; 58:551-561 Shaw, GM; Wasserman, CR; Lammer, EJ; O'Malley, CD; Murray, JC; Basart, AM; Tolarova, MM

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Parental cigarette smoking and risk for congenital anomalies of the heart, neural tube, or limb

Teratology 1996; 53:261-267 Wasserman, CR; Shaw, GM; O'Malley, CD; Tolarova, MM; Lammer, EJ

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Passive respiratory mechanics in healthy infants. Effects of growth, gender, and smoking

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:670-680 Hanrahan, JP; Brown, RW; Carey, VJ; Castile, RG; Speizer, FE; Tager, IB

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Med J Aust 1996; 164:266-269 Doyle, LW; Ford, GW; Olinsky, A; Knoches, AM; Callanan, C

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Pre- and perinatal risk factors for asthma in inner city African-American children

Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:570-577 Oliveti, JF; Kercsmar, CM; Redline, S

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Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke and childhood brain tumors: results from the United States West Coast childhood brain tumor study

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996; 5:127-133 Norman, MA; Holly, EA; Ahn, DK; Preston-Martin, S; Mueller, BA; Bracci, PM

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Prevalence of asthma and wheeze in primary school children in northern Jordan

Ann Trop Paediatr 1996; 16:227-231 Abuekteish, F; Alwash, R; Hassan, M; Daoud, AS

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Public health impact of various risk factors for acute otitis media in northern Finland

Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:1149-1156 Alho, OP; Laara, E; Oja, H

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Recurrent cough in childhood and its relation to asthma

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:1259-1265 Wright, AL; Holberg, CJ; Morgan, WJ; Taussig, LM; Halonen, M; Martinez, FD

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Recurrent wheezing in very preterm infants

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Relation of breast cancer with passive and active exposure to tobacco smoke

Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:918-928 Morabia, A; Bernstein, M; Heritier, S; Khatchatrian, N

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Respiratory symptoms in children of Upper Silesia, Poland cross-sectional study in two towns of different air pollution levels

Eur J Epidemiol 1996; 12:115-120 Zejda, JE; Skiba, M; Orawiec, A; Dybowska, T; Cimander, B

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Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing. Importance of maternal and household smoking

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:681-688 Ehrlich, RI; Du, TD; Jordaan, E; Zwarenstein, M; Potter, P; Volmink, JA; Weinberg, E

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Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome: results from 1993-5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths Regional Coordinators and Researchers

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Smoking reduces fecundity: a European multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. The European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity

Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:578-587 Bolumar, F; Olsen, J; Boldsen, J

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Some lifestyle factors in human lung cancer: a case-control study of 792 lung cancer cases

Lung Cancer 1996; 14 Suppl 1:S121-S136 Lei, YX; Cai, WC; Chen, YZ; Du, YX

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The indoor air and children's health study: methods and incidence rates

Epidemiology 1996; 7:166-174 Qaqish, B; Maldonado, G; Waller, L

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The number of stenotic coronary arteries and passive smoking exposure from husband in lifelong non-smoking women in Xi'an, China

Atherosclerosis 1996; 127:229-238 He, Y; Lam, TH; Li, LS; Li, LS; Du, RY; Jia, GL; Huang, JY; Zheng, JS

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Tobacco smoke upper respiratory response relationships in healthy nonsmokers

Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996; 29:86-93 Bascom, R; Kesavanathan, J; Permutt, T; Fitzgerald, TK; Sauder, L; Swift, DL

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Adverse effects of the indoor environment on respiratory health in primary school children

Environ Res 1995; 68:11-23 Cuijpers, CE; Swaen, GM; Wesseling, G; Sturmans, F; Wouters, EF

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An exploratory analysis of risk factors for childhood malignant germ-cell tumors: report from the Childrens Cancer Group (Canada, United States)

Cancer Causes Control 1995; 6:187-198 Shu, XO; Nesbit, ME; Buckley, JD; Krailo, MD; Robinson, LL

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Association study of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) TaqI polymorphism and oral clefts: indication of gene-environment interaction in a population-based sample of infants with birth defects

Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:629-636 Hwang, SJ; Beaty, TH; Panny, SR; Street, NA; Joseph, JM; Gordon, S; McIntosh, I; Francomano, CA

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Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates

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Case-control study of passive smoking and the risk of small-for-gestational-age at term

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Correlates of recurrent wheezing in school-age children. The Physicians of Raleigh Pediatric Associates

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Do both paternal and maternal smoking influence the prevalence of childhood asthma? A study into the prevalence of asthma in children and the effects of parental smoking

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of heart attack

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Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142:531-537 Rebagliato, M; Florey, C; Bolumar, F

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Exposure-response relationship between passive smoking and adult pulmonary function

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:41-46 Xu, X; Li, B

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Passive smoking and respiratory symptoms in never-smoking women in Hong Kong

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Passive smoking by self report and serum cotinine and the prevalence of respiratory and coronary heart disease in the Scottish heart health study

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Persistent nocturnal cough in childhood: a population- based study

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Postnatal maternal smoking increases the prevalence of asthma but not of bronchial hyperresponsiveness or atopy in their children

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Presentation: The risk of lung cancer in nonsmokers in the United States and its reported association with environmental tobacco smoke

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Prevalence of and factors associated with childhood asthma in Hong Kong

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Prospective study of risk factors for early and persistent wheezing in childhood

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Public health policy on bed sharing and smoking in the sudden infant death syndrome

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Publication bias in the environmental tobacco smoke/coronary heart disease epidemiologic literature

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1995; 21:184-191 LeVois, ME; Layard, MW

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Racial differences in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and lung function in children

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152:565-569 Cunningham, J; Dockery, DW; Gold, DR; Speizer, FE

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Relation between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers

Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142:141-148 Kabat, GC; Stellman, SD; Wynder, EL

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Relationship of environmental tobacco smoke to otitis media in young children

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Respiratory conditions among schoolchildren and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other combustion products

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Respiratory symptoms and environmental factors in schoolchildren in the Bay of Plenty

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Risk factors for asthmatic patients requiring intubation. I. Observations in children

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Risk factors for respiratory symptoms and atopic sensitisation in the Baltic area

Arch Dis Child 1995; 72:487-493 Braback, L; Breborowicz, A; Julge, K; Knutsson, A; Riikjarv, MA; Vasar, M; Bjorksten, B

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Sudden infant death syndrome in Sweden, 1983-1990: season at death, age at death, and maternal smoking

Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142:619-624 Haglund, B; Cnattingius, S; Otterblad-Olausson, P

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The development and prediction of atopy in high-risk children: follow-up at age seven years in a prospective randomized study of combined maternal and infant food allergen avoidance

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The effect of passive smoking and tobacco exposure through breast milk on sudden infant death syndrome

JAMA 1995; 273:795-798 Klonoff-Cohen, HS; Edelstein, SL; Lefkowitz, ES; Srinivasan, IP; Kaegi, D; Chang, JC; Wiley, KJ

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The prevalence of respiratory symptoms in South Australian preschool children. II. Factors associated with indoor air quality

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The relationship of active and passive smoking to carotid atherosclerosis 12-14 years later

Prev Med 1995; 24:48-55 Diez-Roux, AV; Nieto, FJ; Comstock, GW; Howard, G; Szklo, M

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The Tasmanian SIDS Case-Control Study: univariable and multivariable risk factor analysis

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1995; 9:256-272 Ponsonby, AL; Dwyer, T; Kasl, SV; Cochrane, JA

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Urinary cotinine and lung cancer risk in a female cohort

Br J Cancer. 1995;72(3):784-7 de Waard, F; Kemmeren, JM; van Ginkel, LA; Stolker, AA

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A longitudinal study of the effects of parental smoking on pulmonary function in children 6-18 years

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:1420-1425 Wang, X; Wypij, D; Gold, DR; Speizer, FE; Ware, JH; Ferris, BG; Dockery, DW

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Active and passive smoking are associated with increased carotid wall thickness. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:1277-1282 Howard, G; Burke, GL; Szklo, M; Tell, GS; Eckfeldt, J; Evans, G; Heiss, G

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Alcohol, smoking, passive smoking and caffeine in relation to breast cancer risk in young women. UK National Case-Control Study Group

Br J Cancer 1994; 70:112-119 Smith, SJ; Deacon, JM; Chilvers, CE

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Antenatal risk factors for malignant brain tumours in New South Wales children

Int J Cancer 1994; 56:6-10 McCredie, M; Maisonneuve, P; Boyle, P

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Central auditory processing in school-age children prenatally exposed to cigarette smoke

Neurotoxicol Teratol 1994; 16:269-276 McCartney, JS; Fried, PA; Watkinson, B

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Childhood and adolescent passive smoking and the risk of female lung cancer

Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23:223-230 Wang, FL; Love, EJ; Liu, N; Dai, XD

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Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women. A multicenter study

JAMA 1994; 271:1752-1759 Fontham, ET; Correa, P; Reynolds, P; Wu-Williams, A; Buffler, PA; Greenberg, RS; Chen, VW; Alterman, T; Boyd, P; Austin, DF

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Environmental tobacco smoke, low birth weight, and hospitalization for respiratory disease

