Posted on 12/08/2021 7:33:21 PM PST by Kevmo
Where and How LENR Occur
E-mail: nagel@gwu.edu
The occurrence of LENR involves two separate considerations: (1) the location where reactants come together, and (2) the mechanism by which the nuclear reactions occur. Understanding, and also the practical reproducibility and control of LENR, require attention to both where and how LENR happen.
Where: The locations and conditions needed for production of LENR, what Storms called the Nuclear Active Environment (NAE) [1], have received much attention over the decades.
Both the interior and surfaces of materials have been considered, with frequent attention to defects. The interiors of real lattices range from being highly pure and perfect with thermal vacancies (like silicon crystals grown for chips) to other pure but defective crystals with 0-D point defects (single vacancies or small clusters of vacancies), 1-D line defects (various dislocations and also vacancy tubes in Super Abundant Vacancy or SAV materials), 2-D planar defects (internal grain and twin boundaries, and external surfaces), and 3-D defects (including gaps, cracks and voids), to impure crystals (with interstitial or substitutional impurities) to alloys (of many kinds).
There is a similar range of defects on surfaces, including 0-D point structures (surface vacancies or adatoms), 1-D defects (notably ledges), 2-D defects (such as the surface itself and incomplete overlayers) to 3-D defects (including gaps and cracks).
Storms favors cracks on and in materials [2]. Miley has touted dislocations as the NAE [3]. Staker apparently believes that LENR occur within tubes of vacancies in SAV materials [4].
This paper considers grain boundaries and surfaces as the NAE. Both of these 2D structures are very common, and have open characteristics.
Those two features favor both high accumulation and facile motion of deuterons or protons into and within materials on scales ranging from the macroscopic to the nanometer scale. High loading and high fluxes of deuterons are both known empirically to favor production of LENR.
How: The physical mechanisms for nuclear reactions also require detailed consideration. Numerous theories have been advanced to explain how LENR occur, but most of them are incomplete [5].
One of the more complete LENR theory was advanced by Kálmán and Keszthelyi [6]. It involves a three-body catalytic mechanism, and standard second-order Quantum Mechanical calculations.
Their published numerical results have yet to be validated, but their mechanism agrees well with results from significant LENR experiments. For example, some experiments have shown that LENR power varies with the square of the degree of loading.
Many experiments have shown the value of a flux of deuterons or protons. The Kálmán -Keszthelyi mechanism agrees with these and some other LENR observations.
This paper will review laboratory LENR data which supports both possibilities:
(1) LENR tend to occur near grain boundaries within lattices, and also on the surfaces of lattices, and
(2) the three-body catalytic mechanism is a leading candidate for the understanding of LENR.
Experiments to test both perspectives will be recommended. Significant LENR data that does not clearly align with the two possibilities will also be examined. Such data challenge the perspective of this paper.
