Posted on 07/28/2007 6:00:30 PM PDT by blam
1m-years-old footprints found at Margalla Hills
By Sher Baz Khan
ISLAMABAD, July 27: In what appears to be a major discovery, archaeologists have found two over one million years old human footprints preserved on a sandstone at the Margalla Hills.
The Indusians Research Cell, which is working under the supervision of world renowned archaeologist and historian Dr Ahmad Hassan Dani of Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, has made the discovery, which is likely to add a new chapter to the archaeological history and heritage of the federal capital and attract visitors.
A footprint of 1 feet is in complete and well preserved form while another is broken from the finger side which is also of the same size in comparative manner. The notable marks of the feet are the clear veins and opposite folded appearance.
“A huge stone on the top of the hill is the secure home of these prints since about over one million years ago,” says A.K. Azad, an archaeologist and head of the project.
Further research may give more clues of the foot marks through anthropological and geophysical methods, he observed.
The recent discovery is the continuity of the Indusian Research Cell’s earlier research about human evolution which previously revealed a fossilised upper jaw from the site of Dhudhumber, foot and hand prints from Attock and Palaeolithic cave from Margalla hills.
Pakistan’s geomorphologic research was conducted to compare with the Alps of Europe during the period of 1930-1939 by a French mission. Since then, lots of other dimensions of the research opened the doors of scientific research in Pakistan as the country provided the glacial sequence, fossilised evidences of Pre-Cambrian to Holocene epochs, earliest evidences of the anthropoid existence, earliest cultural centre at Mehargarh (contemporary of Jericho and Jarmo) and most advanced civilisation of the world (Indus valley).
Indusians Research Cell started the second phase of the project “Post-earthquake Explorations of Human Remains in Margalla Hills” under the supervision of A.K. Azad.
According to Mr Azad the formation of the Margalla Hills goes back to the Miocene epoch. The dominant limestone of the Margalla is also mixed with the sand stone.
“So we can assume that due to availability of the water in ancient times many marks of the zoological as well botanical significance may lead to our objectives,” the young archaeologist hopes.
In 1976, Pakistan opened another chapter of human evolution, which makes case for Asian anthropoid origin from this region.
During the ‘60s and ‘70s, Pilbeam led expeditions to the Siwalik Hills badlands of northern Pakistan, searching for further Ramapithecine remains.
In March 1975 and January 1976 team members made surface recoveries of four bone fragments which fit together to form the most complete mandible recovered yet. The mandible shows that Ramapithecus did not have a parabolic, human like dental arcade, as originally thought, but rather a V-shaped, more apelike arcade. Though the shape of the arcade is not now regarded as one of the more anatomically important characters, Ramapithecus is no longer granted the high status that it once received.
Different scholars have defined the word ‘Potohar’ differently. But, anthropological research marked it, as the grand father of hominid, also known as Punjabicus found from the Potohar region.
So the government of Pakistan had given the name to this specie Potoharmans.
According to Mr Azad, the problem of human evolution is still hanging around that when and where Anthropoid got physical changes from the Apes?
After India, Kenya and China, he says important discovery was from the Potohar region from fossils of the similar species found in 1976 and 1982. The probable dating given to this specie was 20 million years.
“It has provided a missing link, which was spread of 6 million years. So Potoharmans declared as the grand father of hominid, which evolved from the different stages and reached at the Homo sapiens,” he observes.
The stories behind the similar marks are also significant in mythical associations with saints and renowned people i.e. hand prints of the Baba Guru Nanik near Hassanabdal, foot prints of Hazrat Ali in Hyderabad, foot prints of the Guru Padma Sambhava (Second reincarnation of Buddha) in Swat, Adam’s peak of Sri Lanka etc.
“If these are true than we can also claim of the mother Eve’s foot prints from Margalla Hills,” Mr Azad observed.
Go for it.
Thanks for your encouragement, b_sharp! Please be patient with me, this will have to wait for tomorrow. It's getting late, and tomorrow is another work day. Plus a piece like this is going to require a lot of effort on my part.