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:54-58 Chen, Y

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Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and its associated risk factors in Singapore

Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23:553-558 Ng, TP; Tan, WC

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Factors affecting resolution of otitis media with effusion in children

Clin Otolaryngol 1994; 19:125-130 Maw, AR; Bawden, R

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Home environment and childhood asthma

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Incidence and risk factors for childhood brain tumors in the Ile de France

Int J Cancer 1994; 59:776-782 Cordier, S; Iglesias, MJ; Le Goaster, C; Guyot, MM; Mandereau, L; Hemon, D

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Indices of morbidity and control of asthma in adult patients exposed to environmental tobacco smoke

Chest 1994; 106:746-749 Jindal, SK; Gupta, D; Singh, A

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100

Intellectual impairment in children of women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy

Pediatrics 1994; 93:221-227 Olds, DL; Henderson, CR; Tatelbaum, R

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy as a predictor of lung function in children

Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139:1139-1152 Cunningham, J; Dockery, DW; Speizer, FE

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Mothers' active and passive smoking during pregnancy and risk of brain tumours in children

Int J Cancer 1994; 57:769-774 Filippini, G; Farinotti, M; Lovicu, G; Maisonneuve, P; Boyle, P

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Passive exposure to tobacco smoke in children aged 5-7 years: individual, family, and community factors

BMJ 1994; 308:384-389 Cook, DG; Whincup, PH; Jarvis, MJ; Strachan, DP; Papacosta, O; Bryant, A

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Passive smoke and low birth weight. Evidence of a threshold effect

Arch Fam Med 1994; 3:875-878 Mainous, AG; Hueston, WJ

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Passive smoking at work as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in Chinese women who have never smoked

BMJ 1994; 308:380-384 He, Y; Lam, TH; Li, LS; Li, LS; Du, RY; Jia, GL; Huang, JY; Zheng, JS

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Passive smoking during pregnancy and the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age infant

Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139:294-301 Fortier, I; Marcoux, S; Brisson, J

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Passive smoking exposure in adults and chronic respiratory symptoms (SAPALDIA Study). Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults, SAPALDIA Team

Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:1222-1228 Leuenberger, P; Schwartz, J; Ackermann-Liebrich, U; Blaser, K; Bolognini, G; Bongard, JP; Brandli, O; Braun, P; Bron, C; Brutsche, M

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Passive smoking in obstructive respiratory disease in an industrialized urban population

Environ Res 1994; 65:161-171 Dayal, HH; Khuder, S; Sharrar, R; Trieff, N

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Predictors of early grade retention among children in the United States

Pediatrics 1994; 93:481-487 Byrd, RS; Weitzman, ML

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Respiratory morbidity in Merseyside schoolchildren exposed to coal dust and air pollution

Arch Dis Child 1994; 70:305-312 Brabin, B; Smith, M; Milligan, P; Benjamin, C; Dunne, E; Pearson, M

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Risk factors for asthma symptoms in Kawerau children

N Z Med J 1994; 107:387-391 Shaw, R; Woodman, K; Crane, J; Moyes, C; Kennedy, J; Pearce, N

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Risk factors for astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the brain in young children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994; 3:197-204 Bunin, GR; Buckley, JD; Boesel, CP; Rorke, LB; Meadows, AT

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Risk factors for childhood acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: an association with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994; 3:457-460 van Duijn, CM; Steensel-Moll, HA; Coebergh, JW; van Zanen, GE

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Risk factors for pneumonia among children in a Brazilian metropolitan area

Pediatrics 1994; 93:977-985 Victora, CG; Fuchs, SC; Flores, JA; Fonseca, W; Kirkwood, B

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Skin test reactivity and number of siblings

BMJ 1994; 308:692-695 von Mutius, E; Martinez, FD; Fritzsch, C; Nicolai, T; Reitmeir, P; Thiemann, HH

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The effect of paternal smoking on the birthweight of newborns whose mothers did not smoke. Group Health Medical Associates

Am J Public Health 1994; 84:1489-1491 Martinez, FD; Wright, AL; Taussig, LM

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The effect of smoking cessation during pregnancy on preterm delivery and low birthweight

J Fam Pract 1994; 38:262-266 Mainous, AG; Hueston, WJ

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The prevalence of childhood asthma in Costa Rica

Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24:1130-1136 Soto-Quiros, M; Bustamante, M; Gutierrez, I; Hanson, LA; Strannegard, IL; Karlberg, J

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Women and lung cancer: a comparison of active and passive smokers with nonexposed nonsmokers

Cancer Detect Prev 1994; 18:421-430 Miller, GH; Golish, JA; Cox, CE; Chacko, DC

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Child day care, smoking by caregivers, and lower respiratory tract illness in the first 3 years of life. Group Health Medical Associates

Pediatrics 1993; 91:885-892 Holberg, CJ; Wright, AL; Martinez, FD; Morgan, WJ; Taussig, LM

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Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:834-844 Infante-Rivard, C

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Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption by parents of children with acute myeloid leukemia: an analysis within morphological subgroups--a report from the Children's Cancer Group

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1993; 2:433-439 Severson, RK; Buckley, JD; Woods, WG; Benjamin, D; Robison, LL

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802

Control of the temporal aspect when considering risk factors for acute otitis media

Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119:444-449 Alho, OP; Kilkku, O; Oja, H; Koivu, M; Sorri, M

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Effects of a bronchoprovocation challenge test with cigarette sidestream smoke on sensitive and healthy adults

Chest 1993; 103:353-358 Danuser, B; Weber, A; Hartmann, AL; Krueger, H

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Effects of acute passive smoking on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children

J Appl Physiol 1993; 75:553-558 Magnussen, H; Lehnigk, B; Oldigs, M; Jorres, R

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Effects of air pollution on the respiratory tract of children

Pediatr Pulmonol 1993; 15:68-74 Schmitzberger, R; Rhomberg, K; Buchele, H; Puchegger, R; Schmitzberger-Natzmer, D; Kemmler, G; Panosch, B

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265

Effects of passive smoking on respiratory illness from birth to age eighteen months, in Shanghai, People's Republic of China

J Pediatr 1993; 123:553-558 Jin, C; Rossignol, AM

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Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as a risk factor for recurrent acute otitis media in children under the age of five years

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993; 27:127-136 Stenstrom, R; Bernard, PA; Ben Simhon, H

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Increased wheeze but not bronchial hyperreactivity near power stations

J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47:282-286 Halliday, JA; Henry, RL; Hankin, RG; Hensley, MJ

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Lower respiratory tract symptoms in Queensland schoolchildren: risk factors for wheeze, cough and diminished ventilatory function

Thorax 1993; 48:1021-1024 Duffy, DL; Mitchell, CA

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Lung function, respiratory illness, and passive smoking in British primary school children

Thorax 1993; 48:21-25 Rona, RJ; Chinn, S

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Maternal smoking before and after pregnancy: effects on behavioral outcomes in middle childhood

Pediatrics 1993; 92:815-822 Fergusson, DM; Horwood, LJ; Lynskey, MT

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Mild prematurity and respiratory functions

Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152:55-58 Todisco, T; de Benedictis, FM; Iannacci, L; Baglioni, S; Eslami, A; Todisco, E; Dottorini, M

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Parental cigarette smoking and tonsillectomy in children

Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1993; 18:178-180 Hinton, AE; Herdman, RC; Martin-Hirsch, D; Saeed, SR

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Parental smoking and other risk factors for wheezing bronchitis in children

Eur J Epidemiol 1993; 9:517-526 Rylander, E; Pershagen, G; Eriksson, M; Nordvall, L

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Parental smoking and risk of childhood brain tumors

Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:620-628 Hedley-Whyte, ET; Kolonel, LN; Lyon, JL; Swanson, GM; Weiss, NS; West, D; Gold, EB; Leviton, A; Lopez, R; Gilles, FH

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Passive cigarette smoke, coal heating, and respiratory symptoms of nonsmoking women in China

Environ Health Perspect 1993; 101:314-316 Pope, CA; Xu, X

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Passive smoking and chronic respiratory disease symptoms in non-smoking adults

Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22:809-817 Robbins, AS; Abbey, DE; Lebowitz, MD

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Passive smoking and the risk of acute myocardial infarction GISSI-EFRIM investigations

Lancet 1993; 341:505-506 La Vecchia, C; D'Avanzo, B; Franzosi, MG; Tognoni, G

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Paternal smoking and birthweight in Shanghai

Am J Public Health 1993; 83:207-210 Zhang, J; Ratcliffe, JM

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Protracted secretory otitis media. The impact of familial factors and day-care center attendance

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993; 26:29-37 Rasmussen, F

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Relation of passive smoking as assessed by salivary cotinine concentration and questionnaire to spirometric indices in children

Thorax 1993; 48:14-20 Cook, DG; Whincup, PH; Papacosta, O; Strachan, DP; Jarvis, MJ; Bryant, A

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Respiratory symptoms and lung function effects of domestic exposure to tobacco smoke and cooking by gas in non-smoking women in Singapore

