| Transcript |
| 0:00 | · | foreign |
| 0:08 | · | of 1780 represented a difficult period |
| 0:11 | · | for the young United States the winter |
| 0:14 | · | of 1779-1780 had been so harsh that it |
| 0:18 | · | was generally called the hard winter and |
| 0:20 | · | the Continental Army struggled as much |
| 0:22 | · | against cold and starvation as it did |
| 0:24 | · | against the British the goal of American |
| 0:27 | · | Independence was still very much in |
| 0:30 | · | doubt when ill Omen struck the land for |
| 0:33 | · | days in New England the sun appeared red |
| 0:35 | · | in the morning and the evening and then |
| 0:37 | · | on May 19 |
| 0:39 | · | 1780 historian Thomas Campanella reports |
| 0:42 | · | a better natural Gloom settled across |
| 0:45 | · | the New England landscape and by noon |
| 0:47 | · | the sun had all but been blotted out |
| 0:51 | · | New England's dark day was read by some |
| 0:54 | · | as an ill Omen and by others as maybe |
| 0:56 | · | the biblical end of times in the |
| 1:00 | · | question of what could have blotted out |
| 1:01 | · | the sun in the middle of the day in May |
| 1:03 | · | vexed historians for nearly two and a |
| 1:06 | · | half centuries |
| 1:07 | · | it is history that deserves to be |
| 1:10 | · | remembered |
| 1:12 | · | writing in a 2007 edition of the journal |
| 1:15 | · | environmental history Campanella |
| 1:17 | · | described the morning of May 19 1780 in |
| 1:20 | · | New England night melted in today |
| 1:22 | · | songbirds greeted the Dawn and the |
| 1:24 | · | Thousand Yankee farmsteads stirred to |
| 1:26 | · | life it seemed a perfectly ordinary |
| 1:28 | · | spring morning in New England |
| 1:31 | · | but he continues things were far from |
| 1:34 | · | ordinary on this Vernal day |
| 1:37 | · | an account published in the Boston |
| 1:39 | · | Continental journal and weekly |
| 1:40 | · | Advertiser on May 25th 1780 notes that |
| 1:43 | · | the hemisphere for several days have |
| 1:45 | · | been greatly obscured with smoke and |
| 1:46 | · | Vapor so that the sun and moon appeared |
| 1:49 | · | unusually red |
| 1:50 | · | after a difficult winter the weather was |
| 1:52 | · | said to have been unseasonably warm the |
| 1:54 | · | advertising note said on Thursday |
| 1:55 | · | afternoon in the evening a thick Cloud |
| 1:58 | · | lay along the South and West the wind |
| 2:00 | · | small |
| 2:01 | · | and on the morning of the 19th the sun |
| 2:03 | · | was again red Friday morning early the |
| 2:05 | · | sun appeared red as it had done for |
| 2:07 | · | several days before Samuel Phillips |
| 2:09 | · | Savage Justice of the piece from Western |
| 2:11 | · | Massachusetts who had played an |
| 2:13 | · | instrumental role in planning the Boston |
| 2:14 | · | Tea Party wrote in his journal the sun |
| 2:17 | · | rises and sets very red |
| 2:20 | · | the conditions had already raised alarm |
| 2:22 | · | David E Phillips a professor of English |
| 2:24 | · | at Eastern Connecticut State University |
| 2:25 | · | wrote in his 1992 book legendary |
| 2:28 | · | Connecticut they say that during the |
| 2:30 | · | first two weeks of May in 1780 the Skies |
| 2:32 | · | over much of New England have been so |
| 2:33 | · | dark that people had difficulty |
| 2:35 | · | conducting their daily Affairs because |
| 2:37 | · | of reduced visibility even during the |
| 2:39 | · | sunniest days |
| 2:40 | · | many of the good Puritan folks saw in |
| 2:42 | · | the lowering Heavens a sign of God's |
| 2:45 | · | displeasure but the red skies and what |
| 2:48 | · | Savage described as remarkably thick air |
| 2:50 | · | would become something altogether |
| 2:52 | · | different as the morning of Friday the |
| 2:54 | · | 19th went on |
| 2:55 | · | Samuel Williams a professor of |
| 2:57 | · | mathematics and philosophy at Harvard |