I hope to be speaking with you again soonest! Meanwhile, good night, and pleasant dreams!
LoL... I can hear the "DUggggH" from here...
You'd think an atheist would appreciate that...
Jesus came to make ALL religion on this planet obsolete.. AND DID...
He said, "You MUST be born again".. All religion is a product of the 1st life..
Being born again is metaphor(minifor) of "something else" as are all metaphors....
WHAT?.. AH!,,, what a straight line....
First of all, Hawking’s description of Einstein’s reservations about quantum mechanics is spot-on IMHO. Einstein’s disagreements with Niels Bohr and his group at Copenhagen were philosophical at their root; but from this it doesn’t seem necessary (to me at least) to conclude that Einstein rejected the idea of “the big picture,” or that his own science wasn’t motivated by the search for it. I hope to show in what follows that the contrary was the case.
There are many parts to this, so please bear with me.
First, Einstein was a pivotal figure in the history of science. His General Relativity theory represents the culmination of classical (Newtonian) physics. But at the same time, he himself was a major pioneer (with Max Planck) in the revolutionary new theory that became known as QM. He discovered the light quantum – the photon – in 1905 (for which he received the Nobel prize. Strangely, he was never awarded a Nobel for his work in relativity theory!). The photon seemed to bother the heck out of him; but there it was. Though perhaps “repugnant” to him personally – his preference was to regard light as a continuous waveform, “classical” realist that he was -- his assumption of the quantum nature of light has been fully experimentally validated.
Second, the point about Einstein as a “classical” realist: He fully subscribed to the determinism of Newtonian mechanics that QM was eventually to displace. The underlying assumptions of Newtonian physics:
(1) The physical world is made up of inert and changeless matter, and this matter changes only in terms of location in space;In other words, crudely put, classical theory expects that a tree falling in the forest makes a sound regardless of whether there is an observer around to notice it. This is “the realist view.” And evidently, this was Einstein’s view.(2) the behavior of matter mirrors physical theory — there is a one-to-one correspondence between any given phenomenon and the physical laws that apply to it — and physical theory is inherently mathematical;
(3) matter as the unchanging unit of physical reality can be exhaustively understood by mechanics, or by the applied mathematics of motion; and
(4) As Hawkings said, “particles … have well defined positions and speeds, and … evolve according to deterministic laws, in the spirit of Laplace.”
(5) the mind of the observer is separate from the observed system of matter, and the ontological bridge between the two is physical law and theory. (Nadeau and Kafatos, 1999, as modified by me)
Needless to say, Einstein was disturbed by Bohr’s and Heisenberg’s introduction of the Observer into physical theory. (Indeed, this is probably one of the most “radical” things the theory does.) But one senses that he does not grasp what Bohr means by “the observer” and its role.
He and Bohr were excellent friends; and Einstein liked to twit Bohr about this: “If Neils does not see the moon in the night sky, then for him, the moon does not exist.” IOW, he thinks Bohr is arguing for the introduction of subjectivity into physical science. But Einstein’s little joke is not at all what Bohr intended. All Bohr meant was that if something cannot be observed, then it cannot be described – and science is not about discovering the “how” of nature, let alone the “why”; but only about “what we can say about” nature.
I think Bohr’s point was that if a scientist hasn’t observed a phenomenon, then he cannot say anything about it. The moon is still up there (presumably): It doesn’t depend for its existence on any subjective observation. But its description does so depend. This is the subtle point that Einstein evidently didn’t grasp. Further, Bohr’s idea of the “observer” is intimately related to the idea of direct “measurement.”
A third point is Einstein evidently had a strong distaste for introducing statistical methods into physics (“God does not play dice”). But the need for statistical tools, brilliantly pioneered by Ludwig von Boltzmann in the mid-nineteenth century -- became manifestly evident in the ground-breaking work of Max Planck. Planck’s constant – a vanishingly tiny number (whose effects are not noticed at all in the classical domain of macroscopic nature, wherein the Newtonian laws are the legitimate “king” for all practical purposes and will likely remain so) – is a measure of uncertainty WRT the behavior of phenomena at the quantum level; and where there is uncertainty, the need to resort to statistical methods becomes acute. Einstein was aware of all this, of course. That didn’t necessarily mean that he liked it.