J Epidemiol Community Health 1993; 47:454-458 Ng, TP; Hui, KP; Tan, WC

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Risk factors for acute wheezing in infants and children: viruses, passive smoke, and IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens

Pediatrics 1993; 92:535-540 Duff, AL; Pomeranz, ES; Gelber, LE; Price, GW; Farris, H; Hayden, FG; Platts-Mills, TA; Heymann, PW

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Risk factors for Wilms' tumor. Report from the National Wilms Tumor Study

Cancer 1993; 72:938-944 Olshan, AF; Breslow, NE; Falletta, JM; Grufferman, S; Pendergrass, T; Robison, LL; Waskerwitz, M; Woods, WG; Vietti, TJ; Hammond, GD

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Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome

Pediatrics 1993; 91:893-896 Mitchell, EA; Ford, RP; Stewart, AW; Taylor, BJ; Becroft, DM; Thompson, JM; Scragg, R; Hassall, IB; Barry, DM; Allen, EM

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Spontaneous resolution of severe chronic glue ear in children and the effect of adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, and insertion of ventilation tubes (grommets)

BMJ 1993; 306:756-760 Maw, R; Bawden, R

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The associations between childhood asthma and atopy, and parental asthma, hay fever and smoking

Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1993; 7:67-76 Jenkins, MA; Hopper, JL; Flander, LB; Carlin, JB; Giles, GG

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The effect of genetic and environmental factors on the prevalence of allergic disorders at the age of two years

Clin Exp Allergy 1993; 23:504-511 Arshad, SH; Stevens, M; Hide, DW

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The impact on infant birth weight and gestational age of cotinine-validated smoking reduction during pregnancy

JAMA 1993; 269:1519-1524 Li, CQ; Windsor, RA; Perkins, L; Goldenberg, RL; Lowe, JB

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A case-control study of paternal smoking and birth defects

Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21:273-278 Zhang, J; Savitz, DA; Schwingl, PJ; Cai, WW

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A case-control study of the etiology of Ewing's sarcoma

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1992; 1:525-532 Winn, DM; Li, FP; Robison, LL; Mulvihill, JJ; Daigle, AE; Fraumeni, JF

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An epidemiologic study of smoking and primary infertility in women

Fertil Steril 1992; 57:565-572 Laurent, SL; Thompson, SJ; Addy, C; Garrison, CZ; Moore, EE

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Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1992; 24:111-120 Porro, E; Calamita, P; Rana, I; Montini, L; Criscione, S

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Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:594-599 Ehrlich, R; Kattan, M; Godbold, J; Saltzberg, DS; Grimm, KT; Landrigan, PJ; Lilienfeld, DE

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Acta Paediatr 1992; 81:550-557 Schulte-Hobein, B; Schwartz-Bickenbach, D; Abt, S; Plum, C; Nau, H

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J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90:358-363 Kuehr, J; Frischer, T; Karmaus, W; Meinert, R; Barth, R; Herrmann-Kunz, E; Forster, J; Urbanek, R

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Chest 1992; 101:16-18 Murray, AB; Morrison, BJ

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Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21:66-73 Forastiere, F; Corbo, GM; Michelozzi, P; Pistelli, R; Agabiti, N; Brancato, G; Ciappi, G; Perucci, CA

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Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1992; 6:403-415 Baghurst, PA; Tong, SL; Woodward, A; McMichael, AJ

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Pediatr Pulmonol 1992; 12:37-42 Lebowitz, MD; Sherrill, D; Holberg, CJ

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Arch Dis Child 1992; 67:496-500 Ronchetti, R; Bonci, E; Cutrera, R; De Castro, G; Indinnimeo, L; Midulla, F; Tancredi, G; Martinez, FD

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J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84:1417-1422 Stockwell, HG; Goldman, AL; Lyman, GH; Noss, CI; Armstrong, AW; Pinkham, PA; Candelora, EC; Brusa, MR

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Arch Environ Health 1992; 47:357-363 Willers, S; Attewell, R; Bensryd, I; Schutz, A; Skarping, G; Vahter, M

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Pediatrics 1992; 89:21-26 Martinez, FD; Cline, M; Burrows, B

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Eur Respir J 1992; 5:936-944 Jorres, R; Magnussen, H

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701

Influence of the mother's prenatal drug consumption on risk of neuroblastoma in the child

Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135:1358-1367 Schwartzbaum, JA

1992

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Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:1136-1141 Sherrill, DL; Martinez, FD; Lebowitz, MD; Holdaway, MD; Flannery, EM; Herbison, GP; Stanton, WR; Silva, PA; Sears, MR

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Br J Cancer 1992; 66:700-705 Tweedie, RL; Mengersen, KL

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Scand J Prim Health Care 1992; 10:60-65 Hakansson, A; Carlsson, B

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Maternal smoking and irradiation during pregnancy as risk factors for child leukemia

Cancer Detect Prev 1992; 16:129-135 Stjernfeldt, M; Berglund, K; Lindsten, J; Ludvigsson, J

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Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135:1394-1403 Windham, GC; Swan, SH; Fenster, L

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J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89:560-566 Menon, P; Rando, RJ; Stankus, RP; Salvaggio, JE; Lehrer, SB

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Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99:342-343 Mathai, M; Vijayasri, R; Babu, S; Jeyaseelan, L

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Am J Public Health 1992; 82:1525-1530 Brownson, RC; Alavanja, MC; Hock, ET; Loy, TS

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Isr J Med Sci 1992; 28:430-435 Sivan, Y; Shen, G; Schonfeld, T; Nitzan, M; Nutman, J

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A comparison of active and passive smoking during pregnancy: long-term effects

Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13:5-12 Makin, J; Fried, PA; Watkinson, B

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Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:123-131 Oldigs, M; Jorres, R; Magnussen, H

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An exploratory study of environmental and medical factors potentially related to childhood cancer

Med Pediatr Oncol 1991; 19:115-121 Schwartzbaum, JA; George, SL; Pratt, CB; Davis, B

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Asthma in the vicinity of power stations: I. A prevalence study

Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 11:127-133 Hensley, MJ; Henry, RL; Abramson, R; Adler, JA; Wlodarcyzk, J

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J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 88:861-869 Menon, PK; Stankus, RP; Rando, RJ; Salvaggio, JE; Lehrer, SB

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Chest 1991; 100:922-926 Dekker, C; Dales, R; Bartlett, S; Brunekreef, B; Zwanenburg, H

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Acta Paediatr Hung 1991; 31:103-112 Poder, G; Borzsonyi, L; Mezei, G; Kelemen, J

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Teratology 1991; 44:429-440 Savitz, DA; Schwingl, PJ; Keels, MA

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Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1991; 1:35-43 Fontham, ET; Correa, P; WuWilliams, A; Reynolds, P; Greenberg, RS; Buffler, PA; Chen, VW; Boyd, P; Alterman, T; Austin, DF

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Parental cigarette smoking and cognitive performance of children

Health Psychol 1991; 10:282-288 Bauman, KE; Flewelling, RL; LaPrelle, J

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Passive smoking and middle ear effusions in children of British servicemen in West Germany--a point prevalence survey by clinics of outpatient attendance

J R Army Med Corps 1991; 137:31-33 Green, RE; Cooper, NK

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BMJ 1991; 303:1032-1033 Barr, GS; Coatesworth, AP

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Med J Aust 1991; 154:793-797 Dobson, AJ; Alexander, HM; Heller, RF; Lloyd, DM

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J Epidemiol Community Health 1991; 45:164-168 Ogawa, H; Tominaga, S; Hori, K; Noguchi, K; Kanou, I; Matsubara, M

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Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:123-132 John, EM; Savitz, DA; Sandler, DP

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Environ Health Perspect 1991; 94:95-99 Viegi, G; Paoletti, P; Carrozzi, L; Vellutini, M; Diviggiano, E; Di Pede, C; Pistelli, G; Giutini, G; Lebowitz, MD

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Quantifying health aspects of passive smoking in British children aged 5-11 years

J Epidemiol Community Health 1991; 45:188-194 Chinn, S; Rona, RJ

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Recurrent wheezing in relation to environmental risk factors in infancy. A prospective study of 276 infants

Allergy 1991; 46:507-514 Halken, S; Host, A; Husby, S; Hansen, LG; Osterballe, O; Nyboe, J

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Respiratory illness in nonsmokers chronically exposed to tobacco smoke in the work place

Chest 1991; 100:39-43 White, JR; Froeb, HF; Kulik, JA

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N Z Med J 1991; 104:71-76 Mitchell, EA; Scragg, R; Stewart, AW; Becroft, DM; Taylor, BJ; Ford, RP; Hassall, IB; Barry, DM; Allen, EM; Roberts, AP

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The effect of indoor air pollutants on otitis media and asthma in children

Laryngoscope 1991; 101:293-296 Daigler, GE; Markello, SJ; Cummings, KM

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Tobacco smoke exposure and pregnancy outcome among working women. A prospective study at prenatal care centers in Örebro County, Sweden

Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:338-347 Ahlborg, G; Bodin, L

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Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143:1304-1311 Bascom, R; Kulle, T; Kagey-Sobotka, A; Proud, D

