Posted on 12/29/2004 1:33:23 PM PST by anotherview
Dec. 23, 2004 11:27 | Updated Dec. 29, 2004 21:54
Non-academic debate
By URIEL HEILMAN
NEW YORK
Deena Shanker was a freshman at Columbia College when she first encountered what has now famously been portrayed as the Ivy League university's problem of rampant bias, hostility and vilification of pro-Israel students and viewpoints in courses on the Middle East.
She was in a class called "Palestinian and Israeli Politics and Societies," taught by Prof. Joseph Massad, and in a discussion in the spring of 2002 on Israel's military incursions into Palestinian areas in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Shanker said she raised her hand to point out that Israel often issued public warnings prior to its bombings to warn Palestinian civilians in the area.
Massad, she said, exploded with rage.
"If you're going to deny the atrocities being committed against the Palestinian people then you can get out of my classroom!" Massad shouted, according to Shanker's account.
Shanker was shocked.
"Sometimes teachers and professors yell at students - it happens - but this was not like anything I've ever experienced. He was not treating me like a student," she said.
Shanker said she had grown accustomed to Massad's antagonism toward Israel, but the professor's rage at her for speaking up was frightening.
"I felt - I wouldn't say 'intimidated' was the right word - I would say: humiliated, violated, scared. This was very overt and explicit."
Massad denied making the remark to Shanker, saying, "I have never asked and would never ask any of my students to leave my class no matter what their comments or questions were. If indeed Ms. Shanker is claiming that I asked her to leave my class, then she is an outright liar."
But the incident Shanker said she experienced does not seem to have been an isolated one.
Week after week over the past several months, a growing number of Columbia students have come forward to detail charges that classes in the school's Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures department (MEALAC) have become a forum for anti-Israel vitriol.
They say professors routinely use their positions to promote anti-Israel activism, discourage free intellectual discourse on the Israeli-Arab conflict and denigrate students sympathetic to Israeli policies. The result, they say, is a hostile academic environment in which it is impossible for students to express their opinions freely.
There are stories of one professor demanding of an Israeli student "how many Palestinians have you killed," of another taking his class to participate in a pro-Palestinian demonstration, and of a third telling a class that "The Palestinian is the new Jew, and the Jew is the new Nazi."
Aside from Massad, Prof. George Saliba, an expert in the history of Islamic science, and Hamid Dabashi, professor of Persian literature and the sociology of culture, have been accused of academic intimidation and bias.
Some of the accused professors and their defenders say those behind the charges are McCarthyites intent on stifling any criticism of Israel by labeling critics of Israeli policies anti-Semites.
"This is about politics and the stifling of the debate and discussion on the question of Palestine and Israel," said one Columbia alumna, Madiha Tahir, a leader of a group calling itself the Ad Hoc Committee for the Defense of Academic Freedom at Columbia.
Ever since the accusing students went public with their criticism of the professors - in part with the encouragement and financial support of groups outside the university - a host of Columbia students, alumni, trustees, Jewish organizational officials and even a US congressman have demanded that Columbia rein in its delinquent teachers.
Faced with the growing controversy, university officials have met with aggrieved students, set up an ad hoc committee to review the allegations until a more permanent one can be established and pledged to overhaul Columbia's grievance process for students charging professors with inappropriate academic conduct.
"THIS IS a completely new process that has been set up," Columbia's president, Lee Bollinger, said this week in an exclusive interview with The Jerusalem Post. "This is a very important, careful, delicate process to think about behavior in the classroom."
But critics are already charging that the university committee appointed to investigate student claims of bias and intimidation is tainted. They say it is stacked with faculty members who are hostile to Israel - some are signatories to a petition demanding that Columbia divest from companies that sell military equipment to the Jewish state - and who have personal relationships with the professors they have been asked to investigate.
At least one former Columbia dean, Robert Pollack, a biology professor, said the university has already botched its handling of the issue by letting it fester in public view and not making clear what is and what is not inappropriate conduct for professors.
"The response has not been clear because the different groups here have not been asked, nor told, or expected to do their jobs properly," Pollack said. "That was an administrative lapse that incomprehensibly continues today, two years later, with the appointment of a faculty committee to consider, in public, the students' charges. This abrogation of administrative responsibility has hurt Columbia."
The principles at stake at Columbia go beyond the problems in the university's Middle East studies department. At issue is the university's academic reputation, the principle of academic freedom and the question of whether McCarthyite tactics are being used to silence critics of Israeli policies.
