Unique Frog Figurine Unearthed at Peruvian Site

I put lines above and below the Caral segment transcript; BTW, the spelling errors by YT's robot are pretty bad. - 'Civ

Recent Archaeological Discoveries You Should Know About | 16:39
Sideprojects | 1.22M subscribers | 55,867 views | September 12, 2025

0:45 - Chapter 1 - Temple of odysseus
3:15 - Mid roll ads
4:50 - Chapter 2 - A new egyptian tomb
7:50 - Chapter 3 - London 1st public building
10:25 - Chapter 4 - A peruvian city
13:25 - Chapter 5 - Ancient scotland

--> YouTube-Generated Transcript <--
0:00 · Every year, archaeology pushes the
0:02 · boundary of what we know about the past.
0:04 · A single artifact, a fragment of a
0:05 · building, or even the faint trace of an
0:07 · ancient settlement can reshape our
0:09 · understanding of entire civilizations,
0:11 · forcing historians to rewrite chapters
0:13 · of human history. And 2025 has been no
0:16 · exception. So far, a wealth of
0:18 · discoveries has emerged from newly
0:20 · uncovered Egyptian tombs to the remains
0:22 · of a long-lost Peruvian city. Each
0:24 · offering fresh insight into the lives of
0:27 · those who came before us. So today we're
0:29 · going to explore the top five
0:30 · archaeological discoveries of this year
0:32 · 2025 so far, each more revealing and
0:35 · transformative than the last.
0:43 · Few works of literature have been read,
0:45 · studied, and discussed as extensively as
0:47 · Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. While both
0:49 · epics are filled with larger than life
0:51 · heroes, none has captured the
0:53 · imagination quite like Adysius, save
0:55 · perhaps Achilles. According to the
0:56 · tales, Adysius was the king of Ithaca, a
0:59 · real island kingdom in the Ionian Sea
1:01 · and a modern municipality just west of
1:03 · mainland Greece. When the Trojan War
1:05 · erupted, Adysius was among the Greek
1:08 · kings who sailed across the sea to
1:10 · reclaim Helen. Renowned as the master
1:12 · strategist, he was the man behind the
1:14 · Trojan horse, the ruse that finally
1:16 · broke Troy after a decadel long siege.
1:19 · Yet his triumph was followed by a far
1:22 · greater ordeal. A homeward journey that
1:24 · should have lasted months but stretched
1:26 · into another 10 years, delayed by
1:29 · mythical obstacles such as the Cyclops
1:31 · Polyphimas and the sorcerer Cersei. When
1:34 · he finally returned, Zissius reclaimed
1:36 · his throne by slaying the suitors who
1:37 · had overrun his palace during his
1:39 · absence. For centuries, many historians
1:42 · have regarded the story as pure myth.
1:44 · Still, some have argued that Homer's
1:46 · epics may contain kernels of historical
1:48 · truth. On Ithaca itself near the village
1:50 · of Exogi, lies the archeological site
1:53 · known as the school of Homer. Long
1:55 · recognized as a Bronze Age Mason
1:57 · settlement, the site has fueled
1:59 · speculation about a connection to
2:00 · Adysius's legendary home. In 2010,
2:03 · archaeologists uncovered the remains of
2:05 · an 8th century BC palace and boldly
2:07 · suggested that it could have been the
2:09 · very palace of Adysius. Unsurprisingly,
2:11 · the claim was met with widespread
2:13 · skepticism. But in June 2025, new
2:17 · discoveries at the site reignited the
2:19 · debate. Archaeologists unearthed an even
2:21 · older Masonian settlement dating to the
2:23 · 13th and 14th century BC. Among the
2:25 · finds were a vast underground system
2:27 · built of monolithic stone blocks, the
2:29 · remains of a sprawling complex and most
2:31 · strikingly evidence that the site
2:33 · functioned as an Adision or a sanctuary
2:36 · dedicated to the hero worship of
2:38 · Adysius. tiles stamped with his name and
2:41 · a small bronze bust of the king were
2:43 · discovered within the ruins. Scholars
2:45 · believe that during the Hellenistic and
2:46 · early Roman periods, pilgrims traveled
2:48 · from across the Mediterranean to honor
2:50 · the legendary hero. Though the notion of
2:52 · worshiping a mortal figure may seem
2:54 · unusual today, hero cults were a common
2:57 · feature of ancient Greek religion.
