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| 0:00 | · | Every year, archaeology pushes the |
| 0:02 | · | boundary of what we know about the past. |
| 0:04 | · | A single artifact, a fragment of a |
| 0:05 | · | building, or even the faint trace of an |
| 0:07 | · | ancient settlement can reshape our |
| 0:09 | · | understanding of entire civilizations, |
| 0:11 | · | forcing historians to rewrite chapters |
| 0:13 | · | of human history. And 2025 has been no |
| 0:16 | · | exception. So far, a wealth of |
| 0:18 | · | discoveries has emerged from newly |
| 0:20 | · | uncovered Egyptian tombs to the remains |
| 0:22 | · | of a long-lost Peruvian city. Each |
| 0:24 | · | offering fresh insight into the lives of |
| 0:27 | · | those who came before us. So today we're |
| 0:29 | · | going to explore the top five |
| 0:30 | · | archaeological discoveries of this year |
| 0:32 | · | 2025 so far, each more revealing and |
| 0:35 | · | transformative than the last. |
| 0:43 | · | Few works of literature have been read, |
| 0:45 | · | studied, and discussed as extensively as |
| 0:47 | · | Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. While both |
| 0:49 | · | epics are filled with larger than life |
| 0:51 | · | heroes, none has captured the |
| 0:53 | · | imagination quite like Adysius, save |
| 0:55 | · | perhaps Achilles. According to the |
| 0:56 | · | tales, Adysius was the king of Ithaca, a |
| 0:59 | · | real island kingdom in the Ionian Sea |
| 1:01 | · | and a modern municipality just west of |
| 1:03 | · | mainland Greece. When the Trojan War |
| 1:05 | · | erupted, Adysius was among the Greek |
| 1:08 | · | kings who sailed across the sea to |
| 1:10 | · | reclaim Helen. Renowned as the master |
| 1:12 | · | strategist, he was the man behind the |
| 1:14 | · | Trojan horse, the ruse that finally |
| 1:16 | · | broke Troy after a decadel long siege. |
| 1:19 | · | Yet his triumph was followed by a far |
| 1:22 | · | greater ordeal. A homeward journey that |
| 1:24 | · | should have lasted months but stretched |
| 1:26 | · | into another 10 years, delayed by |
| 1:29 | · | mythical obstacles such as the Cyclops |
| 1:31 | · | Polyphimas and the sorcerer Cersei. When |
| 1:34 | · | he finally returned, Zissius reclaimed |
| 1:36 | · | his throne by slaying the suitors who |
| 1:37 | · | had overrun his palace during his |
| 1:39 | · | absence. For centuries, many historians |
| 1:42 | · | have regarded the story as pure myth. |
| 1:44 | · | Still, some have argued that Homer's |
| 1:46 | · | epics may contain kernels of historical |
| 1:48 | · | truth. On Ithaca itself near the village |
| 1:50 | · | of Exogi, lies the archeological site |
| 1:53 | · | known as the school of Homer. Long |
| 1:55 | · | recognized as a Bronze Age Mason |
| 1:57 | · | settlement, the site has fueled |
| 1:59 | · | speculation about a connection to |
| 2:00 | · | Adysius's legendary home. In 2010, |
| 2:03 | · | archaeologists uncovered the remains of |
| 2:05 | · | an 8th century BC palace and boldly |
| 2:07 | · | suggested that it could have been the |
| 2:09 | · | very palace of Adysius. Unsurprisingly, |
| 2:11 | · | the claim was met with widespread |
| 2:13 | · | skepticism. But in June 2025, new |
| 2:17 | · | discoveries at the site reignited the |
| 2:19 | · | debate. Archaeologists unearthed an even |
| 2:21 | · | older Masonian settlement dating to the |
| 2:23 | · | 13th and 14th century BC. Among the |
| 2:25 | · | finds were a vast underground system |
| 2:27 | · | built of monolithic stone blocks, the |
| 2:29 | · | remains of a sprawling complex and most |
| 2:31 | · | strikingly evidence that the site |
| 2:33 | · | functioned as an Adision or a sanctuary |
| 2:36 | · | dedicated to the hero worship of |