"We will not allow intimidation of students, but we must also defend academic freedom," Bollinger said. "Pursuing one can put stress on the other. I think it's inevitable."
The controversy at Columbia has combined two separate but perhaps equally damning charges: that Columbia professors are biased against Israel, and that professors have behaved improperly toward students sympathetic to Israel. The distinctions between those two issues has not always been clear.
And while the committee the university administration has appointed is charged with investigating only the latter charge, critics say the issue of anti-Israel bias at Columbia is the more important one. It's also the one more easily ascertained, given that eyewitness accounts of specific classroom incidents are subject to interpretation, sketchy recollections and lack of verifiable evidence.
"This is about politics," says Daniel Pipes, founder of Campus Watch, a pro-Israel group that monitors Middle East studies departments for political bias. "Columbia has a deeply biased, radical faculty in this area," Pipes said of the MEALAC department.
"This is extraordinary given the fact that the university is supposed to be a place where there is debate and learning. I would say it's the place where you have the least debate in the country."
Rabbi Charles Sheer, who recently retired as Columbia's Jewish chaplain after 34 years, says the larger problem is that Columbia students are being taught distorted views of the Middle East.
"It's an academic question," Sheer says. "It's not that easy for the university to clarify whether the students were intimidated. It ends up being a kind of 'he said, she said' thing. But that's not the point," he says. "The point is you have to step back and see if the future State Department members, who are going to be trained at Columbia - because many of them are trained at our university - are they getting an education that's a balanced one?"
According to Shanker, a MEALAC major, the bias was most obvious in Massad's classroom.
"If you counted the number of times that Massad called Israel a Jewish supremacist racist state, it's unbelievable. He teaches that the solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the dissolution of the State of Israel," Shanker says. "The focus is on the intimidation, but people should be focusing on the fact that he's teaching things that aren't true."
BOLLINGER ACKNOWLEDGES that Columbia has work to do when it comes to presenting the full picture on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Middle East as a whole. Already, Bollinger says, he has added new faculty and programs focused on Israel, raised funds for the endowment of a new university chair in modern Israeli and Jewish studies, and invited scholars from Israel to come teach at Columbia.
"How are we doing and how can we improve our teaching and research on subjects involving the Middle East and Israel-Palestinian issues in particular?" Bollinger says. "I see that as the most important outcome of this."
Bollinger's response also has been seen by some as a reaction to threats by alumni and donors to withdraw their financial support from the university if Columbia does not resolve these charges satisfactorily.
Massad agrees that the MEALAC department is unbalanced, but he believes it actually favors studying Israel. MEALAC, he says, is charged with covering one billion south Asians, 300 million Arabs, tens of millions of Turks, Iranians, Kurds and Armenians, and six million Israelis. To that end, MEALAC has devoted three full-time professors to cover Israel and Hebrew, four full-time professors to cover the Arab world, and two full-time professors to cover South Asia. The proportions hardly seem fair.
But Pipes and others say that misses the point: It's not the number of professors studying Israel versus other areas, but the political orientation the professors bring to the classroom that matters.
"I'm not interested in having Israel studies; I'm interested in having balance in Israel studies," Pipes says. "Where it counts - diversity of opinion - it's locked down and it's one outlook."
In the meantime, the controversy has become an all-out political war for the soul of Columbia's Middle East studies department.
Rep. Anthony Weiner, a congressman from Brooklyn, sent Bollinger a letter in October calling for Massad to be fired and saying Columbia would "enhance the public perception that it condones anti-Semitism" if it did not discipline him. This week, the executive director of the New York Civil Liberties Union warned Bollinger in a letter "not to descend into an inquisition into the political views of professors." At Columbia, both sides in the controversy couch their arguments in terms of preserving academic freedom and open debate.
"This witch-hunt aims to stifle pluralism, academic freedom and the freedom of expression on university campuses in order to ensure that only one opinion is permitted, that of uncritical support for the State of Israel," says Massad, defending his pedagogy.
The public airing of charges against him, most notably in a professionally produced video of student testimonials titled Columbia Unbecoming, is simply the "latest salvo in a campaign of intimidation of Jewish and non-Jewish professors who criticize Israel," he says.
Noah Liben, a former student of Massad's who expects to graduate from Columbia at the end of the current academic term, disagrees.
