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Zoroastrians Fight Extinction
VOANews ^ | 12/23/03 | VOANews

Posted on 12/23/2003 10:01:12 PM PST by freedom44

The opening bars of Richard Strauss’ composition “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” became famous as the theme for Stanle Kubrick’s 1968 movie “2001: A Space Odyssey.” But apart from academics and some 300-thosuand believers, few people know much about ancient Iranian prophet Zarathustra and his teaching.

“Yet only one thousand years ago, millions, millions espoused Zarathustra’s monotheistic percepts in nations which stretched from (the ancient Chinese city of) Sian (western China) to the Eastern China across central Asia, northern India, Iran, Asia Minor, Mesopotamia up Greece in the west and Arabia, north Africa and Ethiopia in the south,” says Adi Davar, a board member of the World Zoroastrian Organization. Mr. Davar spoke at a recent seminar on Zoroastrian religion at the Library of Congress in Washington.

Zoroastrianism is based on the revelations of the Persian prophet Zarathustra, or Zoroaster in Greek. He taught that the world and everything in it was created by a Wise Lord, or Ahura Mazda. Before Zarathustra, Persians believed in multiple deities, as did most nomadic tribes at the time.

Stanley Isler, chairman of Iranian studies at Yale University, says Zarathustra was very impressed with nature and its ability for cyclical renewal. He believed repetition was the basis of knowledge, and people could learn everything from nature.

“Surely, only a being of great power and wisdom was capable of fashioning the element of the cosmos and equally capable of creating the principle of truth that maintain their eternal design and rhythms,” cites Professor Isler.

Internationally renowned conductor Zubin Mehta is a Parsi from Bombay. Creator Ahura Mazda is symbolized by light and fire, nature’s sources of life and energy. That is why Zoroastrians usually pray before a source of light, and an urn containing fire is a prominent feature of their place of worship. The good and wise lord Ahura Mazda is opposed by dark forces of evil. Zoroastrians believe truth is the source of all good and must be pursued in order to fight deceit, the source of evil. Since humans are created by a wise lord, they have an innate ability to discern good from evil. Zarathustra preaches three basic virtues: good thoughts, good words and good deeds. He says: "Happiness unto him who gives happiness unto others.” Thus Zoroastrians value education and philanthropy. Lying, or deceit, represents a violation of basic Zoroastrian beliefs.

Cleanliness of the body as well as of the spirit is also very important. Dead and decaying bodies are considered extremely impure and so they must not contaminate water, air or earth, which are sources of life. Traditionally, Zoroastrians do not bury or burn dead bodies or throw them into water, but expose them to vultures. However, there is less emphasis on religious rites than there is on lifestyle choices.

Marriage is a lifelong commitment, often postponed for the sake of education. Inter-faith marriages and conversions have long been avoided, contributing to the decline in population. The conquest of Persia and spread of Islam, which started in the 7th century, dealt the first serious blow to Zoroastrians.

Relief depicting Persian King Darius, Iran. No one knows exactly when Zarathustra lived, but his origins are traditionally placed in the 6th century B.C. in the area of what is today north-eastern Iran. This would make him a contemporary of the Persians kings Cyrus or Darius. Many scholars think he lived earlier than that. Jehan Bagli, president of the North American Zoroastrian Council, says Zarathustra’s teachings were already widespread by that time.

“Nowhere in these records do we find the mention of prophet Zarathustra,” says Mr. Bagli. “If the prophet was born 569 BCE and lived, as we know from the tradition, a little over 77 years, he would be contemporary with Darius the Great. It is inconceivable that the founder of the first monotheistic faith, who lived during the same time as these renowned monarchs, whose religion was spread across their vast empire and who was a mentor of the father of Darius, be so trivially overlooked.” Mr Bagli adds: “These circumstances certainly invalidate the traditional date.”

Scholars say historic records of Zarathustra’s life may have been destroyed during two major invasions of Persia: one by Alexander the Great in 4th century B.C. and the other by Islamic tribes in the 7th century A.D. On both occasions fire temples and religious texts were burnt and many priests killed.