| 2:59 | · | University described the odd phenomena |
| 3:00 | · | in a 1783 edition of the Memoirs of the |
| 3:03 | · | American Academy of Arts and Sciences |
| 3:06 | · | it came before the hours of 10 and 11 |
| 3:08 | · | A.M and continued into the middle of the |
| 3:10 | · | next night but with different |
| 3:11 | · | appearances at different places as a |
| 3:14 | · | matter of approach it seemed to appear |
| 3:15 | · | first of all in the southwest the wind |
| 3:17 | · | came from this quarter and the Darkness |
| 3:19 | · | appeared to come on the clouds that came |
| 3:20 | · | from that direction |
| 3:22 | · | the degree to which this Darkness arose |
| 3:24 | · | was different in different places |
| 3:26 | · | the phenomenon covered a wide area |
| 3:28 | · | Professor Williams wrote that the extent |
| 3:30 | · | of the darkness was very remarkable from |
| 3:32 | · | the accounts that had been perceived it |
| 3:33 | · | appears to have extended all over the |
| 3:35 | · | New England states it was observed as |
| 3:37 | · | far east as Falmouth to the Western we |
| 3:39 | · | hear it reaching to the farthest points |
| 3:41 | · | of Connecticut and Albany to the |
| 3:43 | · | Southward it was observed all along the |
| 3:45 | · | Seacoast to the north as far as |
| 3:47 | · | settlements extend |
| 3:49 | · | Savage described the Paul as a light |
| 3:51 | · | grassy Hue near the color of pale cider |
| 3:53 | · | that came on as an appearance of the |
| 3:55 | · | whole visible heavens and that finally |
| 3:57 | · | attended with a Gloom nearly resembling |
| 3:59 | · | that of an eclipse of the Sun |
| 4:01 | · | General George Washington with his army |
| 4:03 | · | in New Jersey described the event in his |
| 4:05 | · | diary heavy and uncommon kinds of clouds |
| 4:08 | · | dark at the same time bright and reddish |
| 4:10 | · | kind of light intermixed with them |
| 4:12 | · | brightening and darkening alternatively |
| 4:14 | · | Williams also noted the odd changes in |
| 4:16 | · | color the complexion of the clouds was |
| 4:18 | · | compounded of a faint red yellow and |
| 4:20 | · | brown during the darkness objects which |
| 4:23 | · | commonly appear green were of the |
| 4:24 | · | deepest green verging to Blue and those |
| 4:26 | · | which normally appear white were highly |
| 4:28 | · | tinged with yellow |
| 4:30 | · | Sergeant Martin was in New Jersey with |
| 4:32 | · | Washington he wrote it has been said |
| 4:34 | · | that the darkness was not so great to |
| 4:36 | · | New Jersey as in New England now credit |
| 4:38 | · | was there I do not know but I know that |
| 4:40 | · | it was very dark where I was then in New |
| 4:42 | · | Jersey so much so that the fowls went to |
| 4:44 | · | their roosts the Cox crew and the |
| 4:46 | · | whippoorwill sung their usual serenade |
| 4:48 | · | the people had to light candles in their |
| 4:50 | · | houses to enable them to see to carry on |
| 4:52 | · | their usual business |
| 4:54 | · | the accountant the Continental Journal |
| 4:56 | · | described similar Darkness about 11 |
| 4:58 | · | o'clock the darkness was such as to |
| 5:00 | · | demand our attention and put us upon |
| 5:01 | · | making observations at half past 11 in a |
| 5:04 | · | room with three windows 24 pains each |
| 5:07 | · | all open towards the southeast and South |
| 5:09 | · | large print could not be read by persons |
| 5:11 | · | of good eyes |
| 5:12 | · | about 12 o'clock the windows being still |
| 5:14 | · | open a candle casts the shade so well |
| 5:16 | · | defined on the wall is that profiles |
| 5:18 | · | were taken with as much ease as they |
| 5:20 | · | could have been in the night about one |
| 5:22 | · | o'clock a glin of Light which had |
| 5:24 | · | continued till this time in the East |
| 5:25 | · | shut in and the Darkness was greater |
| 5:28 | · | than it had been for any time before |