2:59 · Blending ancestor veneration with
3:00 · existing Greek mythology and practices,
3:02 · they often involved rituals such as
3:04 · sacrifices and libations. Whether
3:06 · Adysius himself truly lived remains
3:08 · uncertain, but one fact is clear. To the
3:10 · ancients, he was as real and revered as
3:13 · Heracles or even the gods themselves.
3:15 · Just before we continue with today's
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4:43 · video.
4:46 · Of
4:50 · all the dynasties of ancient Egypt, few
4:52 · are as celebrated as the 18th dynasty of
4:54 · the new kingdom. Beginning around 1550
4:57 · BC with Pharaoh and Mos the first
4:59 · expulsion of the Hixos, the dynasty
5:01 · endured for nearly 300 years until 1292
5:04 · BC. During that time, Egypt experienced
5:06 · its golden age under rulers like Queen
5:08 · Hatcheps and Arman Hotep III, an era
5:10 · marked by military expansion, immense
5:12 · wealth, and the construction of
5:14 · monumental temples of Luxor and Carne.
5:16 · The dynasty also produced figures of
5:18 · enduring fascination like Akenatan, who
5:21 · controversially attempted to replace
5:22 · Egypt's traditional religion with a form
5:24 · of monotheism, and Tutankamon, whose
5:27 · tomb discovered in 1922, stunned the
5:29 · world with its wealth of treasures. For
5:31 · over a century after Tuten Carman's tomb
5:33 · was uncovered, no other royal tomb from
5:35 · the dynasty was found. All were
5:37 · accounted for except for one, the tomb
5:40 · of Pharaoh at Mosese II. That changed in
5:43 · February 2025. A British excavation in
5:46 · the western valleys of the necropolis
5:48 · near Luxor announced the discovery of
5:50 · the long-lost tomb. The first Royal
5:52 · Egyptian tomb uncovered by a British
5:54 · team since Howard Carter's discovery of
5:56 · Tutin Carman's in 1922. What made the
5:59 · find especially puzzling was its
6:01 · location, nearly 2 km or 1.2 mi outside
6:04 · of the Valley of the Kings in an area
6:05 · typically reserved for royal women and
6:07 · lesser nobles. So when the team began
6:09 · their investigation, they expected to
6:11 · uncover a minor burial. Instead, they
6:13 · unearthed an empty chamber whose ceiling
6:15 · was still partially painted deep blue
6:17 · and adorned with yellow stars, celestial
6:20 · motives reserved only for pharaohs. The
6:22 · evidence suggested that they'd found the
6:24 · elusive tomb of Thmosa II, who ruled
6:26 · around 1493 to 1479 BC, the husband of
6:30 · Hatcheps and ancestor of Tutankamin.
6:33 · Though Thmos's mummy may have been
6:35 · recovered from a cache of raw remains in
6:37 · the Theban necropolis more than 200
6:38 · years ago, his original burial site had
6:41 · remained a mystery until now. The
6:43 · chamber itself was accessed through a
6:44 · large staircase and a massive descending
6:46 · corridor, both clogged with rubble from
6:49 · collapsed ceilings and centuries of
6:50 · flood debris. This natural barricade had
6:52 · likely kept the tomb hidden and
6:54 · undisturbed. Upon further study,
6:56 · archaeologists concluded that the tomb
6:57 · had been deliberately emptied only a few
6:59 · years after Thmos's death, likely
7:01 · because it had been constructed beneath
7:02 · a waterfall, leaving it vulnerable to
7:04 · flooding. His body anderary goods appear
7:06 · to have been relocated for protection.