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Int J Epidemiol 1991; 20:121-125 Cummings, KM; Zaki, A; Markello, S

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J Epidemiol Community Health 1990; 44:224-230 Woodward, A; Douglas, RM; Graham, NM; Miles, H

1990

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Acta Paediatr Scand 1990; 79:402-409 Harsten, G; Prellner, K; Heldrup, J; Kalm, O; Kornfält, R

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Am J Public Health 1990; 80:29-32 Haglund, B; Cnattingius, S

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Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132:83-95 Sherman, CB; Tosteson, TD; Tager, IB; Speizer, FE; Weiss, ST

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Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19:960-966 Lazzaroni, F; Bonassi, S; Manniello, E; Morcaldi, L; Repetto, E; Ruocco, A; Calvi, A; Cotellessa, G

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285

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Pediatr Pulmonol 1990; 9:24-29 Azizi, BH; Henry, RL

1990

517

Effects of passive smoking on the pulmonary function of adults

Thorax 1990; 45:27-31 Masjedi, MR; Kazemi, H; Johnson, DC

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679

Factors associated with childhood cancer in a national cohort study

Br J Cancer 1990; 62:304-308 Golding, J; Paterson, M; Kinlen, LJ

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596

Gestational and familial risk factors for childhood astrocytoma: results of a case-control study

Cancer Res 1990; 50:2608-2612 Kuijten, RR; Bunin, GR; Nass, CC; Meadows, AT

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901

Lung cancer among women in north-east China

Br J Cancer 1990; 62:982-987 Wu-Williams, AH; Dai, XD; Blot, W; Xu, ZY; Sun, XW; Xiao, HP; Stone, BJ; Yu, SF; Feng, YP; Ershow, AG

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Lung cancer and exposure to tobacco smoke in the household

N Engl J Med 1990; 323:632-636 Janerich, DT; Thompson, WD; Varela, LR; Greenwald, P; Chorost, S; Tucci, C; Zaman, MB; Melamed, MR; Kiely, M; McKneally, MF

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Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy in relation to oral clefts

Am J Epidemiol 1990; 132:926-932 Werler, MM; Lammer, EJ; Rosenberg, L; Mitchell, AA

1990

413

Parental occupation and other environmental factors in the etiology of leukemias and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in childhood: a case-control study

Tumori 1990; 76:413-419 Magnani, C; Pastore, G; Luzzatto, L; Terracini, B

1990

876

Parental smoking and asthma in childhood

Eur J Pediatr 1990; 149:738-740 Palmieri, M; Longobardi, G; Napolitano, G; Simonetti, DM

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200

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Cancer Causes Control 1990; 1:15-21 Kalandidi, A; Katsouyanni, K; Voropoulou, N; Bastas, G; Saracci, R; Trichopoulos, D

1990

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Passive smoking, air pollution, and acute respiratory symptoms in a diary study of student nurses

Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:62-67 Schwartz, J; Zeger, S

1990

680

Pregnancy and delivery characteristics of women whose infants develop child cancer. A study based on registry information

APMIS 1990; 98:37-42 Forsberg, JG; Kallen, B

1990

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Prenatal exposure to tobacco: II. Effects on cognitive functioning at age three

Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19:72-77 Sexton, M; Fox, NL; Hebel, JR

1990

610

Risk factors for preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes: a multicenter case-control study

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163:130-137 Harger, JH; Hsing, AW; Tuomala, RE; Gibbs, RS; Mead, PB; Eschenbach, DA; Knox, GE; Polk, BF

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A case-control study of risk factors for hepatoblastoma. A report from the Children's Cancer Study Group

Cancer 1989; 64:1169-1176 Henderson, BE; Hammond, GD; Buckley, JD; Sather, H; Ruccione, K; Rogers, PC; Haas, JE

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595

An exploratory case-control study of brain tumors in children

Cancer Res 1989; 49:4349-4352 Howe, GR; Burch, JD; Chiarelli, AM; Risch, HA; Choi, BC

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492

Cigarette smoking and exposure to passive smoke are risk factors for cervical cancer

JAMA 1989;261(11):1593-8 Slattery, ML; Robison, LM; Schuman, KL; French, TK; Stat, M; Abbott, TM; Overall, JC; Gardner, JW

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Deaths from all causes in non-smokers who lived with smokers

Am J Public Health 1989; 79:163-167 Sandler, DP; Comstock, GW; Helsing, KJ; Shore, DL

1989

307

Do women with childhood exposure to cigarette smoking have increased fecundability?

Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129:1079-1083 Wilcox, AJ; Baird, DD; Weinberg, CR

1989

685

Does age potentiate the smoking-related risk of fetal growth retardation?

Early Hum Dev 1989; 20:203-211 Cnattingius, S

1989

667

Does maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy cause cleft lip and palate in offspring?

Am J Dis Child 1989; 143:333-337 Khoury, MJ; Gomez-Farias, M; Mulinare, J

1989

584

Effects on birth weight of smoking, alcohol, caffeine, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial stress

BMJ 1989; 298:795-801 Stewart, CM; Brooke, OG; Anderson, HR; Bland, JM; Peacock, JL

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Scand J Prim Health Care 1989; 7:33-38 Zielhuis, GA; Heuvelmans-Heinen, EW; Rach, GH; van den, BP

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Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study

J Infect Dis 1989; 160:83-94 Teele, DW; Klein, JO; Rosner, B

1989

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Family cigarette smoking and test performance by adolescents

Health Psychol 1989; 8:97-105 Bauman, KE; Koch, GG; Fisher, LA

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Maternal weight gain, smoking and other factors in pregnancy as predictors of infant birth-weight in Sydney women

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 29:212-219 Ash, S; Fisher, CC; Truswell, AS; Allen, JR; Irwig, L

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870

Parental smoking and post-infancy wheezing in children: a prospective cohort study

Am J Public Health 1989; 79:168-171 Neuspiel, DR; Rush, D; Butler, NR; Golding, J; Bijur, PE; Kurzon, M

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Passive smoking and cardiorespiratory health in a general population in the west of Scotland

BMJ 1989; 299:423-427 Hole, DJ; Gillis, CR; Chopra, C; Hawthorne, VM

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612

Passive smoking and low birthweight

Lancet 1989; 2:54-55 Chen, Y; Pederson, LL; Lefcoe, NM

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Passive smoking and lung cancer: current evidence and ongoing studies at the International Agency for Research on Cancer

Mutat Res 1989; 222:117-127 Saracci, R; Riboli, E

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BMJ 1989; 298:1549-1552 Strachan, DP; Jarvis, MJ; Feyerabend, C

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Pre- and postconception factors associated with sporadic heritable and nonheritable retinoblastoma

Cancer Res 1989; 49:5730-5735 Bunin, GR; Meadows, AT; Emanuel, BS; Buckley, JD; Woods, WG; Hammond, GD

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Reduced fecundability in women with prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking

Am J Epidemiol 1989; 129:1072-1078 Weinberg, CR; Wilcox, AJ; Baird, DD

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Environment International 1989; 15:29-34 Stern, B

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Respiratory health effects associated with ambient sulfates and ozone in two rural Canadian communities

Environ Res 1989; 49:20-39 Stern, B; Jones, L; Raizenne, M; Burnett, R; Meranger, JC; Franklin, CA

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832

Respiratory syncytial virus outbreak on American Samoa. Evaluation of risk factors

Am J Dis Child 1989; 143:316-321 Hayes, EB; Hurwitz, ES; Schonberger, LB; Anderson, LJ

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414

Risk factors for soft tissue sarcomas in childhood: a case-control study

Tumori 1989; 75:396-400 Magnani, C; Pastore, G; Luzzatto, L; Carli, M; Lubrano, P; Terracini, B

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Smoking and passive smoking in relation to lung cancer in women

Acta Oncol 1989; 28:623-629 Svensson, C; Pershagen, G; Klominek, J

1989

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Smoking as a risk factor for cerebral ischaemia

Lancet 1989; 2:643-647 Donnan, GA; McNeil, JJ; Adena, MA; Doyle, AE; O'Malley, HM; Neill, GC

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Sudden infant deaths in Tasmania, 1980-1986: a seven year prospective study

Soc Sci Med 1989; 29:1015-1026 McGlashan, ND

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Surgery for otitis media with effusion in children and its relationship to parental smoking

J Laryngol Otol 1989; 103:559-561 Hinton, AE

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Synergistic effect of passive smoking and artificial feeding on hospitalization for respiratory illness in early childhood

Chest 1989; 95:1004-1007 Chen, Y

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The effect of domestic factors on respiratory symptoms and FEV1

Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18:390-396 Hosein, HR; Corey, P; Robertson, JM

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Wheezing at 8 and 13 years: changing importance of bronchiolitis and passive smoking

Pediatr Pulmonol 1989; 6:138-146 McConnochie, KM; Roghmann, KJ

1989

213

A case-control study of lung cancer in nonsmoking women

Tohoku J Exp Med 1988 ;154(4):389-97 Shimizu, H; Morishita, M; Mizuno, K; Masuda, T; Ogura, Y; Santo, M; Nishimura, M; Kunishima, K; Karasawa, K; Nishiwaki, K; Yamamoto, M; Hisamichi, S; Tominaga, S