"I don't think that professors should be allowed to hide behind the banner of academic freedom in order to intimidate students," Liben says. As for those criticizing these professors, he says, "We expect to be labeled as McCarthyites, when in actuality the McCarthyism is from the other side."
Many of the incidents under scrutiny happened two or three years ago, not long after the attacks of September 11, 2001, and when Palestinian-Israeli violence was peaking. The charges are given a full airing in Columbia Unbecoming, produced by the David Project, a Boston-based group that seeks to combat anti-Israel bias on college campuses.
Though the film has not been released publicly, it was shown to some Columbia administrators, students and alumni beginning last spring and was screened for reporters in October at a press conference in New York. That screening helped elevate the charges into the public discourse, generating significant press coverage in New York and adding significant pressure on the Columbia administration to be seen as taking the accusations seriously.
Massad and Saliba both told the Post they have not seen the film. Dabashi declined to comment.
IN THE film, students describe an atmosphere of anti-Israel sentiment both inside and outside the classroom. They tell of outright calls for Israel's destruction in academic discussions, describe campus posters for an Israeli film festival that were defaced by swastikas, Arabic slogans and anti-Israel screeds, and recount a pro-Palestinian demonstration on campus to which some professors took their classes.
One student in the film, Mira Kogen, said a pro-Israel professor in Columbia's Middle East studies department told her privately that she was afraid to be alone at the department's copy machine.
In another incident, a Jewish student named Lindsay Shrier said Saliba told her in a private discussion that she had no claim to the Land of Israel or a right to express her opinion about Israeli-Palestinian issues because she had green eyes and therefore could not be a Semite.
"I was horrified and hurt and shocked," said Shrier, who has since graduated from Columbia. "I never approached him after that, and that's exactly what he wanted me to do."
Saliba denied the charge, saying he couldn't even be sure Shrier had ever been a student of his. He did, however, admit to taking his class to a pro-Palestinian demonstration on campus. He called it a "field trip" meant to show students in his class on contemporary Islamic civilization an example of the debate surrounding Israel and the Middle East.
As for other allegations detailed in the film, Saliba said, "I prefer not to make any comments on things that I have not seen. They smell to me like they are secrecy in the making, a rumors-brewing kind of environment. That is not a healthy discussion for a university."
Saliba is not the only one accusing the David Project of trumping up the charges in a film.
"Students convinced by the David Project to tell their stories in confidence to other students through a DVD find themselves a year later to have been made unwitting public figures," says Pollack, the former Columbia dean. In so doing, he says, the David Project has taken advantage of the students and turned them into public symbols.
Ralph Avi Goldwasser, the David Project's executive director, denied that his group has taken advantage of students' candidness, even if his disclosure that several of the students shown in the original version of the film have since asked that their names be removed or faces obscured to hide their identity appears to belie his point. Goldwasser says that's why the film has not yet been released to the general public - not, as some have charged, because the David Project is operating surreptitiously.
Critics have also charged that the accused professors were not given the opportunity to defend themselves in the film.
"When there are calls for people to be fired without anything but a few biased, emotional students presenting slanted evidence, that's a witch hunt. It's not as if anybody had the opportunity to defend themselves," says Rashid Khalidi, the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia and director of the school's Middle East Institute.
Goldwasser says the film wasn't meant to be a documentary; it was merely an effort to collect students' testimony about classroom incidents. That's why it was shown to Columbia administrators and community members months before it was screened to reporters, he says.
"We wanted to give Columbia a chance to deal with the issue without the publicity and the potential negative impact on Columbia. We wanted to help Columbia," Goldwasser says.
Khalidi says Columbia also deserved blame for allowing the story to spiral out of Columbia community's control.
"It should and could have probably been dealt with within the university before the story broke."
Why the university could not deal with it internally and effectively "perplexed me and angered me," Khalidi says.
But the students who appear in the film said that was part of the problem.
When they had complaints about professors' behavior, they didn't know where to turn, they said, so they stayed silent. When university administrators finally were approached about the matter, their response did not resolve anything, the students said.
"If the administration were to take this seriously, then we as students at Columbia would be in a different place," said Ariel Beery, a Columbia senior.
LIKE MANY of the students in the film, Beery never took a course with any of the allegedly offending professors - a point frequently made by the professors' defenders. But Beery and others say that's irrelevant; many of the charges made against the professors involve incidents that occurred at public lectures sponsored by the university.
Bollinger is careful to point out that the university committee will not consider comments or actions made by professors outside of the classrooms, however disagreeable.