7:08 · Among the most significant finds were
7:10 · fragments of alabastered jars, some
7:12 · inscribed with the names of Themos II
7:14 · and Queen Hatcheps. Apart from his
7:16 · mommy, these the first objects ever
7:18 · directly tied to his burial. Beyond
7:20 · solving a centuries old mystery, the
7:22 · discovery has broader implications. The
7:24 · unusual location of the tomb suggests
7:26 · that Egypt was in a transitional phase
7:28 · in royal burial practices, shifting from
7:30 · traditions of the old kingdom toward
7:32 · those that would define the new kingdom.
7:34 · As such, this find doesn't just shed
7:36 · light on the fate of the Mosa II. It
7:38 · illuminates a turning point in ancient
7:41 · Egyptian history itself.
7:48 · In 43 AD, Roman legions under Emperor
7:51 · Claudius invaded Britain, beginning
7:52 · nearly four centuries of occupation.
7:54 · During this time, Rome transformed the
7:56 · island, introducing new systems of
7:58 · government, engineering advanced roads
8:00 · and forts, and establishing thriving
8:01 · towns. Among the most successful was
8:04 · Londinium, the settlement that would
8:05 · grow into modern-day London. First
8:07 · referenced by Tacitus around 60 AD
8:09 · during Buudaca's rebellion, it was
8:11 · already regarded as a bustling
8:12 · commercial hub and the seat of Roman
8:14 · power in Britain. Although its exact
8:16 · founding date is uncertain, Londinium
8:18 · was almost certainly established shortly
8:20 · after Rome's invasion began. Today,
8:22 · London is a sprawling metropolis of over
8:23 · 9 million people. Yet, traces of its
8:25 · Roman past still lay beneath its
8:27 · streets. In February 2025, one of the
8:30 · most extraordinary finds of Roman era
8:32 · London was uncovered at 85 Grace Church
8:34 · Street in the heart of the city's
8:36 · financial district. The site, slated for
8:38 · redevelopment into a 32story skyscraper,
8:40 · was first examined by archaeologists who
8:42 · cut narrow trenches into the concrete
8:44 · floor to check for buried remains. To
8:47 · their astonishment, they unearthed a
8:48 · substantial piece of Roman masonry lying
8:51 · directly beneath the office building's
8:52 · foundation. A full excavation followed,
8:54 · revealing limestone foundation walls up
8:56 · to 4 m or 13 ft deep. The structure was
8:59 · immense, measuring roughly 40 m or 130
9:02 · ft long, 20 m or 65 ft wide, and 12 m or
9:05 · 40 ft high, and dated between 78 and 84
9:09 · AD. A rooftop stamped with an official
9:11 · city mark provided a crucial clue. The
9:13 · archaeologists had uncovered a basilica,
9:15 · part of a larger Roman forum at
9:17 · Londinium. Basilica served as the
9:20 · administrative heart of Roman towns,
9:21 · hosting legal proceedings, enforcing new
9:23 · laws and taxes, and acting as gathering
9:26 · places for commerce, public
9:27 · announcements, and news from the wider
9:29 · empire. This discovery not only
9:31 · represented the first known governmental
9:32 · building in London, but also one of the
9:34 · largest Roman structures ever found in
9:36 · Britain, effectively London's first true
9:39 · town hall. Archaeologists believe the
9:41 · basilica stood for only about two
9:43 · decades before being replaced by a
9:45 · larger forum complex reflecting
9:47 · Londinium's rapid rise as a commercial
9:49 · and political hub. Remarkably, much of
9:51 · the original structure remains intact.
9:53 · In response, Woods Bagard, the
9:55 · architectural firm overseeing the
9:57 · redevelopment, announced major design
9:59 · changes to preserve the site. The tower
10:00 · will be scaled back with fewer elevators
10:02 · and a reduced height, while the remains
10:04 · of the basilica will be incorporated
10:06 · into the skyscraper's basement. Plans
10:08 · are underway to transform the space into
10:10 · a public museum, offering visitors a
10:12 · rare opportunity to stand inside
10:13 · London's very first civic building and
10:16 · witness its Roman origins firsthand.