My conjecture: A clue to Einstein’s reservations may be found in his stated desire to “transmute the base wood of matter into the pure marble of geometry.” And this is where I think Einstein was grasping for “the bigger picture”: What he was looking for was an ultimately simple, elegant, single underlying universal principle that would rationalize all of physics, classical and quantum; thus all of the universe. And his suspicion was that such a principle would be found to be a geometrical form. All the pesky untidiness and “strangeness” of QM suggested to him that the Copenhagen circle was definitely on the wrong track. This is where his “realism” crosses over from the Newtonian (and LaPlacean) into the Platonic realism; e.g., into the realm of Plato’s Idea. (I am not alone in thinking that Einstein was a mathematical platonist; and also Gödel, Penrose, Tegmark….)
Fourthly, another key assumption of classical realism is that the universe is inherently “local.” That is to say, all physical causation is the result of the actions of bodies in close proximity to each other. Quantum theory, however, shows that the universe is inherently non-local: Our classical ideas of causation utterly break down in the quantum world. This Einstein would never accept — he dismissed this sort of thing as “spooky action at a distance.”
Fifthly, Einstein and Bohr had radically divergent ideas about epistemology, or the science of “what we know, how we know it, and how do we know we know it.” Einstein was an Aristotelian in this regard: For him, “If two descriptions are mutually exclusive, at least one of them must be wrong” (Aristotle’s Law of the Excluded Middle).
Bohr, on the other hand, insisted that the logical framework of complementarity -- that it is not a question of either/or, but of both -- is useful and necessary when the following conditions are met:
(1) when a theory or entity consists of two individually complete constructs [e.g., is it a particle or a wave?]; (2) when the constructs preclude one another in a description of the unique physical situation to which they both apply [e.g., you can only pick one of the two constructs for study at a single time]; (3) when both [taken together] constitute a complete description of the overall situation.Bohr’s complementarity principle recognizes the inherent uncertainty attending observation of entities at the quantum level, and provides a way to reconcile what appears to be mutually-exclusive aspects thereof. The observer must choose which construct he wishes to observe -- Is it a particle or a wave? – because both cannot be observed at once. Once the choice of observation is made – say, particle – then the waveform temporarily “vanishes.” Similarly, to choose to observe the wave makes the particle construct “vanish.” As Bohr pointed out, regarding the “vanished” quantity, it’s not a matter of what we don’t know, but of what we cannot know, simultaneously, contemporaneously in any experimental setup.
But to have complete knowledge about the total system, information about both of the complementaries – particle and wave – is indispensable. And, as noted, one cannot observe them both together, simultaneously. (This is where the uncertainty principle gets its foot in the door, so to speak.)
“The hard lesson here from the point of view of classical epistemology is that there is no god-like perspective from which we can know physical reality ‘absolutely in itself.’ What we have instead is a mathematical formalism through which we seek to unify experimental arrangements and descriptions of results” (Nadeau and Kafatos, 1999). And probably just as disturbing from Einstein’s point of view, the act of observation itself disturbs the observed object, and thus modifies the total system “on the fly,” as it were.
* * * * * *
Well, that’s the “deep background” of the “dispute” between the two friends, against which to appraise Hawkings’ astute statement that Einstein thought that what the Bohr circle was all about was the overthrow of the “‘deterministic’ philosophy of Newtonian mechanics.” Evidently Bohr didn’t see it that way.
For Bohr, quantum mechanics is not designed to overthrow, nor is it an extension of, classical mechanics. Instead, he viewed classical mechanics as a subset, or approximation that has a limited domain of validity, of a more general physical situation which is comprehensively described by QM.