| 5:30 | · | Professor Williams noted this level of |
| 5:32 | · | Darkness was experienced throughout New |
| 5:34 | · | England in most parts of the country it |
| 5:36 | · | was so great that people were unable to |
| 5:38 | · | read come and print determine the time |
| 5:40 | · | of day by their clocks or watches dine |
| 5:42 | · | or Mendes their domestic business |
| 5:43 | · | without the likes of candles candles |
| 5:45 | · | were lighted up in houses the birds |
| 5:48 | · | having sung their evening songs |
| 5:49 | · | disappeared and became silent the fouls |
| 5:51 | · | retired to roost the were crawling |
| 5:54 | · | all around as at the break of day |
| 5:55 | · | objects could not be distinguished but |
| 5:57 | · | at very little distance and everything |
| 5:59 | · | bore the appearance and Gloom of night |
| 6:02 | · | the account in the Continental Journey |
| 6:04 | · | noted woodcocks which are night birds |
| 6:06 | · | whistled as they do only in the dark |
| 6:07 | · | frogs peeped in short there was the |
| 6:10 | · | appearance of midnight at noon day |
| 6:13 | · | well some accounts have the darkness |
| 6:15 | · | lifting a little late in the day |
| 6:16 | · | Washington wrote that this continued |
| 6:18 | · | till afternoon when the sun began to |
| 6:19 | · | appear the darkness was more evident at |
| 6:22 | · | night Sergeant Martin wrote that the |
| 6:24 | · | night was as uncommonly dark as the day |
| 6:26 | · | was Campanella writes it was so terrible |
| 6:28 | · | dark confided experience Richardson of |
| 6:30 | · | Sudbury Massachusetts that we could not |
| 6:33 | · | see our hand before us Samuel Tenney |
| 6:36 | · | suggested that the inky black was |
| 6:37 | · | probably as gross as ever had been |
| 6:39 | · | observed since the almighty Fiat gave |
| 6:41 | · | birth to light |
| 6:43 | · | even a sheet of paper held within a few |
| 6:45 | · | inches of the eyes was as black as |
| 6:47 | · | velvet |
| 6:48 | · | in his normally bright West room Savage |
| 6:50 | · | could not discern either of the windows |
| 6:51 | · | but by feeling for all was Universal |
| 6:54 | · | black |
| 6:55 | · | when the belated gibeous Moon finally |
| 6:57 | · | Rose at three minutes past nine o'clock |
| 6:58 | · | in Boston it was not silver nor even |
| 7:01 | · | Pink as it had been for several evenings |
| 7:03 | · | but blood red |
| 7:05 | · | the moon was nearly full yet its Ruddy |
| 7:07 | · | light was soon extinguished by the pawl |
| 7:09 | · | of Gloom now a truly terrible Blackness |
| 7:11 | · | descended on the land kind of Egyptian |
| 7:13 | · | Darkness for the correspondent to the |
| 7:15 | · | Massachusetts spy in which no optic was |
| 7:18 | · | discernible but by the help of some |
| 7:20 | · | artificial light |
| 7:22 | · | theories started quickly regarding what |
| 7:24 | · | could cause it to become as dark as |
| 7:25 | · | midnight in the middle of a May Day |
| 7:27 | · | Williams took careful notes on the |
| 7:29 | · | weather including readings of barometric |
| 7:31 | · | pressure he speculated that upon the |
| 7:33 | · | hole it is evident that the atmosphere |
| 7:34 | · | was charged in a high degree with vapors |
| 7:37 | · | that these Vapors were of different |
| 7:38 | · | densities and occupied different heights |
| 7:40 | · | by this means the Rays of the lights |
| 7:43 | · | falling upon them must have suffered a |
| 7:44 | · | variety of refractions and Reflections |
| 7:46 | · | and therefore I become weakened absorbed |
| 7:48 | · | or so far reflected is to not fall upon |
| 7:50 | · | objects in the earth in the usual manner |
| 7:54 | · | John Ross writing in a 2008 edition of |
| 7:56 | · | American Heritage list other answers |
| 7:58 | · | offered at the time one postulating that |
| 8:01 | · | a blazing Star had passed between the |