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761

Birth order and birth weight re-examined

Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72:158-162 Seidman, DS; Ever-Hadani, P; Stevenson, DK; Slater, PE; Harlap, S; Gale, R

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Chang-Ning epidemiological study of children's health: I: Passive smoking and children's respiratory diseases

Int J Epidemiol 1988; 17:348-355 Chen, Y; Li, WX; Yu, SZ; Qian, WH

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Damp housing and childhood asthma: validation of reporting symptoms

BMJ 1988; 297: 1223-7 Strachan, DP

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551

Environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and lung function in young adults

Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138:296-299 Masi, MA; Hanley, JA; Ernst, P; Becklake, MR

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Household smoking exposure--association with middle ear effusions

Fam Med 1988; 20:426-430 Reed, BD; Lutz, LJ

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99

Lung cancer and passive smoking: predicted effects from a mathematical model for cigarette smoking and lung cancer

Br J Cancer 1988;58:825-831 Darby, SC; Pike, MC

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Parental smoking and middle ear effusions in children

J Laryngol Otol 1988; 102:992-996 Hinton, AE; Buckley, G

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Passive smoking and respiratory conditions in primary school children

J Epidemiol Community Health 1988; 42:105-110 Somerville, SM; Rona, RJ; Chinn, S

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Perinatal outcome, maternal weight gain, cigarette smoking and social status in Jerusalem

Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1988; 36:186-195 Rush, D; Cassano, P; Harlap, S

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Risk factors for infantile recurrent otitis media: atopy but not type of feeding

Pediatr Res 1988; 23:509-512 Tainio, VM; Savilahti, E; Salmenpera, L; Arjomaa, P; Siimes, MA; Perheentupa, J

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Symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity and asthma in relation to environmental factors

Arch Dis Child 1988; 63:473-478 Andrae, S; Axelson, O; Bjorksten, B; Fredriksson, M; Kjellman, NI

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The effects of maternal smoking on fetal and infant mortality

Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127:274-282 Kleinman, JC; Pierre, MB; Madans, JH; Land, GH; Schramm, WF

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The Inter-Regional Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): case control study of children with bone and soft tissue sarcomas

Br J Cancer 1988; 58:838-842 Hartley, AL; Birch, JM; McKinney, PA; Teare, MD; Blair, V; Carrette, J; Mann, JR; Draper, GJ; Stiller, CA; Johnston, HE

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The relationship of passive smoking to various health outcomes among Seventh-Day Adventists in California.

[Dissertation] Los Angeles (CA): University of California Los Angeles; 1988. Bulter,TL

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Association of infant alimentary and respiratory illness with parental smoking and other environmental factors

J Epidemiol Community Health 1987; 41:21-25 Ogston, SA; Florey, CD; Walker, CH

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Atopic babies with wheezy bronchitis. Follow-up study relating prognosis to sequential IgE values, type of early infant feeding, exposure to parental smoking and incidence of lower respiratory tract infections

Allergy 1987; 42:85-91 Geller-Bernstein, G; Kenett, R; Weisglass, L; Tsur, S; Lahav, M; Levin, S

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Childhood upper respiratory tract infections: to what degree is incidence affected by day-care attendance?

Pediatrics 1987; 79:55-60 Fleming, DW; Cochi, SL; Hightower, AW; Broome, CV

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Cigarette smoking and primary tubal infertility

In: Rosenberg MJ, ed. Smoking and Reproductive Health. Littleton: PSG Publishing Company, 1987: 40-6. Daling, Janet; Weiss, Noel; Spadoni, Leon; Moore, Donald E; Voigt, Lynda

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Effects of passive smoking in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126:783-795 Svendsen, KH; Kuller, LH; Martin, MJ; Ockene, JK

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Gestational risk factors for Wilms' tumor: results of a case-control study

Cancer Res 1987; 47:2972-2977 Bunin, GR; Kramer, S; Marrero, O; Meadows, AT

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Lung cancer among Chinese women

Int J Cancer 1987; 40:604-609 Gao, YT; Blot, WJ; Zheng, W; Ershow, AG; Hsu, CW; Levin, LI; Zhang, R; Fraumeni, JF

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Maternal cigarette smoking and oral clefts: a population-based study

Am J Public Health 1987; 77:623-625 Khoury, MJ; Weinstein, A; Panny, S; Holtzman, NA; Lindsay, PK; Farrel, K; Eisenberg, M

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Maternal smoking during pregnancy and lower respiratory tract illness in early life

Arch Dis Child 1987; 62:786-791 Taylor, B; Wadsworth, J

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201

Measurements of passive smoking and estimates of lung cancer risk among non-smoking Chinese females

Int J Cancer 1987; 39:162-169 Koo, LC; Ho, JH; Saw, D; Ho, CY

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Medical and drug risk factors associated with neuroblastoma: a case-control study

J Natl Cancer Inst 1987; 78:797-804 Kramer, S; Ward, E; Meadows, AT; Malone, KE

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Passive smoking and croup

Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1987; 113:866-868 Salzman, MB; Filler, HF; Schechter, CB

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Passive smoking and lung cancer in Swedish women

Am J Epidemiol 1987; 125:17-24 Pershagen, G; Hrubec, Z; Svensson, C

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Passive smoking and middle ear problems in Kansas public school children

J Commun Disord 1987; 20:187-196 Kallail, KJ; Rainbolt, HR; Bruntzel, MD

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Physiological changes in pulmonary development related to passive smoking and its interaction with active smoking

Toxicol Lett 1987; 35:101-105 Lebowitz, MD; Holberg, CJ

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Risk factors for wheezing during infancy. A study of 5,953 infants

Acta Paediatr Scand 1987; 76:719-726 Bisgaard, H; Dalgaard, P; Nyboe, J

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Smoking and passive smoking during pregnancy and early infancy: effects on birth weight, lactation period, and cotinine concentrations in mother's milk and infant's urine

Toxicol Lett 1987; 35:73-81 Schwartz-Bickenbach, D; Schulte-Hobein, B; Abt, S; Plum, C; Nau, H

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Smoking, passive smoking and histological types in lung cancer in Hong Kong Chinese women

Br J Cancer 1987;56:673-678 Lam, TH; Kung, ITM; Wong, CM; Lam, WK; Kleevens, JWL; Saw, D; Hsu, C; Seneviratne, S; Lam, SY; Lo, KK; Chan, WC

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279

The effect of maternal cigarette smoking on the pulmonary function of children and adolescents. Analyses of data from two populations

Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:1366-1370 Tager, IB; Segal, MR; Munoz, A; Weiss, ST; Speizer, FE

1987

820

The impact of passive smoking on emergency room visits of urban children with asthma

Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135:567-572 Evans, D; Levison, MJ; Feldman, CH; Clark, NM; Wasilewski, Y; Levin, B; Mellins, RB

1987

730

The inter-regional epidemiological study of childhood cancer (IRESCC): a case control study of aetiological factors in leukaemia and lymphoma

Arch Dis Child 1987; 62:279-287 McKinney, PA; Cartwright, RA; Saiu, JM; Mann, JR; Stiller, CA; Draper, GJ; Hartley, AL; Hopton, PA; Birch, JM; Waterhouse, JA

1987

548

Acute effects of passive smoking on lung function and airway reactivity in asthmatic subjects

Chest 1986; 89:180-185 Wiedemann, HP; Mahler, DA; Loke, J; Virgulto, JA; Snyder, P; Matthay, RA

1986

608

Association of low birth weight with passive smoke exposure in pregnancy

Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124:633-642 Martin, TR; Bracken, MB

1986

473

Breast feeding and maternal smoking as predictors of wheezing in children age 6 to 10 years

Pediatr Pulmonol 1986; 2:260-268 McConnochie, KM; Roghmann, KJ

1986

703

Cigarette use during pregnancy and anthropometry of offspring 6-11 years of age

Hum Biol 1986; 58:407-420 Schell, LM; Relethford, JH; Hodges, DC

1986

698

Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during pregnancy

Teratology 1986; 34:65-71 Shiono, PH; Klebanoff, MA; Berendes, HW

1986

102

Effects of family smoking on acute respiratory disease in children

Yonsei Med J 1986; 27:261-270 Park, JK; Kim, IS

1986

57

Epidemiology of childhood respiratory disease in Israel

Eur J Epidemiol 1986; 2:139-150 Goren, AI; Goldsmith, JR

1986

274

Indoor air pollution and pulmonary function growth in preadolescent children

Am J Epidemiol 1986; 123:250-260 Berkey, CS; Ware, JH; Dockery, DW; Ferris, BG; Speizer, FE

1986

422

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of childhood cancer

Lancet 1986; 1:1350-1352 Stjernfeldt, M; Berglund, K; Lindsten, J; Ludvigsson, J

1986

717

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood cancer

Lancet 1986; 2:519-520 McKinney, PA; Stiller, CA

1986

719

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of childhood cancer

Lancet 1986; 2:519-520 Buckley, JD; Hobbie, WL; Ruccione, K; Sather, HN; Woods, WG; Hammond, GD

1986

91

Parental smoking, presence of older siblings, and family history of asthma increase risk of bronchiolitis

Am J Dis Child 1986; 140:806-812 McConnochie, KM; Roghmann, KJ

1986

469

Passive smoking and lung cancer among Japanese women

Cancer Res 1986; 46:4804-4807 Akiba, S; Kato, H; Blot, WJ

1986

24

Passive smoking in childhood. Respiratory conditions and pulmonary function in Tecumseh, Michigan

Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133:966-973 Burchfiel, CM; Higgins, MW; Keller, JB; Howatt, WF; Butler, WJ; Higgins, IT

1986

150

Relationship between respiratory morbidity in children and the home environment

Fam Pract 1986; 3:137-142 Strachan, DP; Elton, RA

1986

545

Smoking and ectopic pregnancy: a multinational case-control study.