| 2:38 | · | Adysius. tiles stamped with his name and |
| 2:41 | · | a small bronze bust of the king were |
| 2:43 | · | discovered within the ruins. Scholars |
| 2:45 | · | believe that during the Hellenistic and |
| 2:46 | · | early Roman periods, pilgrims traveled |
| 2:48 | · | from across the Mediterranean to honor |
| 2:50 | · | the legendary hero. Though the notion of |
| 2:52 | · | worshiping a mortal figure may seem |
| 2:54 | · | unusual today, hero cults were a common |
| 2:57 | · | feature of ancient Greek religion. |
| 2:59 | · | Blending ancestor veneration with |
| 3:00 | · | existing Greek mythology and practices, |
| 3:02 | · | they often involved rituals such as |
| 3:04 | · | sacrifices and libations. Whether |
| 3:06 | · | Adysius himself truly lived remains |
| 3:08 | · | uncertain, but one fact is clear. To the |
| 3:10 | · | ancients, he was as real and revered as |
| 3:13 | · | Heracles or even the gods themselves. |
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| 4:43 | · | video. |
| 4:46 | · | Of |
| 4:50 | · | all the dynasties of ancient Egypt, few |
| 4:52 | · | are as celebrated as the 18th dynasty of |
| 4:54 | · | the new kingdom. Beginning around 1550 |
| 4:57 | · | BC with Pharaoh and Mos the first |
| 4:59 | · | expulsion of the Hixos, the dynasty |
| 5:01 | · | endured for nearly 300 years until 1292 |
| 5:04 | · | BC. During that time, Egypt experienced |
| 5:06 | · | its golden age under rulers like Queen |
| 5:08 | · | Hatcheps and Arman Hotep III, an era |
| 5:10 | · | marked by military expansion, immense |
| 5:12 | · | wealth, and the construction of |
| 5:14 | · | monumental temples of Luxor and Carne. |
| 5:16 | · | The dynasty also produced figures of |
| 5:18 | · | enduring fascination like Akenatan, who |
| 5:21 | · | controversially attempted to replace |
| 5:22 | · | Egypt's traditional religion with a form |
| 5:24 | · | of monotheism, and Tutankamon, whose |
| 5:27 | · | tomb discovered in 1922, stunned the |
| 5:29 | · | world with its wealth of treasures. For |
| 5:31 | · | over a century after Tuten Carman's tomb |
| 5:33 | · | was uncovered, no other royal tomb from |
| 5:35 | · | the dynasty was found. All were |
| 5:37 | · | accounted for except for one, the tomb |
| 5:40 | · | of Pharaoh at Mosese II. That changed in |
| 5:43 | · | February 2025. A British excavation in |
| 5:46 | · | the western valleys of the necropolis |
| 5:48 | · | near Luxor announced the discovery of |
| 5:50 | · | the long-lost tomb. The first Royal |
| 5:52 | · | Egyptian tomb uncovered by a British |
| 5:54 | · | team since Howard Carter's discovery of |
| 5:56 | · | Tutin Carman's in 1922. What made the |
| 5:59 | · | find especially puzzling was its |
| 6:01 | · | location, nearly 2 km or 1.2 mi outside |
| 6:04 | · | of the Valley of the Kings in an area |
| 6:05 | · | typically reserved for royal women and |
| 6:07 | · | lesser nobles. So when the team began |
| 6:09 | · | their investigation, they expected to |
| 6:11 | · | uncover a minor burial. Instead, they |
| 6:13 | · | unearthed an empty chamber whose ceiling |
| 6:15 | · | was still partially painted deep blue |
| 6:17 | · | and adorned with yellow stars, celestial |
| 6:20 | · | motives reserved only for pharaohs. The |
| 6:22 | · | evidence suggested that they'd found the |
| 6:24 | · | elusive tomb of Thmosa II, who ruled |
| 6:26 | · | around 1493 to 1479 BC, the husband of |
| 6:30 | · | Hatcheps and ancestor of Tutankamin. |
| 6:33 | · | Though Thmos's mummy may have been |
| 6:35 | · | recovered from a cache of raw remains in |
| 6:37 | · | the Theban necropolis more than 200 |
| 6:38 | · | years ago, his original burial site had |
| 6:41 | · | remained a mystery until now. The |
