Posted on 12/14/2020 10:57:30 AM PST by ConservativeMind
Prostatic hyperplasia, characterized by progressive hyperplasia of glandular and stromal tissues, is the most common proliferative abnormality of the prostate in aging men. Mangosteen pericarp powder (MPP) has abundant xanthones which can be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative agents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to research whether MPP supplementation can affect the progression of prostatic hyperplasia. Our findings first demonstrated that MPP consumption significantly decreased the prostate weight, serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations, protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and malondialdehyde levels and ameliorated mitochondrial function in prostatic tissues. These results suggest that MPP supplementation could be used to attenuate the progression of prostatic hyperplasia.
MPP supplementation significantly decreased the percentages of prostate weight/BW in both the PL and PH groups by 18.9%, and the percentages of liver weight/BW significantly decreased by 26.4% and 34.2%, respectively
(Excerpt) Read more at nature.com ...
Mangosteen pericarps extract treatments increased antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, GPx, GRd, CAT) activities in the rat liver tissue in MGE group compared to HFD group (Table 1). These results demonstrate mangosteen extract could confer a protective effect by enhancing hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities.
It also helps control cholesterol levels, lower blood pressure and protect the heart muscle. It has strong antibiotic properties and helps fight infections in cases of meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory problems and tuberculosis. Mangosteen is also believed to possess antidepressant properties.
Mangosteen active against liver cancer
Nov 21, 2005
Garcinia mangostana. Commonly known as Mangosteen fruit contains a class of polyphenols known as Xanthones that have promising anticancer activities. Xanthones are not common in nature and Mangosteen has about 20 different Xanthones. Xanthones are powerful antioxidants that have strong antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activity, and of course in many studies - anticancer benefits. The following Xanthones are found in high concentrations and are largely responsible for the health benefits of this protective fruit: alpha, beta, and gamma-mangostin, and garcinone-e.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of liver cancer that tends to metastasize to surrounding tissues. It is a type of adenocarcinoma, one of the most common cancers in the world and the most common form of liver cancer. Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis increase the risk of this cancer. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with chemotherapy has generally been disappointing and researchers are searching for new drugs that are effective for liver cancer.
Scientists extracted and purified 6 Xanthones from the Mangosteen fruit and then tested them on 14 different human cancer samples that included 6 liver cancer cell lines (hepatocellular carcinoma). Garcinone E had a potent cytotoxic effect on all 6 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and on all lung cancer and all gastric cancer cell lines included in the study. The study is published in the November 2002 issue of the journal Planta Medica.
Commentary by Jerry Hickey, R.Ph.
Hopefully none of us will encounter an agent as destructive as mustard gas, but it is good for us to note that these particular antioxidants are very lung friendly and that available oral supplement levels have shown protective activity in research.
Unfortunately, they are highly seasonal, expensive, and only found at Asian supermarkets.
Also, I have thrown out those think skins because I didn't know they were edible.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)
Ayman EL-Meghawry EL-Kenawy, ... Hosam-Eldin Hussein Osman, in Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements, 2019
Anticancer Action of Mangosteen Compounds
The distinctive physical and chemical properties of xanthones show promise for dietary chemoprevention due to their putative health benefits and the protection they clearly provide (Shan et al., 2011).
It has long been advocated that many xanthones from this fruit including α-mangostin possess anticancer properties that could be used in prostate, breast, lung, colorectal, and cutaneous cancer by initiating and regulating cell death pathways, suppressing cancer cell propagation and spread, and arresting the cell cycle (Arcangeli et al., 2012; Li et al., 2013).
α-Mangostin in the human breast cancer cell line MDA–MB231 induced programmed cell death through the mitochondrial pathway and significantly elevated the ssDNA, caspase 3, 8, and 9 levels (Kurose et al., 2012).
α-Mangostin has a significant effect against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines (Kaomongkolgit et al., 2011). α-Mangostin reduces cancer growth and spread to the lymph nodes via an immune-competent xenograft model of metastatic mammary cancer carrying a p53 mutation (Shibata et al., 2011).
Mangosteen extract containing α-mangostin and γ-mangostin completely suppresses the growth of HCT 116 colorectal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by caspase-mediated apoptosis (Buelna-Chontal et al., 2011).
The antiapoptotic properties of xanthones in α-mangostin have been examined and documented as antimelanoma agents via caspase stimulation, which involves increasing 25-fold the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and disrupting the mitochondrial cell cycle membrane when matched to untreated cells (Wang et al., 2011).
“Thick skin” = “think skin”
Both fruits taste great, fresh.