Smoking and Reproductive Health 1986 Campbell, OM; Gray, RH

1986

304

The effect of passive smoking on children's pulmonary function in Shanghai

Am J Public Health 1986; 76:515-518 Chen, Y; Li, WX

1986

738

The Inter-Regional, Epidemiological Study of Childhood Cancer (IRESCC): case-control study in children with germ cell tumours

Carcinogenesis 1986; 7:717-722 Johnston, HE; Mann, JR; Williams, J; Waterhouse, JA; Birch, JM; Cartwright, RA; Draper, GJ; Hartley, AL; McKinney, PA; Hopton, PA

1986

766

Are maternal fertility problems related to childhood leukaemia?

Int J Epidemiol 1985; 14:555-559 Steensel-Moll, HA; Valkenburg, HA; Vandenbroucke, JP; van Zanen, GE

1985

650

Cancer risk in adulthood from early life exposure to parents' smoking

Am J Public Health 1985; 75:487-492 Sandler, DP; Everson, RB; Wilcox, AJ; Browder, JP

1985

704

Cumulative effects of lifetime passive smoking on cancer risk

Lancet 1985; 1:312-315 Sandler, DP; Wilcox, AJ; Everson, RB

1985

670

Effects of age, cigarette smoking, and other factors on fertility: findings in a large prospective study

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290:1697-1700 Howe, G; Westhoff, C; Vessey, M; Yeates, D

1985

823

Effects of passive smoking on health of children

Environ Health Perspect 1985; 62:289-295 Ferris, BG; Ware, JH; Berkey, CS; Dockery, DW; Spiro, A; Speizer, FE

1985

396

Effects of passive smoking on ischemic heart disease mortality of nonsmokers. A prospective study

Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121:645-650 Garland, C; Barrett-Connor, E; Suarez, L; Criqui, MH; Wingard, DL

1985

116

Exposure to cigarette smoking and children's growth

Int J Epidemiol 1985; 14:402-409 Rona, RJ; Chinn, S; Florey, CD

1985

547

Indoor air pollution and its effect on pulmonary function of adult non-smoking women: III. Passive smoking and pulmonary function

Int J Epidemiol 1985; 14:227-230 Brunekreef, B; Fischer, P; Remijn, B; van der, LR; Schouten, J; Quanjer, P

1985

272

Involuntary smoking and incidence of respiratory illness during the first year of life

Pediatrics 1985; 75:594-597 Pedreira, FA; Guandolo, VL; Feroli, EJ; Mella, GW; Weiss, IP

1985

192

Involuntary smoking and lung cancer: a case-control study

J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 75:463-469 Garfinkel, L; Auerbach, O; Joubert, L

1985

72

Middle ear effusion in children and the indoor environment: an epidemiological study

Arch Environ Health 1985; 40:74-79 Iversen, M; Birch, L; Lundqvist, GR; Elbrønd, O

1985

822

Parental smoking and respiratory illness during early childhood: a six-year longitudinal study

Pediatr Pulmonol 1985; 1:99-106 Fergusson, DM; Horwood, LJ

1985

782

Passive cigarette smoking and patients with asthma

Med J Aust 1985; 142:194-195 Knight, A; Breslin, AB

1985

467

Passive smoking--a new target of epidemiology

Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1985; 10:287-293 Hirayama, T

1985

108

Risk factors affecting the occurrence of acute otitis media among 2-3-year-old urban children

Acta Otolaryngol 1985; 100:260-265 Pukander, J; Luotonen, J; Timonen, M; Karma, P

1985

216

Smoking and other risk factors for lung cancer in women

J Natl Cancer Inst 1985; 74:747-751 Wu, AH; Henderson, BE; Pike, MC; Yu, MC

1985

686

Smoking, maternal age, and fetal growth

Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66:449-452 Cnattingius, S; Axelsson, O; Eklund, G; Lindmark, G

1985

838

Social and familial factors in the development of early childhood asthma

Pediatrics 1985; 75:859-868 Horwood, LJ; Fergusson, DM; Shannon, FT

1985

809

The aetiology of glue ear--a case-control study

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1985; 9:121-133 Black, N

1985

874

The Tayside infant morbidity and mortality study: effect on health of using gas for cooking

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290:957-960 Ogston, SA; Florey, CD; Walker, CH

1985

863

Bronchiolitis as a possible cause of wheezing in childhood: new evidence

Pediatrics 1984; 74:1-10 McConnochie, KM; Roghmann, KJ

1984

193

Cancer mortality in nonsmoking women with smoking husbands based on a large-scale cohort study in Japan

Prev Med 1984; 13:680-690 Hirayama, T

1984

824

Effects of social and family factors on viral respiratory infection and illness in the first year of life

J Epidemiol Community Health 1984; 38:42-48 Gardner, G; Frank, AL; Taber, LH

1984

711

Factors associated with the intellectual ability of children born to women with high risk pregnancies

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 288:1038-1041 Ounsted, M; Moar, VA; Cockburn, J; Redman, CW

1984

830

Long-term prospective study in children after respiratory syncytial virus infection

J Pediatr 1984; 105:358-364 Hall, CB; Hall, WJ; Gala, CL; MaGill, FB; Leddy, JP

1984

712

Mental development of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy

Obstet Gynecol 1984; 64:601-607 Naeye, RL; Peters, EC

1984

160

Otitis media in childhood. Sociomedical aspects with special reference to day-care conditions

Clin Otolaryngol 1984; 9:3-8 Vinther, B; Brahe, PC; Elbrond, O

1984

573

Parental determinants of birth weight

Clin Genet 1984; 26:397-405 Magnus, P; Berg, K; Bjerkedal, T; Nance, WE

1984

165

Passive smoking, gas cooking, and respiratory health of children living in six cities

Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129:366-374 Ware, JH; Dockery, DW; Spiro, A; Speizer, FE; Ferris, BG

1984

157

Relevant and irrelevant predisposing factors in secretory otitis media

Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1984; 414:147-153 Van Cauwenberge, PB

1984

731

Smoking and pregnancy: attributable risks and public health implications

Can J Public Health 1984; 75:141-148 McIntosh, ID

1984

110

A follow-up study up to the age of 14 of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy

Acta Paediatr Scand 1983; 72:747-753 Rantakallio, P

1983

891

Breast feeding, eczema, asthma, and hay fever

J Epidemiol Community Health 1983; 37:95-99 Taylor, B; Wadsworth, J; Golding, J; Butler, N

1983

768

Effect of tobacco chewing by mothers on fetal outcome

Indian Pediatr 1983; 20:105-111 Verma, RC; Chansoriya, M; Kaul, KK

1983

128

Risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. The effect of host factors and home environmental exposures

Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128:1038-1043 Schenker, MB; Samet, JM; Speizer, FE

1983

673

Smoking and the occurrence of congenital malformations and spontaneous abortions: multivariate analysis

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983; 145:61-66 Hemminki, K; Mutanen, P; Saloniemi, I

1983

751

Tobacco use, alcohol consumption and infertility

Int J Epidemiol 1983; 12:179-184 Olsen, J; Rachootin, P; Schiodt, AV; Damsbo, N

1983

107

Acute otitis media among rural children in Finland

Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1982; 4:325-332 Pukander, J

1982

410

Environmental factors in the etiology of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood

J Natl Cancer Inst 1982; 68:107-113 Grufferman, S; Wang, HH; DeLong, ER; Kimm, SY; Delzell, ES; Falletta, JM

1982

574

N-Nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: a case-control study

Cancer Res 1982; 42:5240-5245 Preston-Martin, S; Yu, MC; Benton, B; Henderson, BE

1982

866

Outcome of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants: preliminary report of seven-year follow-up study

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 285:333-337 Mok, JY; Simpson, H

1982

44

The effects of indoor pollution on Arizona children

Arch Environ Health 1982; 37:151-155 Dodge, R

1982

544

An epidemiologic study of preterm delivery

Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113:81-92 Berkowitz, GS

1981

660

Influence of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy on fetal and childhood growth

Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57:18-21 Naeye, RL

1981

659

Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282:183-185 Hirayama, T

1981

118

Parental smoking at home and height of children

Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 283:1363 Rona, RJ; Florey, CD; Clarke, GC; Chinn, S

1981

676

Alcohol, smoking, and incidence of spontaneous abortions in the first and second trimester