Bohr often emphasizes that our descriptive apparatus is dominated by the character of our visual experience and that the breakdown in the classical description of reality observed in relativistic and quantum phenomena occurs precisely because we are in these two regions moving out of the range of visualizable experience. (Hooker, 1972)Newtonian mechanics is “king” (as already mentioned) in its domain: the macroworld of nature that falls within the range of direct visualization. Bohr wrote, “Just as relatively theory has taught us that the convenience of distinguishing sharply between space and time rests solely with the smallness of the velocities ordinarily met with compared with the speed of light, we learn from the quantum theory that the appropriateness of our visual space-time descriptions depends entirely on the small value of the quantum of action compared to the actions involved in ordinary sense perception. Indeed, in the description of atomic phenomena, the quantum postulate presents us with the task of developing a ‘complementary’ theory the consistency of which can only be judged by weighing the possibilities of definition and observation.” (quoted in Nadeau and Kafatos, 1999).
As mentioned already, QM is the general case of which classical physics is a special case. And Bohr further thought they fully “corresponded” with one another. Thus, the correspondence principle of QM. Further, Bohr insisted that all descriptions of quantum phenomena be made in the language of Newtonian physics.
...it is imperative to realize that in every account of physical experience one must describe both experimental conditions and observations by the same means of communication as the one used in classical physics. (Bohr, 1958). The decisive point is to recognize that the description of the experimental arrangement and the recording of observations must be given in plain language suitably refined by the usual physical terminology. This is a simple logical demand since by the word “experiment” we can only mean a procedure regarding which we are able to communicate to others what we have done and what we have learnt. (Bohr, 1963)Heisenberg had an ingenious way to show how the correspondence works. I am indebted to the physicist Henry Stapp for his insight into this matter (in his paper, “Quantum Interactive Dualism: An Alternative to Materialism”):
Many of the best mathematical minds of the generation wrestled with [the correspondence] problem, but it was not until 1925 that Werner Heisenberg discovered the amazing and unprecedented solution: the numbers that in classical physics describe the physical properties of a system must be treated [in QM] as mathematical actions (operators) instead of numbers. An essential difference between numbers and actions is that the order in which two numbers are multiplied does not matter -- 2 times 3 is the same as 3 times 2 -- but the order in which two actions are performed can matter. According to the rules discovered by Heisenberg, the difference generated by changing the order in which these actions are applied involves Planck’s constant. In particular, if one takes the equations of quantum mechanics and replaces Planck’s constant everywhere by zero then one recovers the corresponding classical theory. Classical physics thereby becomes an “approximation” to quantum physics, namely the approximation obtained by replacing the true value discovered by Planck by zero.* * * * * *Because Planck’s constant is an extremely tiny number on the scale of human activities, the classical approximation is normally a very good approximation in the realm of phenomena that do not depend upon the details of what is happening at the atomic level.
Well must wrap up, for I’ve already run on too long (and probably exceeded my mandate as well). We have to ask: Why did Einstein reject QM up to his dying breath when he could recognize that all of its features that he found controversial – non-locality, the centrality of the observer, superposition, apparently superluminal velocities, uncertainty and the need for statistical methods – had been repeatedly empirically validated?
My conjecture is that his rejection was essentially “religiously” or spiritually motivated. Not in any sectarian sense, but in the Platonic sense: My suspicion is he received from “The Old One” a vision akin to Plato’s Agathon -- a vision of universal truth, elegance, beauty, simplicity, goodness, and justice – which is essentially a religious vision. It set the course of his lifelong scientific endeavor. On the basis of this vision, QM just had to be ‘wrong.’ To him, QM exemplified none of the expected elements of his own universal vision.
If you think that is far-fetched, b_sharp, then simply consider your own dealings with scripturally-based Christians who may, to you, appear to be hermetically sealed against the reception of new [scientific] ideas, simply because they do not appear to conform with Holy Scripture as they understand it.
Though you are entirely free to disagree with me, I think something along those lines explains Einstein’s lifelong resistance to quantum mechanics.
Thanks for your patience, b_sharp, and for kindly hearing me out.
Best regards….
...purveyors of medical nonsense like homeopathy...
That pretty much says it.
Homeopathy is very effective.