| 8:02 | · | Earth and the Sun another attributing |
| 8:04 | · | the dark day to the rise of aqueous |
| 8:06 | · | sulfurus betimius selenius vitreous |
| 8:10 | · | particles into the atmosphere |
| 8:12 | · | Ash argued another commentator vast |
| 8:15 | · | quantities of elastic heterogeneous |
| 8:17 | · | Vapors generated in consequence of the |
| 8:19 | · | great body of snow which covered the |
| 8:20 | · | Earth so long the winter passed and |
| 8:23 | · | exhaled during the warm dry weather |
| 8:24 | · | stated another |
| 8:26 | · | the observer in the Continental Journal |
| 8:28 | · | noted a strong smell and a light |
| 8:30 | · | scum that formed on rainwater which he |
| 8:32 | · | found to be nothing but the black ashes |
| 8:34 | · | of burnt leaves given these signs it |
| 8:36 | · | concluded that the vast body of smoke |
| 8:38 | · | from the woods which had been burning |
| 8:39 | · | for many days mixing with the common |
| 8:41 | · | exhalations from the earth and water and |
| 8:43 | · | condensed by the action of winds from |
| 8:44 | · | opposite points May perhaps be |
| 8:46 | · | sufficient cause to produce the |
| 8:48 | · | surprising Darkness |
| 8:50 | · | others however found these scientific |
| 8:52 | · | explanations to be insufficient in a |
| 8:55 | · | broadside titled some remarks on the |
| 8:56 | · | great and unusual Darkness a writer |
| 8:58 | · | identified only as a farmer in the state |
| 9:00 | · | of Massachusetts Bay claimed that the |
| 9:02 | · | sudden Darkness excited a few of the |
| 9:04 | · | learned to make some very curious |
| 9:05 | · | observations that the Gloom was for |
| 9:07 | · | example occasioned by the smoke of burnt |
| 9:10 | · | leaves which I think nothing can be more |
| 9:13 | · | simple and absurd |
| 9:15 | · | Campanella argues many perhaps most new |
| 9:18 | · | englanders responded to the sudden |
| 9:20 | · | darkness by turning to God |
| 9:21 | · | all day and into the night the faithful |
| 9:23 | · | rushed into their meeting houses |
| 9:25 | · | quoting history of Mike Dash a 2014 |
| 9:28 | · | edition of BBC News notes the Northeast |
| 9:30 | · | quarter of the United States was a |
| 9:32 | · | deeply Protestant Society with a |
| 9:34 | · | profound interest in guilt sin and |
| 9:36 | · | Redemption |
| 9:37 | · | Campanella notes and the Bible a |
| 9:40 | · | normative text in nearly all aspects of |
| 9:42 | · | early New England life had much to say |
| 9:44 | · | about Dark Skies black Suns red moons |
| 9:47 | · | and the like congregants knew only too |
| 9:49 | · | well that for example the Lord had |
| 9:51 | · | instructed Moses in the book of Exodus |
| 9:52 | · | 10 21 to stretch out thine hand towards |
| 9:55 | · | heaven that there may be Darkness over |
| 9:57 | · | the land of Egypt even darkness which |
| 9:59 | · | may be felt and Moses stretched forth |
| 10:01 | · | his hand towards heaven and there was a |
| 10:03 | · | thick darkness in all the land of Egypt |
| 10:05 | · | for three days |
| 10:06 | · | indeed preternatural darkness is a |
| 10:08 | · | recurrent theme in both the Old and New |
| 10:10 | · | Testaments of the Bible while light is a |
| 10:12 | · | symbol of goodness and Purity darkness |
| 10:15 | · | is a master image for chaos separation |
| 10:17 | · | and death and the synonym of sin and |
| 10:20 | · | Evil |
| 10:21 | · | Dash told the BBC there are some verses |
| 10:23 | · | in Matthew that might have led them to |
| 10:25 | · | believe that this was the second coming |
| 10:27 | · | of Christ at the time natural events |
| 10:29 | · | even birds fighting in the sky were a |
| 10:31 | · | sign of God's intentions the dark day |
| 10:33 | · | would have seemed like a warning to man |
| 10:35 | · | campanello writes that his clergyman |
| 10:37 | · | dyrus Timothy Dwight put it a very |