"They're citizens too," Bollinger said.
According to Beery, Columbia needs to adopt a clear, effective channel for handling students' complaints about academic abuse and allow them what amounts to whistle-blower protection. Students and sympathetic faculty alike are scared to voice their opinions publicly for fear of academic retribution and being blacklisted as ideological extremists simply because they believe in Israel's right to exist, he said. Students want to protect their grades and their ability to get recommendations from professors, and faculty members want to protect themselves and their reputations.
So far, no students have charged that their grades have been affected by their political sentiments.
Bollinger has acknowledged the university's failure in dealing effectively with the students' complaints through existing university channels, and he says part of the university's goal is to establish a clearer process for lodging complaints about academic intimidation. Ultimately, he says, he believes the students have confidence in the process he has now set in motion: establishing a committee to review complaints, investigate further if necessary, and take action - he would not specify what kind - if it turns out professors have intimidated and abused students.
"Faculty widely and students widely have confidence in the institution and the ad hoc process that's been set up," Bollinger says. "We are hopeful that when there are concerns, students will find coming to us the best way to proceed."
But the composition of the ad hoc committee appointed to investigate the students' charges has raised some eyebrows - particularly at the David Project.
Two of the five professors on the committee are signatories to Columbia's divestment petition, and many have relationships with the professors they're charged with investigating.
"It's biased," Goldwasser said. "Almost all have personal relationships with the professors in question. How can they judge their own colleagues - their own friends?"
Susan Brown, a spokeswoman for Columbia, said the committee members' political views were irrelevant: their job was to investigate claims of academic malfeasance, not political ideology. She also said their personal relationships with the accused professors would not influence their work.
"These people were carefully selected based on their professionalism, their stature as scholars both within the Columbia community and outside, and their experience with and sensitivity to student and faculty concerns," Brown said. "There's a long tradition in the academy of faculty taking on the responsibility of reviewing the teaching and professionalism of their peers. That's how it's done, and it has worked pretty well as a widespread practice. I'm sure if it came to a time where they had to recuse themselves, they would," she added.
THE UNIVERSITY committee, which Bollinger says will begin looking into the charges shortly after the spring 2005 term gets under way next month, has its work cut out for it.
Perhaps most difficult will be assessing what constitutes intimidation or abuse by professors. The same strong remarks by a professor that might cause one student to break down into tears and feel abused or intimidated might well be received by another as nothing more than a hard round in a rigorous, open debate. Intimidation, it would appear, is in the eye of the beholder.
"What we're talking about here is drawing lines," Bollinger says. "I've really defined as well as can be defined the responsibility of the faculty member in the classroom."
But can definitions work when it comes to conduct that is open to interpretation? Bollinger says he's aware of the difficulties.
"Some things we may say 'it's just too dangerous to inquire into them' because we will lose more than we will gain about what we value, and some things we may say we must inquire into them because we will lose more than we will gain if we don't."
The path one chooses, Bollinger says, depends in part on how carefully one can identify the problem.
"In the case of intimidation and abuse of students, it is so much a violation about what we believe in, it is so destructive to the mission of the university, that it really is the only path we can take," he says. "We cannot stand by and let that behavior go by."
Perhaps just to be safe, Bollinger has taken the unusual step of asking a lawyer, freedom-of-speech expert Floyd Abrams, to serve as an adviser to Columbia's investigative committee. The idea behind the appointment, Abrams says, is "to make sure that the hearing is fair and could not be challenged by someone anywhere in any court.
"It's not that anyone's threatening to go to court, but it seems to me that if you want to do this, you want to do it right," he says.
What's prejudice?
When it comes to the Arab-Israeli conflict, it seems, everything's a war.
With charges of anti-Israel bias and abuse rocking Columbia University, the positions on either side of the political divide have quickly hardened, leaving little room for middle ground or sober reflection on what, exactly, constitutes prejudice when it comes to the study of Israel.
This has happened not only at Columbia, many say, but at universities, in newspapers and, to some degree, in public debate across the US.
Right wingers say academics and editorialists long ago decided that Israel is at fault in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the facts be damned. And left wingers say any criticism of Israeli government policies is quickly derided as anti-Semitism or silenced by groups labeling such talk as a call for Israel's destruction.
"The Middle East is an area of enormous ignorance in American public life, an area of great misinformation," says Rashid Khalidi, the Edward Said Professor of Arab Studies at Columbia. "People in essence are trying to shut down the flow of information about an important part of the world. This ignorance only reinforces the status quo."