| 6:43 | · | chamber itself was accessed through a |
| 6:44 | · | large staircase and a massive descending |
| 6:46 | · | corridor, both clogged with rubble from |
| 6:49 | · | collapsed ceilings and centuries of |
| 6:50 | · | flood debris. This natural barricade had |
| 6:52 | · | likely kept the tomb hidden and |
| 6:54 | · | undisturbed. Upon further study, |
| 6:56 | · | archaeologists concluded that the tomb |
| 6:57 | · | had been deliberately emptied only a few |
| 6:59 | · | years after Thmos's death, likely |
| 7:01 | · | because it had been constructed beneath |
| 7:02 | · | a waterfall, leaving it vulnerable to |
| 7:04 | · | flooding. His body anderary goods appear |
| 7:06 | · | to have been relocated for protection. |
| 7:08 | · | Among the most significant finds were |
| 7:10 | · | fragments of alabastered jars, some |
| 7:12 | · | inscribed with the names of Themos II |
| 7:14 | · | and Queen Hatcheps. Apart from his |
| 7:16 | · | mommy, these the first objects ever |
| 7:18 | · | directly tied to his burial. Beyond |
| 7:20 | · | solving a centuries old mystery, the |
| 7:22 | · | discovery has broader implications. The |
| 7:24 | · | unusual location of the tomb suggests |
| 7:26 | · | that Egypt was in a transitional phase |
| 7:28 | · | in royal burial practices, shifting from |
| 7:30 | · | traditions of the old kingdom toward |
| 7:32 | · | those that would define the new kingdom. |
| 7:34 | · | As such, this find doesn't just shed |
| 7:36 | · | light on the fate of the Mosa II. It |
| 7:38 | · | illuminates a turning point in ancient |
| 7:41 | · | Egyptian history itself. |
| 7:48 | · | In 43 AD, Roman legions under Emperor |
| 7:51 | · | Claudius invaded Britain, beginning |
| 7:52 | · | nearly four centuries of occupation. |
| 7:54 | · | During this time, Rome transformed the |
| 7:56 | · | island, introducing new systems of |
| 7:58 | · | government, engineering advanced roads |
| 8:00 | · | and forts, and establishing thriving |
| 8:01 | · | towns. Among the most successful was |
| 8:04 | · | Londinium, the settlement that would |
| 8:05 | · | grow into modern-day London. First |
| 8:07 | · | referenced by Tacitus around 60 AD |
| 8:09 | · | during Buudaca's rebellion, it was |
| 8:11 | · | already regarded as a bustling |
| 8:12 | · | commercial hub and the seat of Roman |
| 8:14 | · | power in Britain. Although its exact |
| 8:16 | · | founding date is uncertain, Londinium |
| 8:18 | · | was almost certainly established shortly |
| 8:20 | · | after Rome's invasion began. Today, |
| 8:22 | · | London is a sprawling metropolis of over |
| 8:23 | · | 9 million people. Yet, traces of its |
| 8:25 | · | Roman past still lay beneath its |
| 8:27 | · | streets. In February 2025, one of the |
| 8:30 | · | most extraordinary finds of Roman era |
| 8:32 | · | London was uncovered at 85 Grace Church |
| 8:34 | · | Street in the heart of the city's |
| 8:36 | · | financial district. The site, slated for |
| 8:38 | · | redevelopment into a 32story skyscraper, |
| 8:40 | · | was first examined by archaeologists who |
| 8:42 | · | cut narrow trenches into the concrete |
| 8:44 | · | floor to check for buried remains. To |
| 8:47 | · | their astonishment, they unearthed a |
| 8:48 | · | substantial piece of Roman masonry lying |
| 8:51 | · | directly beneath the office building's |
| 8:52 | · | foundation. A full excavation followed, |
| 8:54 | · | revealing limestone foundation walls up |
| 8:56 | · | to 4 m or 13 ft deep. The structure was |
| 8:59 | · | immense, measuring roughly 40 m or 130 |
| 9:02 | · | ft long, 20 m or 65 ft wide, and 12 m or |
| 9:05 | · | 40 ft high, and dated between 78 and 84 |
| 9:09 | · | AD. A rooftop stamped with an official |
| 9:11 | · | city mark provided a crucial clue. The |