| 10:39 | · | general opinion prevailed that the day |
| 10:41 | · | of judgment was at hand |
| 10:44 | · | 2009 edition of the Smithsonian noted |
| 10:46 | · | that a revolutionary war Pfeiffer |
| 10:48 | · | recalled people came out wringing their |
| 10:49 | · | hands and Howling the day of judgment is |
| 10:51 | · | calm Port John Greenleaf Whittier wrote |
| 10:54 | · | in 1868 that men prayed and women wept |
| 10:57 | · | all years grew sharp to hear the Doom |
| 10:59 | · | blast of the trumpet chatter the black |
| 11:01 | · | sky |
| 11:02 | · | Dash who wrote about the phenomenon in |
| 11:04 | · | his 1998 book Borderlands writes that |
| 11:07 | · | for The Devout Christians who believed |
| 11:09 | · | in the literal truth of the Bible the |
| 11:10 | · | important was obvious |
| 11:12 | · | thousands of people left their work the |
| 11:14 | · | pie is headed for church while many |
| 11:16 | · | others found comfort in taverns |
| 11:19 | · | a poem published as a broadside wrote |
| 11:21 | · | let us adore and bow before The |
| 11:23 | · | Sovereign Lord of Might who trunks away |
| 11:25 | · | The Shining day into the shades of night |
| 11:28 | · | the anonymous Farmer in the broadside |
| 11:29 | · | route oh backsliding New England attend |
| 11:32 | · | now to the things which belong to your |
| 11:33 | · | peace before they are forever hid from |
| 11:36 | · | your eyes |
| 11:38 | · | this fear reached the halls of |
| 11:39 | · | government writing in his 1992 book |
| 11:42 | · | legendary Connecticut historian David |
| 11:43 | · | Phillips writes the Connecticut General |
| 11:45 | · | Assembly began their deliberations on |
| 11:47 | · | May 19 1780 the Chamber of the State |
| 11:50 | · | House in Hartford grew so dark that it |
| 11:51 | · | seemed as if the sun had been turned off |
| 11:53 | · | to many members of the legislature |
| 11:55 | · | devout Puritans as they were it appeared |
| 11:57 | · | that the promised day of judgment was at |
| 11:59 | · | hand |
| 12:00 | · | probably as much out of General |
| 12:01 | · | consternation is out of inability to |
| 12:03 | · | conduct business in the dark the House |
| 12:05 | · | of Representatives adjourned |
| 12:08 | · | but in that story a unique hero Rose in |
| 12:11 | · | the form of a judge and member of the |
| 12:12 | · | Connecticut Council today called the |
| 12:14 | · | state senate Phillips continues |
| 12:16 | · | in the council however it was a |
| 12:18 | · | different story |
| 12:19 | · | their advice on how to proceed under |
| 12:21 | · | such trying circumstance was sought by |
| 12:23 | · | the members from their most respected |
| 12:24 | · | colleague Abraham Davenport with |
| 12:27 | · | scarcely any hesitation the worthy |
| 12:29 | · | Stanford lawmaker answered I am against |
| 12:32 | · | adjournment the day of judgment is |
| 12:34 | · | either approaching or it is not if it is |
| 12:36 | · | not there is no cause for the |
| 12:38 | · | adjournment |
| 12:39 | · | if it is I choose to be found doing my |
| 12:41 | · | duty I wish therefore that candles may |
| 12:44 | · | be brought |
| 12:45 | · | John Greenleaf Whittier memorialized |
| 12:47 | · | Davenport and there he stands in memory |
| 12:50 | · | to this day erect self POI is a |
| 12:52 | · | rugged-faced half seen against the |
| 12:53 | · | background of the unnatural dark |
| 12:55 | · | a witness to the ages as they pass |
| 12:58 | · | that simple Duty hath no place |
| 13:01 | · | for fear |
| 13:03 | · | one interesting impact of the religious |
| 13:04 | · | fervor surrounding the event was the |
| 13:06 | · | rise of a religious movement that would |
| 13:08 | · | become much more powerful in the United |
| 13:09 | · | States in the 19th century Smithsonian |
| 13:11 | · | Magazine writes the Dark Day ended at |
| 13:14 | · | midnight when the Stars once again |