But there is evidence that the Avesta, the Zoroastrian equivalent of the Bible, contains Zarathustra’s original thoughts. Stanley Isler says the prophet’s hymns to God, or “gathas,” reveal much about his life and time: “He tells us that he was a priest and a master of sacred words, a manthran – someone who has power over the mantras, a word that’s familiar to many. Yet, Zarathustra goes on to say he was rejected from his tribe and his community and driven from his land, forcing him to wander far and wide under great hardship and despair until finally he was accepted by a noble prince named Vishtaspa, who became his patron and ally.”

Professor Isler notes the hymns also explain why the prophet’s own tribe exiled him. It was not only because he preached monotheism: “He bitterly complains that evil rulers attacked just and innocent people, that the rich robbed the poor, that judges produced false decisions in order to aid their benefactors. And Zarathustra goes on to say that fury and violence terrorized the peoples on all fronts and that everywhere deceit and deception seemed to hold the upper hand.”

The holy book also contains Zoroastrian prayers, rules of law and rituals. Until the 9th century AD, the Avesta was probably transmitted orally and modified along the way. Professor Isler says this makes it hard to discern truth from myth about the prophet. The 10th century persecution of Zoroastrians in Persia forced many either to convert or seek another place to live. A significant group settled in north-western India where they became known as Parsis, meaning Persians.

For a while, Parsis were growing in number and power. The city of Bombay became the center of Zoroastrianism, somewhat like Rome in the Catholic Church. But in the second half of the 20th century, the population of the Parsi-Zoroastrians fell by one third, from a peak of 114,000 in 1941 to 76,000 in 1991. In recent decades, Zoroastrians worldwide began forming local and international organizations and events to help fight their extinction. Adi Davar helped form one of these in 1980.

“The World Zoroastrian Organization is an international organization of the global community of some 300-thousand Zoroastrians,” says Mr. Davar and adds: “Some 40-thousand of them live in North America and about a thousand in this metropolitan area.”

Parsi children in Bombay. Zoroastrian organizations prevailed upon UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization to proclaim the year 2003 as the 3000th Anniversary of Zoroastrianism. More attention is paid to young people who may be able to pass on their religion and culture to following generations. The Third World Zoroastrian Youth Congress is to take place in Pune, India, from December 27 to December 31.

Conversion, once rejected by the Zoroastrian faith, is now believed to be legitimate and indeed necessary by some adherents, who also approve marriage with members of other faiths.

Scholars have acknowledged the contribution of this ancient Persian faith to the world’s religions. Zoroastrians say their prophet’s teachings are just as relevant today since deceit, violence and oppression are as prevalent as they were thousands of years ago.


TOPICS: Culture/Society; News/Current Events; Philosophy
KEYWORDS: archaeology; faith; ggg; godsgravesglyphs; history; iran; mrirangen; wethreekings; zoroaster; zoroastrianism
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1 posted on 12/23/2003 10:01:12 PM PST by freedom44
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To: freedom44
Three Kings bump.
2 posted on 12/23/2003 10:02:17 PM PST by Liberal Classic (No better friend, no worse enemy.)
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To: Doctor Stochastic; SJackson; knighthawk; McGavin999; Stultis; river rat; Live free or die; ...
on or off iran ping.
3 posted on 12/23/2003 10:04:16 PM PST by freedom44
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To: freedom44
Rohinton Mistry wrote a couple of books which touches upon the Zoroasters in India...interesting reading. "A Fine Balance" is an excellent novel.
4 posted on 12/23/2003 10:07:52 PM PST by Guillermo
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To: freedom44
Muslims are scratching their heads.... wait... it was not a Zionist Conspiracy afterall... it was a Zoroastrian Conspiracy!!
5 posted on 12/23/2003 10:22:11 PM PST by GeronL (The Revolution should be televised! Imagine the ratings!)
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To: freedom44
Zoroastrianism had a tremendous impact on both Judaism and Christianity-especially on Christian ideas about the end of the world.

The Parsis leave the bodies of their dead on the top of towers to be eaten by vultures.

Cool, and very-eco-friendly!

6 posted on 12/23/2003 10:24:12 PM PST by WackyKat
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To: freedom44
Great post, thanks! I've always wondered about this religion, I'm glad to hear it isn't completely defunct. Maybe once the Mullahs get tossed in Iran it will have a revival.