Yes, of course. My opinion that Homeopathy is nonsense could not possibly be based on the fact that I investigated it and the 'science' behind it, nor could it be because I looked at the studies and understand the physics.
"Homeopathy is very effective.
Not according to logic, physics and those 4 meta studies I mentioned.
Maybe I just don't know the magic incantation to say over that bit of water to make it remember whatever substance has been diluted out of it.
I suspect that where I get my information about Homeopathy is somewhat different than yours and probably does not rely on your belief in it to make money.
As far as your understanding the physics of it that pretty much shows your ignorance of medicine. The physiological actions of a great number of pharmaceutical medicines is unknown although the physics might be through mass spectometry for all the good that is to any healer allopathic or otherwise.
Where did I say you made any money?
"Is this your attempt at pre-emptive prejudice or just another "you believe in YEC" faux pax? lol
What does the YEC belief system have to do with this. Do you commonly jump to such reactive conclusions? Perhaps you should put off laughing at me until you are sure you understand my comments. Just a suggestion.
I made no attack on you whatsoever, nor on any YEC at FR. I was simply replying to your contention that since I disagree with you I must know nothing about Homeopathy. In fact, my point very pointedly stated that my bias against it is based on a fair bit of knowledge. It seems to me that you are calling me prejudiced, not because I have little knowledge and am presenting an unfounded opinion, but because my view is different than yours.
"As far as your understanding the physics of it that pretty much shows your ignorance of medicine.
How does my understanding of physics possibly show that I am ignorant of medicine? Are you saying that knowledge of physics and knowledge of medicine are mutually exclusive? Come now, that make no sense.
The physiological actions of a great number of pharmaceutical medicines is unknown although the physics might be through mass spectometry for all the good that is to any healer allopathic or otherwise.
Physics through mass spectrometry? What? Are we trying to determine which elements are contained in the solution through spectrometry, or should we be trying to determine how a solution diluted hundreds of thousands of times such that each dose would contain very few if any molecules of the 'active' ingredient could possibly have an affect on the human body?
Given your obviously much more informed opinion, you should be able to explain to me how a dose of the remedy containing no molecules of any active ingredient could possibly affect a body?
You might also explain to me how the inability of science to know every single reaction in the body somehow translates into 'anything is possible'.
My response will have to wait.
I suspect that where I get my information about Homeopathy is somewhat different than yours and probably does not rely on your belief in it to make money.
I guess I misunderstood this superlative piece of verbosity.
What does the YEC belief system have to do with this. Do you commonly jump to such reactive conclusions? Perhaps you should put off laughing at me until you are sure you understand my comments. Just a suggestion.
It was a reference to your false assumption and accusation that betty boop was a YEC believer. It was an obvious reference. Save your suggestions for someone who asks for them.
In fact, my point very pointedly stated that my bias against it is based on a fair bit of knowledge. It seems to me that you are calling me prejudiced, not because I have little knowledge and am presenting an unfounded opinion, but because my view is different than yours.
No, it's because you are wrong.
How does my understanding of physics possibly show that I am ignorant of medicine? Are you saying that knowledge of physics and knowledge of medicine are mutually exclusive? Come now, that make no sense.
The use of the word physics in reference to the efficacy of a medicine shows your ignorance. No dicipline of healing investigates the 'physics' of a medicine to prove its efficacy. The physiology, the pharmacology, the phytopharmacology and so on and so forth but physics rarely would come into it.
Physics through mass spectrometry? What? Are we trying to determine which elements are contained in the solution through spectrometry, or should we be trying to determine how a solution diluted hundreds of thousands of times such that each dose would contain very few if any molecules of the 'active' ingredient could possibly have an affect on the human body?
I see, now you're going to play dumb, huh? A part you are well qualified for. You can pretend to miss my point that mass spectometry is about the closest thing to the science of physics there is that might be applied to proving an internal medicine's efficacy (and not very likely that) which shows how ridiculous your mention of physics is in this context but I'm not buying.
Given your obviously much more informed opinion, you should be able to explain to me how a dose of the remedy containing no molecules of any active ingredient could possibly affect a body?