Though spoken by someone who has been labeled by critics as a supporter of violence against Israeli soldiers, Khalidi's remarks could just as easily have been made by someone like Daniel Pipes, who stands squarely on the opposite end of the political divide when it comes to Israel and the Middle East.
Khalidi's remarks also point to why the battle over Middle Eastern studies in university curricula has been so intense: Universities are among the few places where ignorance about the Middle East actually can be addressed in a substantive, impartial way.
That means that professors must be very careful about how they teach the subject, says Steven Spiegel, a professor of political science at UCLA. "It's very hard to be purely neutral. It's the obligation of the university to provide a variety of perspectives," he says.
UCLA, which not long ago suffered from some of the same criticisms now being directed at Columbia's Middle East studies department, has developed a "smorgasbord" of course offerings to ensure a more "balanced menu" on Middle East studies, Spiegel said. It has helped silence the critics, Spiegel suggests, and Columbia might do well to follow suit.
Stephen P. Cohen, a national scholar at the Israel Policy Forum who teaches courses at Pennsylvania's Lehigh University, says students who come to class with preconceived notions about the conflict - particularly if they are from parochial schools that emphasized study of Israel, as are many of the accusing students at Columbia - can be part of the problem.
"Kids who have gone to parochial schools have been made systematically unprepared for the variety of perspectives on this issue that is part of the public marketplace of ideas," Cohen says. "That, in fact, has been the purpose of many of these private schools: to impart not so much knowledge of the issue as an impenetrable template on which they understand everything they hear about the issue."
A good teacher, according to Cohen, is going to be able to help the student walk from a rigid template that he has brought to the course to a more complex perspective on the subject. But a teacher who comes with his own rigid template is going to create "a huge clash with that rigid template the student has brought, and it's not so much learning that's going to take place as a kind of eruption of emotions." If there's one thing the two sides at Columbia can agree on, it's that the issue has become not only politically charged, but emotionally charged.
Talkback (moderated). Please include your first and last names, your city and country.
David Storobin, Editor-in-Chief of Global Politician journal :
Your story on Columbia University bias completely missed the point.
It is not just a matter of intimidation of students by Professors, but rather the "original sin" of bias in hiring, resulting in only one opinion being present among the faculty in many departments in universities around the country. Any time people are surrounded only by those who agree with them, their opinions become more extreme and self-righteous, while opposing view-points are ignored and forgotten.
Liberal theories become common sense, and left-of-center students are not questioned when they make conclusive assertions (e.g., "Israel has no right to exist under international law"), while right-of-center students are forced to prove everything beyond a reasonable doubt ...
While most Professors may think they are not being unfair, inevitably, they force conservative students to come up with more and better sources than liberal students. As a result, conservative students receive lower grades if they do the same quality work.
In this environment, some over-zealous Professors take a step further and say things like, "I should fail you for being a Bush-loving right-wing" - a direct quote to a woman who was in graduate school with me.
It's not about one or two Professors violating rules - it's about the bias in hiring in the academia.
Nancy Wallack; Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Students and professors in Columbia's fracas about bias from the Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures (MEALAC) department are each claiming a loss of academic freedom: the students - if the professors aren't restrained from anti-Israel bias, the professors - if they are. The university administration is doing too little too late. English literature departments of Oxford and Cambridge universities used to ban teaching contemporary literature. The cut off point was 50 or 100 years before the present. That way, the academics had time to let issues and reputations fall into some perspective. I used to think such a ban was stodgy and conservative. Now I see its advantages: # Let Columbia ban subject matters younger than 100 years pre-present from its curricula. # Let Columbia & other universities be the setting to teach and learn about the achievements, thinkers, events and glories of the past. # Let members of the university community pursue their politics on their own time and not under university auspices.
Shaun; London, UK: I'm not surprised that US professors attempt to put their political viewpoints forward. I am shocked though at two things. Firstly that they seem to do this so blatantly but more worryingly, how defenseless the students seem to be. We're talking about university students here, not 12/13 year old children. Stand up for yourselves man!
And still, hordes of Jewish parents are shelling out huge sums to send their kids to this place.
Now we know why the State Department is so liberal!!!
"And still, hordes of Jewish parents are shelling out huge sums to send their kids to this place."
And shelling out huge sums to the likes of John Kerry. What's the story with these people?