| 9:13 | · | archaeologists had uncovered a basilica, |
| 9:15 | · | part of a larger Roman forum at |
| 9:17 | · | Londinium. Basilica served as the |
| 9:20 | · | administrative heart of Roman towns, |
| 9:21 | · | hosting legal proceedings, enforcing new |
| 9:23 | · | laws and taxes, and acting as gathering |
| 9:26 | · | places for commerce, public |
| 9:27 | · | announcements, and news from the wider |
| 9:29 | · | empire. This discovery not only |
| 9:31 | · | represented the first known governmental |
| 9:32 | · | building in London, but also one of the |
| 9:34 | · | largest Roman structures ever found in |
| 9:36 | · | Britain, effectively London's first true |
| 9:39 | · | town hall. Archaeologists believe the |
| 9:41 | · | basilica stood for only about two |
| 9:43 | · | decades before being replaced by a |
| 9:45 | · | larger forum complex reflecting |
| 9:47 | · | Londinium's rapid rise as a commercial |
| 9:49 | · | and political hub. Remarkably, much of |
| 9:51 | · | the original structure remains intact. |
| 9:53 | · | In response, Woods Bagard, the |
| 9:55 | · | architectural firm overseeing the |
| 9:57 | · | redevelopment, announced major design |
| 9:59 | · | changes to preserve the site. The tower |
| 10:00 | · | will be scaled back with fewer elevators |
| 10:02 | · | and a reduced height, while the remains |
| 10:04 | · | of the basilica will be incorporated |
| 10:06 | · | into the skyscraper's basement. Plans |
| 10:08 | · | are underway to transform the space into |
| 10:10 | · | a public museum, offering visitors a |
| 10:12 | · | rare opportunity to stand inside |
| 10:13 | · | London's very first civic building and |
| 10:16 | · | witness its Roman origins firsthand. |
| 10:24 | · | At the same time Egypt was raising its |
| 10:26 | · | pyramids, the Americas were undergoing |
| 10:28 | · | their own construction boom led by the |
| 10:30 | · | Nordic eco civilization, also known as
|
| 10:32 | · | the Karal or Karal Sup of Peru. Their |
| 10:35 | · | most renowned settlement, the sacred |
| 10:37 | · | city of Karal Supupe, has long been |
| 10:39 | · | studied and dated to around 5,000 years |
| 10:41 | · | ago, making it the oldest known city of |
| 10:44 | · | the oldest known civilization in the |
| 10:45 | · | Americas. Yet, the sacred city was only |
| 10:48 | · | one of roughly 30 major urban centers |
| 10:50 | · | attributed to this culture. Far from |
| 10:52 | · | primitive, these cities featured |
| 10:54 | · | remarkable innovations, including |
| 10:55 | · | sophisticated residential districts, |
| 10:57 | · | vast plazas, ceremonial temples, and |
| 10:59 | · | even earthquake resistant pyramids. |
| 11:01 | · | Although no evidence of warfare, |
| 11:02 | · | fortifications, or even the written word |
| 11:04 | · | has been found, the Keral people |
| 11:06 | · | excelled in advanced irrigation, textile |
| 11:09 | · | production, mathematics, musical |
| 11:10 | · | instruments, and more. In fact, their |
| 11:12 | · | early achievements strongly influenced |
| 11:14 | · | later Andian civilizations, including |
| 11:16 | · | the Shaven and the Nazca. From around |
| 11:18 | · | 3,500 BC until their decline between |
| 11:21 | · | 1800 and 1700, the Carral dominated |
| 11:24 | · | Peru's central coast, particularly the |
| 11:25 | · | Subu Valley. After their fall, it would |
| 11:28 | · | be nearly a thousand years before the |
| 11:29 | · | shaven rose to prominence, building upon |
| 11:31 | · | the corral's cultural foundations. While |
| 11:34 | · | there is evidence of continued human |
| 11:35 | · | activity in the region during the gap, |
| 11:37 | · | there is little to suggest a direct |
| 11:39 | · | continuation of Corral societal |