[1] E. Storms, “The nature of the energy-active state in Pd-D. Infinite Energy, Issue 5 &6, p. 77 (1995)
[2] E. Storms, “An Approach to Explaining Cold Fusion”, Proceedings ILENRS-12, Paper 6-1 (2012)
[3] G. H. Miley et al., “Use of D/H Clusters in LENR and Recent Results from Gas-Loaded Nanoparticle-type Clusters“, J. Cond. Matter Nucl. Sci., vol. 13, pp. 411–421 (2014)
[4] M. R. Staker, “A model and simulation of lattice vibrations in a superabundant vacancy phase of palladium deuterium“, Modelling and Simulation in Mat. Science and Eng., vol. 28, 065006 (2020)
[5] D. J. Nagel, “Expectations of LENR Theories”, J. Cond. Matter Nucl, Sci., vol. 26, pp.15–31 (2018)
[6] P. Kálmán and T. Keszthelyi “Nuclear processes in solids: basic 2nd-order processes“, arXiv:1303. 1078v3 (24 Jan 2017) and “Forbidden nuclear reactions”, Physical Review C, vol. 99, 054620 (2019)
1-D line defects
***Goes alongside my 1 dimensional theory
Vibrating 1 Dimensional Luttinger Liquid Bose Einstein Condensate [V1DLLBEC theory]
https://www.lenr-forum.com/search-result/69916/?highlight=V1DLLBEC
The Cold Fusion/LENR Ping List
http://www.freerepublic.com/tag/coldfusion/index?tab=articles
Keywords: ColdFusion; LENR; lanr; CMNS
chat—science
—
Vortex-L
http://tinyurl.com/pxtqx3y
Best book to get started on this subject:
EXCESS HEAT
Why Cold Fusion Research Prevailed by Charles Beaudette
https://www.abebooks.com/9780967854809/Excess-Heat-Why-Cold-Fusion-0967854806/plp
Updated No Internal Trolling Rules for FR per Jim Robinson
https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/3928396/posts
If someone says stop, then stop. Do not enter onto a thread on a topic you don’t like just to disrupt, rattle cages, poke sticks, insult the regulars, or engage in trolling activities, etc. ~Jim Robinson
The issue isn’t whether we allow skepticism, it is whether we allow hyperskeptics and skeptopaths to ruin the scientific dialog. Such FReepers who persist in polluting these threads have been asked to leave, and we are asking that they open their own threads if they have comments.
https://freerepublic.com/focus/chat/3977426/posts?page=19#19
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This topic has a following, people who wish to learn and discuss the materials presented.
Please refrain from posting anything that doesn’t legitimately address the issue.
Something is going on in this segment of science. There are a considerable number of research groups studying the matter.
19 posted on 7/19/2021, 6:45:09 PM by Sidebar Moderator
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“This paper will review laboratory LENR data which supports both possibilities:”
Where is the paper?
Dr. Nagel: “ One of the more
likely possibilities is for LENR energy generators, even
though they work initially, not to be reliable.”
The use of acronyms clearly has value, especially when continual repetition of their meaning (the actual words) becomes, well, repetitive. And here, LENR obviously means something, but I see nowhere it is defined in the initial synopsis posted. Just a suggestion.
I wonder what history will say about the science moguls who tried to strangle cold fusion in the crib.
Probably it’ll be covered up, what they did will go into the memory hole. I hope not.
LENR has at least two similar definitions: Lattice Enabled Nuclear Reactions, and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions.
I understand. I’ve written dozens of research papers and reports. The very first thing you do when mentioning an acronym is to define what that acronym means. Then you’re free to throw it around all over your paper or study all you want in acronym form. Here, I’d take it to mean Low Energy Nuclear Reaction. But that’s just me...
I would ordinarily say, “check the video” but TG has been asked to leave LENR threads multiple times because his interest is in disruption rather than furthering the science.
Yet another attempted disruption by a proven skeptopath.
Asked & Answered:
Moving the goalposts
https://freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/4000502/posts?page=39#39
LENR =
Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
I’ll check into updating the ping blurb, thanks for the feedback
The very first thing you do when mentioning an acronym is to define what that acronym means.
***The same thing for writing engineering datasheets, technical writing.
Cold Fusion will be ‘accidentally discovered’, as a lot of scientific ‘discoveries’ are, when one scientist figures out to use the Strong and Weak nuclear forces along with magnetism as tools and not obstacles.
1st Hydrogen atom: I’ve lost my electron!
2nd Hydrogen atom: Are you sure?
1st Hydrogen atom: I’m positive!.................
I updated the Cold Fusion ping blurb, adding this:
Acronyms:
LENR: Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. [Also Lattice Enabled Nuclear Reactions, but seldom used]
CANR: Chemical Assisted Nuclear Reactions [fallen into disuse along with LANR/Lattice Assisted Nuclear Reactions]
CMNS: Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
LCF: Lattice Confined Fusion [NASA’s term for it]
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