7 posted on 12/23/2003 10:27:49 PM PST by jocon307 (The dems don't get it, the American people do!)
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To: freedom44
Zoroastrians, and Parsis in particular, are a fascinating people. Many of them are not particularly religious... and they tend to be smart as all get-out. This makes them ideal marriage partners for people of other cultures... contributing to the decline problem.

d.o.l.

Criminal Number 18F
8 posted on 12/23/2003 10:35:25 PM PST by Criminal Number 18F
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To: freedom44
General information: The "Three Wise Men" who journeyed to Bethlehem were of course magi, Zoroastrian priests and scholars.

Our word "magic" comes from magi.

9 posted on 12/23/2003 10:40:49 PM PST by SedVictaCatoni (You keep nasty chips.)
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To: jocon307; freedom44
Great post

...thanks from here too... :)

10 posted on 12/23/2003 10:41:35 PM PST by skinkinthegrass (Just because you're paranoid, doesn't mean they aren't out to get you :)
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To: freedom44
Isn't Rosicrucianism somehow related?
11 posted on 12/23/2003 10:43:46 PM PST by Dionysius
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To: SedVictaCatoni
Who knows how many there were. It could have been two. It could have been dozens. When Daniel and his brethren were in captivity in Persia, they had ample chance to teach their hosts about the Torah, and thus they knew about the Messiah. The predicted star finally shone, and they said let's hop on our camels and get going to worship this Kid.
12 posted on 12/23/2003 10:45:05 PM PST by HiTech RedNeck
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To: HiTech RedNeck
Who knows how many there were. It could have been two. It could have been dozens.

Well, I think that the New Testament account probably would have mentioned it if dozens of Persian mystics had abruptly showed up. That likely would have been the most startling sight ever to occur in Bethlehem.

13 posted on 12/23/2003 10:46:54 PM PST by SedVictaCatoni (You keep nasty chips.)
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To: SedVictaCatoni
In Bethlehem itself, maybe. But on the hillsides out in the country I beg to differ. Not some whizbang hairsplitting Jewish philosopher, but outcast ruffian redneck sheepherders (yeehaw!), those were the ones that God first picked to hear the news. Courtesy of a downright righteous passel of angels.
14 posted on 12/23/2003 10:50:09 PM PST by HiTech RedNeck
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To: SedVictaCatoni
Well it was an impressive enough caravan to get Herod's attention, seeing how he then ordered that all male children under two years of age be killed so that his rival would be eliminated.
15 posted on 12/23/2003 10:59:45 PM PST by DryFly
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To: DryFly
Yeah, a band of three sounds like it would be a mite puny to have such an effect. Were these dudes particularly wealthy? Or would it take a large group to amass enough gold, frankincense, and myrrh to make a worthy gift?
16 posted on 12/23/2003 11:06:03 PM PST by HiTech RedNeck
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To: freedom44
I'm sure the world would be a better place if all Muslims converted to Zoroastrianism. But, aside from that, I suppose I don't have a whole lot to say about this :)
17 posted on 12/23/2003 11:06:15 PM PST by Post Toasties
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To: DryFly
[would it take a large group to amass enough gold, frankincense, and myrrh to make a worthy gift?] (They reached into their "treasures"... doesn't sound quite like Bill Gates hauling out "small change" from his wallet)
18 posted on 12/23/2003 11:07:40 PM PST by HiTech RedNeck
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To: freedom44
He bitterly complains that evil rulers attacked just and innocent people, that the rich robbed the poor, that judges produced false decisions in order to aid their benefactors.

Sounds like he met Clinton and the democratic party.

19 posted on 12/23/2003 11:09:36 PM PST by Centurion2000 (Resolve to perform what you ought, perform without fail what you resolve.)
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To: freedom44
Cool article. I always took Zoroasterianism to be a fairly sane religion as such things go, and with many ideas that would be very familiar to most modern monotheistic religions. As the article points out, nobody really knows precisely how old the religion is, but it is one of the older religions currently practiced and easily pre-dating both Christianity and Islam by a wide margin.
20 posted on 12/23/2003 11:09:49 PM PST by tortoise (All these moments lost in time, like tears in the rain.)
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