| 11:41 | · | structures. Still, their legacies of |
| 11:43 | · | urban planning, monumental architecture, |
| 11:45 | · | and social organization somehow managed |
| 11:47 | · | to live on in the cultures that |
| 11:48 | · | followed. Then in July 2025, |
| 11:50 | · | archaeologists working in Peru's |
| 11:52 | · | northern Barank province, about 193 km |
| 11:55 | · | or 120 mi north of Lemur and near the |
| 11:57 | · | sacred city of Kosupe, announced a |
| 12:00 | · | groundbreaking discovery at a site that |
| 12:01 | · | they had been excavating since 2017. |
| 12:04 | · | They revealed the remains of 18 |
| 12:05 | · | structures dating between 1800 and 1500 |
| 12:07 | · | BC, roughly contemporaneous with Caral's |
| 12:10 | · | decline. These included ceremonial |
| 12:12 | · | temples, residential complexes, and |
| 12:14 | · | public buildings, all forming a |
| 12:15 | · | previously unknown city, Penico. At its |
| 12:18 | · | heart lay a massive plaza with its walls |
| 12:21 | · | adorned with sculpted reliefs of patutus |
| 12:23 | · | conchell trumpets used for music and |
| 12:25 | · | ritual a symbol that connects panico |
| 12:28 | · | both to Caral's love of music and to |
| 12:30 | · | later Andian traditions. Excavations |
| 12:32 | · | also uncovered artifacts such as beaded |
| 12:34 | · | necklaces, clay figurines of people and |
| 12:36 | · | animals, stone tools, and ritual |
| 12:38 | · | objects. Together, these findings |
| 12:40 | · | suggest Pelico thrived as a vibrant |
| 12:41 | · | trade up around 3,500 years ago. Its |
| 12:44 | · | location about 600 m or 2,000 ft above |
| 12:46 | · | sea level was strategic, serving as a |
| 12:48 | · | crossroads that linked coastal |
| 12:49 | · | communities with the Supara valleys and |
| 12:52 | · | connected the Andes to the Amazon. This |
| 12:54 | · | unique position has led researchers to |
| 12:56 | · | nickname Penko the city of social |
| 12:58 | · | integration, a place where diverse |
| 13:00 | · | peoples converged for trade, ceremony, |
| 13:03 | · | and cultural exchange. Like Carral |
| 13:05 | · | before it, Peno shows no evidence of |
| 13:07 | · | warfare or violent collapse. Instead, it |
| 13:09 | · | appears to have flourished as a peaceful |
| 13:11 | · | center of commerce and community, |
| 13:13 | · | bridging the gap between the Carl |
| 13:14 | · | Supoupe and the later civilizations that |
| 13:16 | · | would rise across the Andes.
|
| 13:24 | · | For centuries, the image of prehistoric |
| 13:26 | · | Scotland was shaped largely by Roman |
| 13:28 | · | propaganda. To the Romans, the picss of |
| 13:30 | · | Calonia were little more than savages, |
| 13:32 | · | univilized, disorganized, and incapable |
| 13:34 | · | of agriculture or citybuilding. The |
| 13:36 | · | historian Casius Theo described them as |
| 13:38 | · | living primitively in swampy plains and |
| 13:40 | · | wild mountains while Tommy and Tacitus |
| 13:42 | · | dismissed them as scattered tribes |
| 13:45 | · | without any real societal structure. Yet |
| 13:47 | · | archaeology has painted a very different |
| 13:49 | · | picture of Scotland's ancient past at |
| 13:51 | · | Scar Bray in the Ornne Islands. |
| 13:53 | · | Researchers uncovered one of the best |
| 13:54 | · | preserved Neolithic villages in the |
| 13:56 | · | world dating back over 5,000 years. The |
| 13:58 | · | site revealed houses with built-in |
| 14:00 | · | furniture, central hearths, storage |
| 14:02 | · | areas, and even rudimentary toilets with |
| 14:04 | · | drainage systems. All clear evidence |
| 14:06 | · | that complex organized life thrived in |
| 14:08 | · | Scotland long before the Romans ever |
| 14:10 | · | arrived. Then in 2025, two discoveries |