I know durian smells like garlic, onion, and foot odor, but it’s got a wonderful flavor and it’s sweet. It is the only food I can describe as “finger pudding.”
Mangosteen is probably my favorite fruit. I love the taste and it tastes so gently sweet that it doesn’t seem possible it is not a candy.
Have you been to Malaysia?
I don’t see how much mangosteen skin powder was used, but to make up for the pure fiber part of the skins, they gave cellulose to the control.
The mangosteen skin powder is not strictly fiber.
Been around both in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia.
Couldn’t get durian past my nose.
I ordered a kilo of it to give it a try for a few months. The last article I read stated it was very good to treat colon cancer.
Ten years ago I had pretty bad colon cancer. My father died of prostate cancer. I’m a Guinea pig.
Grape seed extract is proven for colon cancer, too.
I really encourage you to try a single fresh pod from durian. It blew my mind how tasty it was.
Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: potential anticancer drugs
T Shan 1, Q Ma, K Guo, J Liu, W Li, F Wang, E Wu
Affiliations expand
PMID: 21902651 PMCID: PMC3237908 DOI: 10.2174/156652411797536679
Free PMC article
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the treatment and management of malignant tumors still remain a formidable challenge for public health. New strategies for cancer treatment are being developed, and one of the most promising treatment strategies involves the application of chemopreventive agents.
The search for novel and effective cancer chemopreventive agents has led to the identification of various naturally occurring compounds. Xanthones, from the pericarp, whole fruit, heartwood, and leaf of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn., GML), are known to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacologic properties, including antioxidant, anti- tumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activities.
The potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of xanthones have been demonstrated in different stages of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, and progression) and are known to control cell division and growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and metastasis. Multiple lines of evidence from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that xanthones inhibit proliferation of a wide range of human tumor cell types by modulating various targets and signaling transduction pathways.
Here we provide a concise and comprehensive review of preclinical data and assess the observed anticancer effects of xanthones, supporting its remarkable potential as an anticancer agent.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
It has been recognized that the components of the inflammatory signaling pathways are associated with carcinogenesis [44]. Mangosteen has been shown to exhibit substantial antiphlogistic activity. Shankaranarayan et al. reported that α-mangostin, 1-isomangostin and mangostin triacetate exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model [57].
Gopalakrishnan also demonstrated that α-mangostin inhibited systemic anaphylaxis and immunocyto-adherence in guinea pigs and rats [58]. Chairungsrilerd et al. showed that α- and γ-mangostins could inhibit the contractions of isolated thoracic rabbit aorta induced by histamine and serotonin, suggesting that these mangostin compounds are histaminergic and serotonergic receptor blocking agents [59]. Furthermore, α- and γ-mangostin suppressed the release of histamine from IgE-sensitized rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells [60, 61], and the results from these studies indicate that the likely mechanism of xanthones mainly involves the suppression of the Syk/PLCγs/PKC pathway.
Induction of Cancer Cell Cycle Arrest
It is well known that the cell cycle is normally regulated by a number of proteins, including p53, p21waf, the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) and their activators, the cyclins.
The dysregulation of cell cycle machinery and checkpoint signaling pathways is a hallmark of malignant cells [73, 74]. Thus, modulation of cell cycle progression is one of the major strategies for both chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Treatment of mangosteen results in a direct inhibition of the proliferation and viability of various cancer cell types in vitro, as manifested by the significant arrest of cells at various phases of the cell cycle [23].
Matsumoto et al. demonstrated that the antiproliferative effects of four structurally similar prenylated xanthones, α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, and methoxy- β-mangostin, were associated with cell cycle arrest mediated by modulation of the expression of cyclin A, B1, D1, E1, cdc2 or p27 in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells.
The exposure of α-mangostin and β-mangostin to DLD-1 cells resulted in G1 arrest, and treatment of γ-mangostin led to S arrest [42]. These findings provide a rational basis for the development of xanthones as agents for cancer prevention or for use in combination with anti-cancer drugs; however, further experiments are required to explore the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the observed induction of cell cycle arrest (Fig. 5).