10:24 · At the same time Egypt was raising its
10:26 · pyramids, the Americas were undergoing
10:28 · their own construction boom led by the
10:30 · Nordic eco civilization, also known as
10:32 · the Karal or Karal Sup of Peru. Their
10:35 · most renowned settlement, the sacred
10:37 · city of Karal Supupe, has long been
10:39 · studied and dated to around 5,000 years
10:41 · ago, making it the oldest known city of
10:44 · the oldest known civilization in the
10:45 · Americas. Yet, the sacred city was only
10:48 · one of roughly 30 major urban centers
10:50 · attributed to this culture. Far from
10:52 · primitive, these cities featured
10:54 · remarkable innovations, including
10:55 · sophisticated residential districts,
10:57 · vast plazas, ceremonial temples, and
10:59 · even earthquake resistant pyramids.
11:01 · Although no evidence of warfare,
11:02 · fortifications, or even the written word
11:04 · has been found, the Keral people
11:06 · excelled in advanced irrigation, textile
11:09 · production, mathematics, musical
11:10 · instruments, and more. In fact, their
11:12 · early achievements strongly influenced
11:14 · later Andian civilizations, including
11:16 · the Shaven and the Nazca. From around
11:18 · 3,500 BC until their decline between
11:21 · 1800 and 1700, the Carral dominated
11:24 · Peru's central coast, particularly the
11:25 · Subu Valley. After their fall, it would
11:28 · be nearly a thousand years before the
11:29 · shaven rose to prominence, building upon
11:31 · the corral's cultural foundations. While
11:34 · there is evidence of continued human
11:35 · activity in the region during the gap,
11:37 · there is little to suggest a direct
11:39 · continuation of Corral societal
11:41 · structures. Still, their legacies of
11:43 · urban planning, monumental architecture,
11:45 · and social organization somehow managed
11:47 · to live on in the cultures that
11:48 · followed. Then in July 2025,
11:50 · archaeologists working in Peru's
11:52 · northern Barank province, about 193 km
11:55 · or 120 mi north of Lemur and near the
11:57 · sacred city of Kosupe, announced a
12:00 · groundbreaking discovery at a site that
12:01 · they had been excavating since 2017.
12:04 · They revealed the remains of 18
12:05 · structures dating between 1800 and 1500
12:07 · BC, roughly contemporaneous with Caral's
12:10 · decline. These included ceremonial
12:12 · temples, residential complexes, and
12:14 · public buildings, all forming a
12:15 · previously unknown city, Penico. At its
12:18 · heart lay a massive plaza with its walls
12:21 · adorned with sculpted reliefs of patutus
12:23 · conchell trumpets used for music and
12:25 · ritual a symbol that connects panico
12:28 · both to Caral's love of music and to
12:30 · later Andian traditions. Excavations
12:32 · also uncovered artifacts such as beaded
12:34 · necklaces, clay figurines of people and
12:36 · animals, stone tools, and ritual
12:38 · objects. Together, these findings
12:40 · suggest Pelico thrived as a vibrant
12:41 · trade up around 3,500 years ago. Its
12:44 · location about 600 m or 2,000 ft above
12:46 · sea level was strategic, serving as a
12:48 · crossroads that linked coastal
12:49 · communities with the Supara valleys and
12:52 · connected the Andes to the Amazon. This
12:54 · unique position has led researchers to
12:56 · nickname Penko the city of social
12:58 · integration, a place where diverse
13:00 · peoples converged for trade, ceremony,
13:03 · and cultural exchange. Like Carral
13:05 · before it, Peno shows no evidence of
13:07 · warfare or violent collapse. Instead, it
13:09 · appears to have flourished as a peaceful
13:11 · center of commerce and community,
13:13 · bridging the gap between the Carl
13:14 · Supoupe and the later civilizations that
13:16 · would rise across the Andes.
