Posted on 11/26/2024 8:37:27 AM PST by Cronos
Abstract
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The Armenians are a culturally isolated population who historically inhabited a region in the Near East bounded by the Mediterranean and Black seas and the Caucasus
We find that Armenians form a distinctive cluster linking the Near East, Europe, and the Caucasus. We show that Armenian diversity can be explained by several mixtures of Eurasian populations that occurred between ~3000 and ~2000 bce, a period characterized by major population migrations after the domestication of the horse, appearance of chariots, and the rise of advanced civilizations in the Near East. However, genetic signals of population mixture cease after ~1200 bce when Bronze Age civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean world suddenly and violently collapsed. Armenians have since remained isolated and genetic structure within the population developed ~500 years ago when Armenia was divided between the Ottomans and the Safavid Empire in Iran.
Finally, we show that Armenians have higher genetic affinity to Neolithic Europeans than other present-day Near Easterners, and that 29% of Armenian ancestry may originate from an ancestral population that is best represented by Neolithic Europeans.
Results
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We observe that Armenians form a distinctive cluster bounded by Europeans, Near Easterners, and the Caucasus populations. More specifically, Armenians are close to (1) Spaniards, Italians, and Romanians from Europe; (2) Lebanese, Jews, Druze, and Cypriots from the Near East; and (3) Georgians and Abkhazians from the Caucasus
Principal component analysis of >240 000 SNPs showing the top two components. (a) The position of Armenians in a global genetic diversity sample based on 78 populations from 11 geographical regions. Armenians (173 individuals) were projected to the plot and therefore did not contribute to the observed global structure. (b) A magnification shows that the Armenians (red) demonstrate genetic continuity with the Near East, Europe, and the Caucasus.
(Excerpt) Read more at nature.com ...
The Armenians show signatures of an origin from a mixture of diverse populations occurring from 3000 to 2000 bce. This period spans the Bronze Age, characterized by extensive use of metals in farming tools, chariots, and weapons, accompanied by development of the earliest writing systems and the establishment of trade routes and commerce. Many civilizations such as in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus valley grew to prominence. Major population expansions followed, triggered by advances in transportation technology and the pursuit of resources. Our admixture tests show that Armenian genomes carry signals of an extensive population mixture during this period. We note that these mixture dates also coincide with the legendary establishment of Armenia in 2492 bce. Admixture signals decrease to insignificant levels after 1200 bce, a time when Bronze Age civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean world suddenly collapsed, with major cities being destroyed or abandoned and most trade routes disrupted. This appears to have caused Armenians’ isolation from their surroundings, subsequently sustained by the cultural/linguistic/religious distinctiveness that persists until today.
Why do some academics insist on saying “BCE” instead of “BC”.
That doesn’t change the fact that calendar years are based on the time of Christ’s birth.
Yes I know Jesus was not actually born in 1 AD. The point is, they still use the same year designation.
Islamic Turkey established gun control. From 1915 to 1923, at least 3.5 million Christian Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians ... unable to defend themselves, were rounded up by moslems, then raped and executed.
Omar’s moslem people did something.
My mother used to say to me at the dinner table “ slow down , your like a starving Armenian Yes the Turks starved them to death. The ones they didn’t kill outright
It really is incredible to think how mobile ancient civilizations were 2,000 to 4,000 BC. It must of been a combination of trade routes, militaries on the move, and large human migrations. Randy young men moving vast distances into parts unknown, bedding and impregnating the local young women. Did any of the foreign men marry and settle down? Was it consensual illegitimate sex before the men moved on? How many bloodlines were created by rape?
No matter the way the girls got impregnated, it was widespread and common enough to mark the entire ancestral genetic line of the Armenians.
Constantinople was occupied after WW I. It is a shame Woodrow Wilson and his pals did not give it back to the Christians in Greece...
Thanks Cronos.
Somebody please go back in time and smother Woodrow Wilson in his crib.
All European men trace their patrilineal line to the area that is roughly Ukraine today. What happened? Most of the local European men, who were mixtures of western hunter-gatherers and Anatolian farmers .... were killed or out-competed for the women. Why? The step herders were not just ferocious; they also stood a head taller and were broader at the shoulders than the local men. Then, they also had horses and chariots. But before the step herders even arrived the black plague burned through Europe—decimating whole populations. Stonehenge was built roughly 3000-2500 BC. Over the next 500 years the populations that built stonehenge was replaced by by descendents of step herders from ukraine.
The signatures of the western hunter gatherers and the anatolian farmers remain in the genetic record because they are carried through euopean women.
Pre-agriculture, people would have been far more mobile than we give them credit for being.
I don’t’ think “settling down” was a factor in nomadic peoples - more like bride swapping.
The Sardinians show the oldest extents of pre-Indo-European hunter-gathers in Europe, to they are probably the closest to the “original Europeans”.
I think a lot of the bloodlines were consensual - for the simple reason that rape would have caused damage to the nomadic communities.
Osman’s you mean, right?
and even then, the % of TurkiC genes among TurkiSH people is only in the range of 5% to 15%
I agree. It’s a stupid statement.
What else happened (or was supposed to have happened) between 1 BC and 1 AD that makes it a “common era”?
NOTHING.
the Guptas in India, the Han in China didn’t see anything in that time that suddenly made things a “common era”.
CK — “all”??
I don’t think it is “all” — There are four main Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups that account for most of Europe’s patrilineal descent
1. Haplogroup R1b
2. Haplogroup R1a
3. Haplogroup I
4. Haplogroup E1b1b
The Indo-Europeans spread their culture from Ireland to India and Tocharistan and yet they didn’t genocide the previous inhabitants so much as absorb them
the bronze age (from about 3500 BC to 1200 BC) was a time of advanced, interconnected (nearly) global civilization. One of the most interesting time periods in history.
agree. Not all. (I asked perplexity.ai. this was the answer.)
we can infer some information about the distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroups associated with these ancestral populations.
The predominant Y-chromosome haplogroups in Europe are R1b-M269, I1-M253, I2-M438, and R1a-M4205.
These haplogroups are associated with different ancestral populations:
Steppe Herders: Primarily associated with R1a-M420 and R1b-M269
Western Hunter-Gatherers: Primarily associated with I1-M253 and I2-M438
Anatolian Farmers: Primarily associated with haplogroup J (not one of the four most common in Europe)
The distribution of these haplogroups varies across Europe. For example, R1b-M269 (associated with Steppe Herders) is particularly common in Western Europe, often exceeding 70% frequency5. R1a-M420 (also associated with Steppe Herders) is more frequent in Eastern Europe5.
While exact percentages are not provided, it appears that a significant portion of European patrilineal genetics comes from Steppe Herders, particularly in Western and Eastern Europe. The contribution from Western Hunter-Gatherers (represented by I1-M253 and I2-M438) is also substantial. The Anatolian Farmer contribution to patrilineal genetics seems to be lower, as haplogroup J is not among the four most common in Europe.
It’s important to note that these patterns reflect complex historical population movements and founder effects across the continent, and the percentages can vary significantly between different regions of Europe.
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