Lancet 1980; 2:173-176 Harlap, S; Shiono, PH

1980

66

Congenital defects of the central nervous system and occupational factors during pregnancy. A case-referent study

Am J Ind Med 1980; 1:167-176 Holmberg, PC; Nurminen, M

1980

687

The relationship between maternal smoking and the incidence of congenital anomalies

Am J Epidemiol 1980; 112:684-695 Christianson, RE

1980

161

A population study of otitis media in childhood

Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1979; 360:135-137 Vinther, B; Elbrond, O; Pedersen, CB

1979

682

Cigarette smoking as an etiologic factor in cleft lip and palate

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 135:348-351 Ericson, A; Kallen, B; Westerholm, P

1979

681

Maternal smoking habits and congenital malformations: a population study

Br Med J 1979; 2:171-173 Evans, DR; Newcombe, RG; Campbell, H

1979

75

Respiratory symptoms in school children and the role of passive smoking

Tokai Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine 1979; 4:101-114 Kasagu, H; Hasebe, A; Osaka, F; Matsuki, H

1979

742

Smoking and infertility

Med J Aust 1979; 1:342-343 Campbell, JM; Harrison, KL

1979

672

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormality

Am J Epidemiol 1978; 108:470-479 Himmelberger, DU; Brown, BW; cohen, EN

1978

20

Effect of children's and parents' smoking on respiratory symptoms

Arch Dis Child 1978; 53:100-105 Bland, M; Bewley, BR; Pollard, V; Banks, MH

1978

729

Effects of maternal cigarette smoking on the fetus and placenta

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 85:732-737 Naeye, RL

1978

737

Maternal smoking and congenital malformations: an epidemiological study

J Epidemiol Community Health 1978; 32:102-107 Kelsey, JL; Dwyer, T; Holford, TR; Bracken, MB

1978

571

Smoking patterns during and before pregnancy: weight, length and head circumference of progeny

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1978; 8:171-177 Borlee, I; Bouckaert, A; Lechat, MF; Misson, CB

1978

885

Study of 8-year-old children with a history of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy

Br Med J 1978; 1:11-14 Sims, DG; Downham, MA; Gardner, PS; Webb, JK; Weightman, D

1978

713

Maternal smoking, pregnancy complications, and perinatal mortality

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 128:494-502 Meyer, MB; Tonascia, JA

1977

764

Smoking during pregnancy and placental pathology

Biomedicine 1977; 27:266-270 Spira, A; Philippe, E; Spira, N; Dreyfus, J; Schwartz, D

1977

707

Smoking in pregnancy--effects on birth weight and on cyanide and thiocyanate levels in mother and baby

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1977; 84:31-34 Pettigrew, AR; Logan, RW; Willocks, J

1977

736

Smoking: a risk factor for spontaneous abortion

N Engl J Med 1977; 297:793-796 Kline, J; Stein, ZA; Susser, M; Warburton, D

1977

848

Influence of family factors on the incidence of lower respiratory illness during the first year of life

Br J Prev Soc Med 1976; 30:203-212 Leeder, SR; Corkhill, R; Irwig, LM; Holland, WW; Colley, JR

1976

714

Perinatal events associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy

Am J Epidemiol 1976; 103:464-476 Meyer, MB; Jonas, BS; Tonascia, JA

1976

82

Respiratory symptoms related to smoking habits of family adults

Chest 1976;69:48-50 Lebowitz, MD; Burrows, B

1976

760

Cleft lip and palate in Finland: parental histories, course of pregnancy and selected environmental factors

Int J Epidemiol 1974; 3:263-270 Saxen, I

1974

831

Infant admissions to hospital and maternal smoking

Lancet 1974; 1:529-532 Harlap, S; Davies, AM

1974

32

Respiratory symptoms in children and parental smoking and phlegm production

Br Med J 1974; 2:201-204 Colley, JR

1974

795

The effects of paternal cigarette smoking on perinatal mortality and the incidence of malformations

Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1974;99(21):1113-8 Mau, G; Netter, P

1974

583

A community study of smoking in pregnancy

J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 1972; 79:1057-1073 Andrews, J; McGarry, JM

1972

691

Infants with low birth weight born before their mothers started to smoke cigarettes

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972; 112:277-284 Yerushalmy, J

1972

750

Effect of smoking during pregnancy on the risk of cancer in children

J Natl Cancer Inst 1971; 47:59-63 Neutel, CI; Buck, C

1971

588

The effect of maternal smoking on the infant birth weight

N Z Med J 1970; 71:293-294 Bailey, RR

1970

576

An epidemiologic study of prematurity. I. Relation to smoking, heart volume, employment, and physique

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 103:358-370 Terris, M; Gold, EM

1969

589

Cigarette smoking and duration of pregnancy

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 103:942-946 Buncher, CR

1969

653

Effect of age, parity, and cigarette smoking on outcome of pregnancy

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968; 101:844-849 Mulcahy, R; Knaggs, JF

1968

758

Smoking in pregnancy, maternal blood pressure, pregnancy outcome, baby weight and growth, and other related factors. A prospective study

Br J Prev Soc Med 1968; 22:119-126 Russell, CS; Taylor, R; Law, CE

1968

663

Smoking as an independent variable in a multiple regression analysis upon birth weight and gestation

Am J Public Health Nations Health 1966; 56:626-633 Abernathy, JR; Greenberg, BG; Wells, HB; FRAZIER, TM

1966

765

The relationship of antenatal and postnatal factors to sudden unexpected death in infancy

Can Med Assoc J 1966; 94:1165-1171 Steele, R; Langworth, JT

1966

753

Smoking and prematurity. A preliminary report based on study of 7740 Caucasians

Obstet Gynecol 1965; 26:775-779 Peterson, WF; Morese, KN; Kaltreider, DF

1965

767

The relationship of smoking to the outcome of pregnancy

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1965; 91:270-276 UNDERWOOD, P; HESTER, LL; LAFFITTE, T; GREGG, KV

1965

771

Effect of cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Study of 2000 cases

Obstet Gynecol 1963; 21:405-411 ZABRISKIE, JR

1963

759

Effects of smoking in pregnancy: a continuing retrospective study

Obstet Gynecol 1962; 20:313-316 SAVEL, LE; ROTH, E

1962

644

Cigarette smoking and prematurity: a prospective study

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961; 81:988-996 FRAZIER, TM; DAVIS, GH; GOLDSTEIN, H; GOLDBERG, ID

1961

468

A survey of childhood malignancies

Br Med J 1958; 30:1495-1508 Stewart, A; WEBB, J; HEWITT, D

1958

696

A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1957; 73:807-815 SIMPSON, WJ

1957

732

Some epidemiological aspects of leukemia in children

J Natl Cancer Inst 1957; 19:1087-1094 MANNING, MD; CARROLL, BE

1957

[Publius6961]

Then check out the original SCIENTIFICALLY PUBLISHED ARTICLES IN THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
instead of a popularized summary.
Sheesh.

The ignorant, the neurotic, the controlling twits don't even rely on "popularized" summaries. I doubt if the nincompoop nannies on this thread have read anything at all. Their 'feelings' trump science.

When the "grant" welfare types make it as easy to access the complete studies and methodologies as they do the twisted result-driven conclusions, those of us with a life might be able to do just that.

Sheesh!

[Publius6961]

I mean, hasn't the incidence of childhood asthma been going up as the number of smokers has gone down?

You're doing this all wrong.
You're supposed to use all caps and add a couple of "!!!!!", and use the word "FACTS" a lot.
That's the ticket.

[Alter Kaker]

It must be so nice to go through life with the idea of controlling the lives of others.

It must be so nice to go through life with no sense of personal responsibility or accountability. You must be a terrific parent.

[MplsSteve]

En fuego, Alter Kaker!!!

[Alter Kaker]

Yep, the surest way to ensure that I keep smoking is to ridicule and mock smokers. Your kind keeps me puffin'. How does it feel to be the root cause of so much smoking?

Really? The rest of us though that the reason you keep puffing is because you fail to take personal responsibility for your actions. Some conservative you are!

[kanawa]

Smokin' is good for babies...keeps 'em from getting drunk too quick...

[Publius6961]

Another interesting factoid is that chronic and clinical depression is at an all-time high presently and inversely correlates with smoking cessation.

Not just clinical depression, but, clearly, neuroses and anger management, too.

THAT'S A FACT.

There. That ought to be good for at least two 'attaboys'...

[Just another Joe]

Here's a list of studies and their associated risk findings.

Keep in mind that most epidemialogical studies discount a risk percent if it is lower than 2.00 and most researchers would prefer a risk percent of 3.00 or more before they draw a cause and effect conclusion.
I count 94 studies that have statistics associated and 14 that have a risk of 2.00 or more.

Would you care to compare some more studies? Or perhaps some articles that tend to show just how biased a lot of studies on ETS are?