13:24 · For centuries, the image of prehistoric
13:26 · Scotland was shaped largely by Roman
13:28 · propaganda. To the Romans, the picss of
13:30 · Calonia were little more than savages,
13:32 · univilized, disorganized, and incapable
13:34 · of agriculture or citybuilding. The
13:36 · historian Casius Theo described them as
13:38 · living primitively in swampy plains and
13:40 · wild mountains while Tommy and Tacitus
13:42 · dismissed them as scattered tribes
13:45 · without any real societal structure. Yet
13:47 · archaeology has painted a very different
13:49 · picture of Scotland's ancient past at
13:51 · Scar Bray in the Ornne Islands.
13:53 · Researchers uncovered one of the best
13:54 · preserved Neolithic villages in the
13:56 · world dating back over 5,000 years. The
13:58 · site revealed houses with built-in
14:00 · furniture, central hearths, storage
14:02 · areas, and even rudimentary toilets with
14:04 · drainage systems. All clear evidence
14:06 · that complex organized life thrived in
14:08 · Scotland long before the Romans ever
14:10 · arrived. Then in 2025, two discoveries
14:13 · added even more depth to this history.
14:15 · The first came in July when a team from
14:17 · Guard Archaeology began digging in
14:19 · Carnosti, a coastal town in eastern
14:21 · Scotland ahead of construction for some
14:23 · new soccer fields. What they found was
14:25 · nothing short of extraordinary. The
14:26 · largest ancient timber building ever
14:28 · discovered in Scotland, dating to around
14:31 · 4,000 BC, making it a full thousand
14:33 · years older than both Stonehenge and
14:35 · Scar Bray. The massive structure
14:37 · stretched 35 m or 115 ft long with watom
14:41 · and door walls, roof beams of monumental
14:44 · size and evidence of interior divisions
14:46 · revealed by post holes and floor
14:47 · channels. While this find was
14:49 · extraordinary enough, nearby
14:50 · archaeologists found a second slightly
14:52 · smaller building about 20 m or 65 ft.
14:54 · This one contained a central hearth
14:56 · along with charred hazelnut shells and
14:58 · cereal grain suggesting it served
14:59 · primarily as a domestic dwelling.
15:01 · Together, these buildings point to one
15:03 · of the earliest known farming
15:04 · communities in Scotland. And yet, ritual
15:06 · objects such as axes buried in the walls
15:08 · hint that the site also carried
15:10 · ceremonial significance, perhaps
15:12 · functioning as a gathering or pilgrimage
15:14 · site where people from across the region
15:16 · came for unknown purposes. Just a month
15:18 · later, guard archaeology made headlines
15:20 · again after a remarkable finds in
15:22 · Guardbridge, a historic village only 5
15:24 · km or 3 mi northwest of St. Andrews.
15:27 · Here at a housing development site,
15:28 · archaeologists uncovered evidence of
15:30 · nearly 10,000 years of continuous human
15:32 · activity. Pits from the upper
15:34 · Paleolithic contained charred cereal
15:36 · grains, pottery fragments, and saddle
15:38 · corns, tools used to grind grain
15:40 · belonging to early Neolithic farmers.
15:42 · From the Bronze Age, they discovered the
15:44 · remains of a fort filled with loom
15:45 · weight, spindle holes, and fragments of
15:47 · shale bracelets, suggesting both textile
15:49 · production and domestic life. Later,
15:51 · Iron Age roundouses were uncovered,
15:54 · though after this period, the record
15:56 · appears less clear, leaving open the
15:58 · question of whether the site was
15:59 · abandoned or simply changed in ways we
16:01 · have yet to fully understand. Finally,
16:03 · artifacts from the Middle Ages,
16:04 · including corn drying kils dating from
16:06 · 900 to,300 AD, confirmed that habitation
16:09 · in the area continued well into medieval
16:12 · times. Together, these discoveries
16:14 · dismantle the old Roman stereotype of
16:16 · Scotland as wild and univilized.
16:18 · Instead, they reveal a landscape of
16:19 · vibrant, complex communities stretching
16:21 · back thousands of years that included
16:22 · farmers, builders, artisans, and ritual
16:25 · practitioners whose legacies are still
16:27 · being uncovered piece by piece. Thank
16:30 · you for watching.
16:32 · [Music]

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