Xanthones from Mangosteen Extracts as Natural Chemopreventive Agents: Potential Anticancer Drugs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3237908/
Cancer cells Xanthones ED50 (μM) Ref
Human leukemia
HL60 α-mangostin 6.8 [27]
HL60 β-mangostin 7.6 [27]
HL60 γ-mangostin 6.1 [27]
HL60 mangostinone 19.0 [27]
HL60 garcinone E 15.0 [27]
K562 α-mangostin <10.0 [27]
NB4 α-mangostin <10.0 [27]
U937 α-mangostin <10.0 [27]
Lung cancer
NCI-H187 mangostenone C 8.9 [35]
NCI-H187 gartanin 2.6 [35]
A549 α-mangostin 12.5–15 [80]
Breast cancer
SKBR3 GML extract 22.0 [28]
BC-1 mangostenone C 8.5 [35]
BC-1 α-mangostin 2.2 [35]
T-lymphoblastic leukemia
CEM-SS cell α-mangostin 13.0 [36]
CEM-SS cell mangostanol 23.0 [36]
CEM-SS cell γ-mangostin 11.2 [36]
CEM-SS cell garcinone D 7.7 [36]
Mouth epidermoid carcinoma
KB cell mangostenone C 6.7 [35]
KB cell α-mangostin 5.0 [35]
Pheochromocytoma
PC12 α-mangostin 4.0 [30]
Colorectal cancer
DLD-1 α-mangostin 7.5 [31]
DLD-1 β-mangostin 8.1 [31]
DLD-1 γ-mangostin 7.1 [31]
HT-29 3-isomangostin 4.9 [41]
HT-29 α-mangostin 1.7 [41]
HT-29 β-mangostin 1.7 [41]
HT-29 garcinone D 2.3 [41]
HT-29 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone 9.1 [41]
COLO 205 α-mangostin -- [39]
Ovarian cancer
SK-OV3 macluraxanthone 4.24 [35]
Glioma
C6 rat glioma cells γ-mangostin >30 [37]
Curr Mol Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 15
The ED50 (median effective dose) is the dose of a medication that produces a specific effect in 50% of the population that takes that dose.
Seems like a pretty bad side reaction. I wonder if Graminex or some other pollen supplement would have the BPH benefit without reducing testosterone.
Interesting how a plant that looks so promising and the research is stopped. This was the conclusion in 2011
CONCLUSION
Carcinogenesis prevention is considered to be a promising alternative strategy for the treatment of cancer.
In recent years, many naturally occurring substances have demonstrated protection against experimental carcinogenesis.
Based on this information, this review presents compelling evidence for the use of mangosteen not only to prevent but also to treat cancer due to the similar molecular targets that affect tumor initiation, promotion, and progression.
Taken together, these results support that mangosteen can modulate various molecular pathways involved in multiple processes of carcinogenesis including the inactivation of carcinogens, the induction of apoptosis, the initiation of cell cycle arrest, and the suppression of metastasis.
It may be used in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents as adjuvant therapies to achieve increased therapeutic efficacy and minimize chemotherapy-induced toxicity.
Although there is compelling evidence to suggest that xanthones from mangosteen may be a remarkable candidate for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic strategies due to its efficacy and pharmacological safety, further research must be conducted before the compounds can be employed as an agent for the chemoprevention/treatment of cancer.
Extensive animal studies, long-term epidemiologic studies, and controlled clinical trials are necessary to evaluate safety and chemopreventive efficacy of mangosteen either alone or in combination with additional chemotherapeutic agents.
Here, we emphasize that specific xanthone derivatives in future trials is important. α-mangostin, is the most widespread studied and exhibited the highest activity against breast cancer, human leukemia, lung cancer, pheochromocytoma, and colorectal carcinoma.
Therefore, α-mangostin should be preferentially used to study for these cancers in future clinical trials. Garcinone E, the most toxic on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines [24], was valid against gastric carcinoma cell lines [24], indicating it is good to use in alimentary system tumor trials.
We don’t need DHT after puberty, and that is the most problematic form of testosterone.
The problem with BPH is that all forms of testosterone are elevated beyond what is healthy, but free testosterone is not.
Selective biological functions of testosterone versus DHT in male puberty
Testosterone
Spermatogenesis and fertility
Male musculoskeletal development
Voice deepening Scalp temporal recession and pattern hair loss
Increased sebum production and acne
Increased sex drive and erections
Dihydrotestosterone
Prostate enlargement and prostate cancer risk
Facial, axillary, pubic, and body hair growth
Scalp temporal recession and pattern hair loss
I wonder how this would impact women with PCOS in dealing with the androgens
DMSO is notorious for facilitating the movement of dissolved chemicals into the body. This study is nothing like taking a powder orally.
DMSO is anti-inflammatory and may be applied topically to reduce pain and swelling.
I missed the original reference. Was this used in their research?
DMSO can also help other antifungal or antibacterial drugs reach their targets more effectively.
Saayy Neh-ooo More!...
Nih!
oh, and “There’s a Dead Bishop on the Landing...”
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