Posted on 02/21/2007 8:59:59 AM PST by blam
Freeze 'condemned Neanderthals'
Small pockets of Neanderthals clung on in the south (Image: Gibraltar Museum)
A sharp freeze could have dealt the killer blow that finished off our evolutionary cousins the Neanderthals, according to a new study. The ancient humans are thought to have died out in most parts of Europe by about 35,000 years ago.
And now new data from their last known refuge in southern Iberia indicates the final population was probably beaten by a cold spell some 24,000 years ago.
The research is reported by experts from the Gibraltar Museum and Spain.
They say a climate downturn may have caused a drought, placing pressure on the last surviving Neanderthals by reducing their supplies of fresh water and killing off the animals they hunted.
Sediment cores drilled from the sea bed near the Balearic Islands show the average sea-surface temperature plunged to 8C (46F). Modern-day sea surface temperatures in the same region vary from 14C (57F) to 20C (68F).
In addition, increased amounts of sand were deposited in the sea and the amount of river water running into the sea also plummeted.
Southern refuge
Neanderthals appear in the fossil record about 350,000 years ago and, at their peak, these squat, physically powerful hunters dominated a wide range, spanning Britain and Iberia in the west to Israel in the south and Uzbekistan in the east.
Our own species, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa, and displaced the Neanderthals after entering Europe about 40,000 years ago.
Neanderthals held on at sites like Carihuela (Image: S Fernandez Jimenez/J Carrion)
During the last Ice Age, the Iberian Peninsula was a refuge where Neanderthals lived on for several thousand years after they had died out elsewhere in Europe.
These creatures (Homo neanderthalensis) had survived in local pockets during previous Ice Ages, bouncing back when conditions improved. But the last one appears to have been characterised by several rapid and severe changes in climate which hit a peak 30,000 years ago.
Southern Iberia appears to have been sheltered from the worst of these. But about 24,000 years ago, conditions did deteriorate there.
This event was the most severe the region had seen for 250,000 years, report Clive Finlayson, from the Gibraltar Museum; Francisco Jimenez-Espejo, from the University of Granada, Spain; and colleagues.
Their findings are published in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews.
Rare event
"It looks pretty severe and also quite short," Professor Finlayson told BBC News.
"Things like olive trees and oak trees that are still with us today managed to ride it out. But a very fragmented, stressed population of Neanderthals - and perhaps other elements of the fauna - did not."
The cause of this chill may have been cyclical changes in the Earth's position relative to the Sun - so-called Milankovitch cycles.
How Gibraltar might have looked in Neanderthal times
More details
But a rare combination of freezing polar air blowing down the Rhone valley and Saharan air blowing north seems to have helped cool this part of the Mediterranean Sea, contributing to the severe conditions.
Gorham's Cave on Gibraltar shows evidence of occupation by groups of Neanderthals until 24,000 years ago. But thereafter, researchers have found no signs of their presence.
However, in an interesting new development, scientists are also now reporting another site, from south-east Spain, which has yielded evidence for the late survival of Neanderthals.
In a study published in the journal Geobios, Jose Carrion, Santiago Fernandez Jimenez, from the University of Murcia; and colleagues analysed pollen from soil layers at Carihuela cave to determine how vegetation had changed in the area during the past 15,000 years.
During the course of this work, they also obtained ages for sediment samples from the cave, using radiocarbon dating and uranium-thorium dating.
Sediment layers containing Neanderthal tools were found to date from 45,000 years ago until 21,000 years ago.
Caution needed
These radiocarbon dates are "raw", and do not exactly correspond to calendar dates. They cannot therefore be compared directly with those from Gibraltar, which have been calibrated with calendar dates.
Neanderthal bones have also been excavated from these sediment units, including a male skull fragment which could potentially be very recent. But Professor Carrion is extremely reluctant to draw conclusions about these human remains.
Pollen records the environment in which Neanderthals lived (Image: S Fernandez Jimenez/J Carrion)
Spanish archaeologists carried out a detailed excavation of Carihuela between 1979 and 1992. But the cave is currently closed due to a dispute between national and regional governments over rights to dig at the cave.
"The human bones have been recovered in different excavation campaigns over 50 years. The relationship between them and the dates I provide must be treated with caution," Professor Carrion told BBC News.
He added that sediments in parts of the cave could have been churned up, mixing old bones in with younger material. He suggested Carihuela should be re-excavated to resolve some of the controversies surrounding the site.
Clive Finlayson suggested the late Neanderthal dates from Carihuela might agree well with those from Gibraltar once they were calibrated.
In Before The Mango Salsa Reference!
Neanderthals, the Rodney Dangerfields of mankind.
It was genocide that killed'em off...
Where did the theory go about the Neanders being "built for the cold" ??
Always the victims.
Al Gore.
Naaaah... I don't buy it either.
I thought SUVs killed the Neanderthals?
But at least he's getting back together with Tina!
The Neaderthals should have signed the Early Accord to suppress GLOBAL COOLING.
Thanks for the graphic!
I really love the Geico cavemen.
For the favorite commercial, I'm torn between the orginial "apology
at the swanky restaurant" one and the "at the therapist" one.
But...do you buy Geico insurance?
(professsional question)
The Neanderthals didn't have oil drilling, jet airliners and SUVs.
And now they're extinct.
That's my ripoff of an ancient "M-TV" commercial that went something like
this:
"The Incas had an advanced roadway and communication system.
Elaborate terraces to provide an agricultural bounty even in mountainous
terrain.
But they didn't have M-TV.
And now their culture is extinct."
This doesn't make a lot of sense to me.
Neanderthals were supposedly adapted for cold weather and if you follow this Journey Of Mankind you'll note that modern humans arrived in the Iberian region as early as 45,000 years ago and apparently survived all the cold that is supposed to have killed off the Neanderthals.
A large part of European DNA has it's origins in the Iberian refuge (along with the Balkan and Ukranian refuges). Then there's a 26,000 year old (Cheddar Man-1) skeleton found in Cheddar Cave in the UK (not to be confused with Cheddar Man-2 who's 9,000 years old).
BTW, Brian Sykes (Seven Daughters Of Eve) said that migrants around Europe were driven back to the refuges during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM) (18,000-23,000 years ago) but Stephen Oppenheimer says that some weathered the LGM in northern regions of Europe and the UK.
I just don't know?
Love Geico's ads but their insurance is just too expensive. Probably because of all the TV ads.
"But...do you buy Geico insurance? "
Actually, no. I have a better deal with a long-term insurer.
But, if I was in the market for auto-insurer (e.g., 30 years younger!),
the ads would probably at least move me to check out GEICO as part
of comparison shopping.
Spread Of Modern Humans Occurred Later Than Previously Thought, Profs Say
"The spread of modern humans out of Africa occurred 40,000 to 50,000 years later than previously thought, according to researchers including one Texas A&M University anthropologist. "
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