| 14:13 | · | added even more depth to this history. |
| 14:15 | · | The first came in July when a team from |
| 14:17 | · | Guard Archaeology began digging in |
| 14:19 | · | Carnosti, a coastal town in eastern |
| 14:21 | · | Scotland ahead of construction for some |
| 14:23 | · | new soccer fields. What they found was |
| 14:25 | · | nothing short of extraordinary. The |
| 14:26 | · | largest ancient timber building ever |
| 14:28 | · | discovered in Scotland, dating to around |
| 14:31 | · | 4,000 BC, making it a full thousand |
| 14:33 | · | years older than both Stonehenge and |
| 14:35 | · | Scar Bray. The massive structure |
| 14:37 | · | stretched 35 m or 115 ft long with watom |
| 14:41 | · | and door walls, roof beams of monumental |
| 14:44 | · | size and evidence of interior divisions |
| 14:46 | · | revealed by post holes and floor |
| 14:47 | · | channels. While this find was |
| 14:49 | · | extraordinary enough, nearby |
| 14:50 | · | archaeologists found a second slightly |
| 14:52 | · | smaller building about 20 m or 65 ft. |
| 14:54 | · | This one contained a central hearth |
| 14:56 | · | along with charred hazelnut shells and |
| 14:58 | · | cereal grain suggesting it served |
| 14:59 | · | primarily as a domestic dwelling. |
| 15:01 | · | Together, these buildings point to one |
| 15:03 | · | of the earliest known farming |
| 15:04 | · | communities in Scotland. And yet, ritual |
| 15:06 | · | objects such as axes buried in the walls |
| 15:08 | · | hint that the site also carried |
| 15:10 | · | ceremonial significance, perhaps |
| 15:12 | · | functioning as a gathering or pilgrimage |
| 15:14 | · | site where people from across the region |
| 15:16 | · | came for unknown purposes. Just a month |
| 15:18 | · | later, guard archaeology made headlines |
| 15:20 | · | again after a remarkable finds in |
| 15:22 | · | Guardbridge, a historic village only 5 |
| 15:24 | · | km or 3 mi northwest of St. Andrews. |
| 15:27 | · | Here at a housing development site, |
| 15:28 | · | archaeologists uncovered evidence of |
| 15:30 | · | nearly 10,000 years of continuous human |
| 15:32 | · | activity. Pits from the upper |
| 15:34 | · | Paleolithic contained charred cereal |
| 15:36 | · | grains, pottery fragments, and saddle |
| 15:38 | · | corns, tools used to grind grain |
| 15:40 | · | belonging to early Neolithic farmers. |
| 15:42 | · | From the Bronze Age, they discovered the |
| 15:44 | · | remains of a fort filled with loom |
| 15:45 | · | weight, spindle holes, and fragments of |
| 15:47 | · | shale bracelets, suggesting both textile |
| 15:49 | · | production and domestic life. Later, |
| 15:51 | · | Iron Age roundouses were uncovered, |
| 15:54 | · | though after this period, the record |
| 15:56 | · | appears less clear, leaving open the |
| 15:58 | · | question of whether the site was |
| 15:59 | · | abandoned or simply changed in ways we |
| 16:01 | · | have yet to fully understand. Finally, |
| 16:03 | · | artifacts from the Middle Ages, |
| 16:04 | · | including corn drying kils dating from |
| 16:06 | · | 900 to,300 AD, confirmed that habitation |
| 16:09 | · | in the area continued well into medieval |
| 16:12 | · | times. Together, these discoveries |
| 16:14 | · | dismantle the old Roman stereotype of |
| 16:16 | · | Scotland as wild and univilized. |
| 16:18 | · | Instead, they reveal a landscape of |
| 16:19 | · | vibrant, complex communities stretching |
| 16:21 | · | back thousands of years that included |
| 16:22 | · | farmers, builders, artisans, and ritual |
| 16:25 | · | practitioners whose legacies are still |
| 16:27 | · | being uncovered piece by piece. Thank |
| 16:30 | · | you for watching. |
| 16:32 | · | [Music] |
0:45 - Chapter 1 - Temple of odysseus