In a novel about the Holocaust, a Jewish grandpa, in responding to his grandson's plea for him to leave Nazi Germany in the 1930's, asked, "What will they do? They can't kill us all." Do American Jews view Israelis as Zionist radicals? I'm truly puzzled.
Nat Hentoff of the Village Voice has been writing articles about the movie "Columbia Unbecoming." I urge everyone to read his most recent article on this ugly situation.
I think you completely misunderstand American Jewry. American Jewish support for Israel is very, very strong. Both the Democratic and Republican parties are overwhelmingly pro-Israel. Look at the votes in Congress if you don't believe me. Fritz Hollings and Cynthia McKinney are aberrations, not the mainstream. John Kerry has a consistently pro-Israel voting record. Don't believe me? Check the Congressional Record.
If both parties are pro-Israel then American Jews are free to vote based on other issues.
There is another factor. American Jews fear the Christian right and with good reason. Anyone who is old enough to remember prayer in public schools in New York City knows that the morning prayer was "The Lord's Prayer", a prayer taught by Jesus and totally unacceptable to Jews. When I started school we had to say this even though our school was 95%+ Jewish. Prayer in the schools means Christian prayer. It always has.
There is a theocratic element among a minority of the Christian right that terrifies religious minorities. The talk of America as a "Christian country" is threatening to the Jewish minority who treasures their religious freedom.
It's also a matter of different basic religious beliefs. Look at the abortion issue for a good example. The Torah says murder is punishable by death. Ending a pregnancy is punishable by a fine. There is no way the Jewish mainstream will ever see abortion as murder. Life begins at birth. Jews are overwhelmingly pro-choice.
So long as the Republican Party is seen as strongly influenced or controlled by evangelical Christians the Jewish community will, by and large, vote against it.
Now you know why I wouldn't accept the State Department website as an unbiased source of history of the creation of the State of Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict. It is anything but unbiased, although the bias is subtle and someone who has not studied the subject won't catch it.
And IIRC, ending a pregnancy within the first 40 days is not prohibited at all.
This is why I rarely post on the abortion issue. I am strongly pro-choice. Like the pro-life Christians my stand on this issue is based on my faith. I believe it has to be a decision that can only be made by the woman, her doctor, and her [Choose one: rabbi, priest, pastor, etc...].
"So long as the Republican Party is seen as strongly influenced or controlled by evangelical Christians the Jewish community will, by and large, vote against it."
But aren't they concerned about the element of the Democratic Party that is pro-Palestinian? Is Jerry Falwell, whom I'm certainly no great fan of, more frightening to them than say, Rachel Corrie? Or the image of Hillary embracing Arafat?
I'm strongly pro-choice too. And I'm sure the traditional orthodox Jewish teaching is that for the first 40 days after conception, the "product of conception" has no significance. I believe this is from the Talmud. When I've mentioned it to anti-choice orthodox Jews on FR, they've agreed that was the teaching, but they have rejected it on the grounds that "they just didn't know about the biology of reproduction back then". Odd, from my standpoint, that these same people still feel the need to adhere to dietary rules that were clearly based on limited knowledge of food-based infectious disease. Cafeteria-style orthodoxy, I guess.
Complete crap. If a professor can't figure out what is appropriate it is time for them to go. From what I read it sounds like a lot of them need to go. I have a couple of course where I know I will run into some of this stuff, but I am ready for it.
Jews need to stop fearing the evangelical Christians. First off, America being a Christian nation does more to protect our freedom to practice Judaism than any secular nation would. Just look at the former USSR.
As far as prayer in school, it obviously should be optional. I agree with you on that no one should be forced to say a Christian prayer.
As far as abortion, I wish most of my fellow Jews would at least practice what our religion says, which is that abortion should only be allowed under a few circumstances. We do not preach abortion on demand.
Lastly, as a Jew, I would rather vote for religous Christians on the right than the secular left, who have taken control of the Democratic party and are pro-Palestinian.
The problem is not that the Republican party is viewed as controlled by evangelicals, but that we Jews do not realize that they are who we need to align ourselves with to win the war of good versus evil. We simply do not get it and by voting 75-25 for Kerry we voted for our own destruction.
I wonder what in the H, E, double L does any of this brouhaha have to do with Senator McCarthy. Does non sequitur have any meaning to these people?
I am in E. Lansing whats this "professors" name????
Thats interesting considering organogenesis occurs during weeks 4-8 of pregnancy
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