I'm sure you're aware of the homeopathic theory of opposites but that is irrelevant to my point. Homeopathy works very well with little risk of harm and that is the bottom line for anyone who is sick or injured. I suppose I could also mention that not all homeopathic remedies are highly diluted. Some are near full strength mother tincture.
You might also explain to me how the inability of science to know every single reaction in the body somehow translates into 'anything is possible'.
Since I never said that or anything remotely resembling that statement why the heck should I explain it? I'm not even sure what it means. It sounds like more of your logical inanities.
There you've done it.. I fooled around and actually learned something..
Albeit I backed up and tripped over it.. I learn most things that way..
Photons bother the heck out of me too.. Except I don't know why.. or pretend to know why.. Photons are weird.. I can't conceive of them.. I can see them, some of them.. and cannot conceive of what they are.. Actually they screw up my concepts of speed.. weight.. and mass.. Its "somehow" comforting to me to know Einstein was bothered by them too.. I don't care "why".. All I know is there is something about photons(my conception of them) that I don't like..
Maybe it is because they limit me.. They limit my physical observation of "things".. but not metaphorical observation of other things.. Photons drive me to my "spirit" for observation.. How about that.. ;)
Thanks.
betty boop, thank you oh so very much for your beautiful and informative post 425!
Truly, Einstein doesn’t fit neatly into many “buckets” – and therefore it should not be shocking that many observers superimpose their own presuppositions onto his words.
Moreover, he was a scientist – not a prophet of God. His words are not Holy writ.
And he was evidently conflicted – and struggled with his own prejudices – witness his own confession of fabricating a cosmological constant in an attempt to uphold a steady state universe model.
And in his ongoing debate with Gödel over mathematical Platonism, he’d take the Aristotlean side whereas his own theories of Special Relativity and General Relativity – as his pulling Reimannian geometry off-the-shelf to describe General Relativity - stand as evidence of the universality of mathematical structures per se, supporting the Platonist side of the argument.
I submit that any mathematician or physicist who decries mathematical Platonism altogether is disingenuous because every time he uses a variable in a formula he is attesting to the universality of the structure he is describing.
Do you classify quantum mechanics as "metaphysics?"
Astonishing.
Jeepers it’s definitely true that photons are very strange critters, dear ’pipe! How to imagine a massless thingamajig, constantly moving at a velocity which is thought to be the “speed limit of the universe?” (And also theoretically being spontaneously emitted from a universal vacuum field?)
Still I think the photon is our friend! Without it, we would be unable to see anything. That is because the photon – quantized light -- is essential to signal processing going on between the external reality and the brain; for brain function evidently involves quantum processes. Which is why classical physics has been so unable to shed any light at all on the mind-brain connection after some 300 years and counting.
The brain cannot directly process light in its wave form; an intermediary process must occur first, as sense impressions must be received in “quantized” form before these “bits” of information can be accessed and registered by the relevant optical centers, first in the eye itself, and then in the regions of the brain that process such data. The “readout” we get at the end of the day is presented to us as light in its continuous waveform – thus we can see colors, contours, etc.
Thus we understand that the particle and wave nature of light are true complementaries. The physicist Henry Stapp has an interesting term for this sort of signal processing: the “Zeno Effect.”
Also speaking of “complementaries”: I agree with you that the respective thought and works of Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr are “complementary.” I love and honor both men. But just between you and me and the lamppost, my own belief is that Einstein was “right” in insisting that at the very “bottom of things,” a geometrical form or “algorithm from inception” will be found as the underlying ordering structure/principle of the universe. But then, like Einstein, I am a natural-born Platonist. :^)
What I don’t understand is Einstein’s total rejection of quantum theory; for QM or QFT would ultimately as much depend on this geometry as the classical theory he loved so much.
We humans have more fun than cats, don’t we, dear brother in Christ?!!!
Thank you ever so much for writing!
Indeed we do.. Running(playing) in quantum field theory with kites that defy gravity..
At the moment, no. But I’ll excercise my First Ammendment rights anyway, so long as I have a forum.
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