TABLE I

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO LUNG CANCER
AMONG NONSMOKERS MARRIED TO SMOKERS

Author	Year	Location	Sex of the subject	Number of lung cancers	Average Relative Risk	Relative Risk fluctuation (min/max) (95% confidence interval)
Garfinkel 1	1981	USA	F	153	1.18	(0.90 - 1.54)
Chan	1982	Hong Kong	F	84	0.75	(0.43 - 1.30)
Correa	1983	USA	F M	22 8	2.07 1.97	(0.81 - 5.25) (0.38-10.32)
Trichopoulos	1983	Greece	F	77	2.08	(1.20-3.59)
Buffler	1984	USA	F M	41 11	0.80 0.51	(0.34-1.90) (0.14-1.79)
Hiramaya	1984	Japan	F M	200 64	1.45 2.24	(1.02-2.08) (1.19-4.22)
Kabat 1	1984	USA	F M	24 12	0.79 1.00	(0.25-2.45) (0.20-5.07)
Garfinkel 2	1985	USA	F	134	1.23	(0.81-1.87)
Lam W	1985	Hong Kong	F	60	2.01	(1.09-3.72)
Wu	1985	USA	F	29	1.20	(0.50-3.30)
Akiba	1986	Japan	F M	94 19	1.50 1.80	(0.90-2.80) (0.40-7.00)
Lee	1986	UK	F M	32 15	1.00 1.30	(0.37-2.71) (0.38-4.39)
Brownson 1	1987	USA	F	19	1.68	(0.39-6.90)
Gao	1987	China	F	246	1.19	(0.82-1.73)
Humble	1987	USA	F M	20 8	2.20 4.82	(0.80-6.60) (0.63-36.56)
Koo	1987	Hong Kong	F	86	1.64	(0.87-3.09)
Lam T	1987	Hong Kong	F	199	1.65	(1.16-2.35)
Pershagen	1987	Sweden	F	70	1.20	(0.70-2.10)
Butler	1988	USA	F	8	2.02	(0.48-8.56)
Geng	1988	China	F	54	2.16	(1.08-4.29)
Inoue	1988	Japan	F	22	2.25	(0.80-8.80)
Shimizu	1988	Japan	F	90	1.08	(0.64-1.82)
Choi	1989	Korea	F M	75 13	1.63 2.73	(0.92-2.87) (0.49-15.21)
Hole	1989	Scotland	F M	6 3	1.89 3.52	(0.22-16.12) (0.32-38.65)
Svensson	1989	Sweden	F	34	1.26	(0.57-2.81)
Janeric	1990	USA	F M	144 44	0.75 0.75	(0.47-1.20) (0.31-1.78)
Kalandidi	1990	Greece	F	90	2.11	(1.09-4.08)
Sobue	1990	Japan	F	144	1.13	(0.78-1.63)
Wu-Williams	1990	China	F	417	0.70	(0.60-0.90)
Liu Z	1991	China	F	54	0.77	(0.30-1.96)
Brownson 2	1992	USA	F	431	1.00	(0.80-1.20)
Stockwell	1992	USA	F	62	1.60	(0.80-3.00)
Liu Q	1993	China	F	38	1.66	(0.73-3.78)
Du	1993	China	F	75	1.09	(0.64-1.85)
Fontham	1994	USA	F	651	1.29	(1.04-1.60)
Layard	1994	USA	F M	39 21	0.58 1.47	(0.30-1.13) (0.55-3.94)
Zaridze	1994	Russia	F	162	1.66	(1.12-2.46)
Kabat 2	1995	USA	F M	67 39	1.08 1.60	(0.60-1.94) (0.67-3.82)
Schwartz	1996	USA	F M	185 72	1.10 1.10	(0.72-1.68) (0.60-2.03)
Sun	1996	China	F	230	1.16	(0.80-1.69)
Wang S-Y	1996	China	F	82	2.53	(1.26-5.10)
Wang T-J	1996	China	F	135	1.11	(0.67-1.84)
Cardenas	1997	USA	F M	150 97	1.20 1.10	(0.80-1.60) (0.60-1.80)
Jöckel-BIPS	1997	Germany	F M	53 18	1.58 1.58	(0.74-3.38) (0.52-4.81)
Jöckel-GSF	1997	Germany	F M	242 62	0.93 0.93	(0.66-1.31) (0.52-1.67)
Ko	1997	Taiwan	F	105	1.30	(0.70-2.50)
Nyberg	1997	Sweden	F M	89 35	1.20 1.20	(0.74-1.94) (0.57-2.55)

The data in this table were obtained from the studies listed. In the Swartz (1996), Jöckel-BIPS (1997) and Nyberg (1997) studies, relative risk and confidence interval data were reported for the sexes combined. These data were separated based on the respective number of cases by sex, assuming the same relative risk for each sex.

TABLE II

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO LUNG CANCER AMONG
NONSMOKERS REPORTEDLY EXPOSED TO ETS IN THE WORKPLACE

Author	Year	Location	Sex of the subject	Average Relative Risk	Relative Risk fluctuation (min/max) (95% confidence interval)
Kabat 1	1984	USA	F M	0.68 3.27	(0.32-1.47) (1.01-10.62)
Garfinkel 2	1985	USA	F	0.93	(0.55-1.55)
Wu	1985	USA	F	1.30	(0.50-3.30)
Lee	1986	UK	F M	0.63 1.61	(0.17-2.33) (0.39-6.60)
Koo	1987	Hong Kong	F	1.19	(0.48-2.95)
Shimizu	1988	Japan	F	1.18	(0.70-2.01)
Janerich	1990	USA	F & M	0.91	(0.80-1.04)
Kalandidi	1990	Greece	F	1.70	(0.69-4.18)
Wu-Williams	1990	China	F	1.10	(0.90-1.60)
Brownson 2	1992	USA	F	0.79	(0.61-1.03)
Stockwell	1992	USA	F	no statistically	significant association
Fontham	1994	USA	F	1.39	(1.11-1.74)
Zaridze	1994	Russia	F	1.23	(0.74-2.06)
Kabat 2	1995	USA	F M	1.15 1.02	(0.62-2.13) (0.50-2.09)
Schwartz	1996	USA	F & M	1.50	(1.00-2.20)
Sun	1996	China	F	1.38	(0.94-2.04)
Wang T-J	1996	China	F	0.89	(0.46-1.73)
Jöckel-BIPS	1997	Germany	F & M	2.37	(1.02-5.48)
Jöckel-GSF	1997	Germany	F & M	1.51	(0.95-2.40)
Ko	1997	Taiwan	F	1.10	(0.40-3.00)
Nyberg	1997	Sweden	F & M	1.60	(0.90-2.90)

The data in this table were obtained from the studies listed.

TABLE III

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO LUNG CANCER AMONG
NON-SMOKERS REPORTEDLY EXPOSED TO ETS IN CHILDHOOD

Author	Year	Location	Sex of the subject	Average Relative Risk	Relative Risk fluctuation (min/max) (95% confidence interval)
Correa	1983	USA	F	no statistically	significant association
Garfinkel 2	1985	USA	F	0.91	(0.74-1.12)
Wu	1985	USA	F	0.60	(0.20-1.12)
Akiba	1986	Japan	F & M	no statistically	significant association
Gao	1987	China	F	1.10	(0.70-1.70)
Koo	1987	Hong Kong	F	0.55	(0.17-1.77)
Pershagen	1987	Sweden	F	1.00	(0.40-2.30)
Svenson	1989	Sweden	F	3.30	(0.50-18.80)
Janarich	1990	USA	F & M	1.30	(0.85-2.00)
Sobue	1990	Japan	F	1.28	(0.71-2.31)
Wu-Williams	1990	China	F	0.85	(0.65-1.12)
Brownson 2	1992	USA	F	0.80	(0.60-1.10)
Stockwell	1992	USA	F	1.70	(1.00-2.90)
Fontham	1994	USA	F	0.89	(0.72-1.10)
Zaridze	1994	Russia	F	0.98	(0.66-1.45)
Kabat 2	1995	USA	F	1.63	(0.91-2.92)
Sun	1996	China	F	2.29	(1.56-3.37)
Wang T-J	1996	China	F	0.91	(0.56-1.48)
Jöckel-BIPS	1997	Germany	F & M	1.05	(0.50-2.22)
Jöckel-GSF	1997	Germany	F & M	0.95	(0.64-1.40)
Ko	1997	Taiwan	F	0.80	(0.40-1.60)

The data in this table were obtained from the studies listed.

TABLE IV

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO LUNG CANCER AMONG
NON-SMOKERS REPORTEDLY EXPOSED TO ETS IN NON-HOME/NON-WORKPLACE SETTINGS

Author	Year	Location	Sex of the subject	Average Relative Risk	Relative Risk fluctuation (min/max) (95% confidence interval)
Garfinkel 2	1985	USA	F	1.42	(0.75-2.70)
Lee	1986	UK	F M	0.61 1.55	(0.29-1.28) (0.40-6.02)
Janerich	1990	USA	F & M	0.59	(0.43-0.81)
Stockwell	1992	USA	F	no statistically	significant association
Fontham	1994	USA	F	1.50	(1.19-1.89)
Kabat 2	1995	USA	F M	1.22 1.39	(0.69-2.15) (0.67-2.86)

The data in this table were obtained from the studies listed.