| 13:15 | · | became visible in the night sky but |
| 13:18 | · | lingering concerns about a pending |
| 13:19 | · | apocalypse prompted some people to seek |
| 13:21 | · | out an obscure Christian sect the |
| 13:23 | · | Shakers who had recently settled near |
| 13:25 | · | Albany New York |
| 13:27 | · | a splinter of the Quaker movement the |
| 13:28 | · | Shakers preached complete celibacy as |
| 13:30 | · | the true path to Redemption |
| 13:32 | · | the Shakers knew an opportunity when |
| 13:34 | · | they saw one and embarked on a 26-month |
| 13:36 | · | mission throughout New England which |
| 13:38 | · | brought them hundreds of converts what |
| 13:40 | · | could cause this extraordinary Darkness |
| 13:42 | · | remained a matter of question for more |
| 13:44 | · | than two centuries suggestions included |
| 13:47 | · | everything from meteor showers to |
| 13:49 | · | volcanic eruptions to a lunar or solar |
| 13:51 | · | eclipse but in 2008 researchers at the |
| 13:54 | · | University of Missouri thought that they |
| 13:56 | · | found the solution investigating tree |
| 13:58 | · | rings in the Algonquin region of Canada |
| 14:00 | · | they determined that there had been a |
| 14:02 | · | major forest fire in the 1780s yeah |
| 14:05 | · | should apparently entered the atmosphere |
| 14:06 | · | in effective conditions hundreds of |
| 14:08 | · | miles away supports the conclusions that |
| 14:10 | · | were made in the Continental Journal but |
| 14:12 | · | as American settlement with no more than |
| 14:14 | · | maybe 200 miles Inland observers at the |
| 14:16 | · | time could not possibly have known that |
| 14:18 | · | these forest fires had occurred that is |
| 14:21 | · | the evidence needed to prove the |
| 14:22 | · | conjecture of 1780 required the |
| 14:24 | · | technology of the 21st Century |
| 14:27 | · | while American Heritage notes that new |
| 14:29 | · | englanders would not soon forget that |
| 14:31 | · | dark day it lived on in folklore poems |
| 14:34 | · | tracks and sermons for Generations it |
| 14:36 | · | turns out the day was not in fact unique |
| 14:39 | · | Williams noted that other instances of |
| 14:41 | · | dark days in the Americas had been |
| 14:43 | · | observed in 1760. 1732 and 1762 and |
| 14:47 | · | physicist William Corless searched |
| 14:49 | · | through scientific journals and found |
| 14:50 | · | references to 46 incidences of dark days |
| 14:53 | · | occurring between 1091 and 1971. |
| 14:57 | · | Campanella writes that in the end May |
| 14:59 | · | 19th was just another day in the life of |
| 15:02 | · | colonial America but it represented more |
| 15:04 | · | than a day as Campanella goes on the |
| 15:07 | · | event led to a broad discussion in |
| 15:09 | · | broadsheets and newspapers in the Boston |
| 15:11 | · | area about both the theological and the |
| 15:13 | · | scientific implications that would |
| 15:15 | · | contribute to the development of the |
| 15:17 | · | culture of scientific inquiry and |
| 15:19 | · | intellectual creativity that would |
| 15:20 | · | eventually characterize New England and |
| 15:22 | · | transform Boston into the intellectual |
| 15:24 | · | Center of America |
| 15:27 | · | American Heritage notes that this new |
| 15:29 | · | unfolding culture of scientific inquiry |
| 15:31 | · | that was sweeping the Western world was |
| 15:33 | · | a a revolution that was almost as potent |
| 15:36 | · | as the war for independence from the |
| 15:39 | · | English |
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| 16:39 | · | merchandise shop or book a special |
| 16:40 | · | message from the history guy on cameo |
| 16:44 | · | [Applause] |
| 16:48 | · | [Music] |
| 16:55 | · | foreign |
| 17:01 | · | [Music] |
| 17:02 | · | [Applause] |
| 17:04 | · | [Music] |
| 17:04 | · | [Applause] |
| 17:09 | · | [Music] |
