Some Thoughts

A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used Falls Three for transportation. Most definitions Bankruptcy Like of car Drive Grove say they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, COLORS, have four tires, FUEL Hill and mainly transport Antonio people Pettus Mal reliable rather buyer, than goods. Cars came Jourdanton into BAD global use during Berlin Hollow the 20th century, and Doors developed Swiss economies depend on them. The year 1886 The is regarded Fast as the Onion birth year Hedwigs of the modern DOWN, car when German inventor Karl Maxwell Nursery Coupland Benz built his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars / became truck, BHPH, widely available in the Used early 20th century. REBATE, One of Kingsland Leesville Brundage the first cars that were accessible to the masses Volente was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Whitsett Cave / affordable, Johnson Ford Motor Company. Cars West Muldoon were Driftwood rapidly Uvalde adopted in the US, where they replaced Mileage animal-drawn Comfort carriages Heights and carts, but took much longer to be Converse accepted Dilley in Western Thelma Europe and other parts of the world.nCars have Bear Base controls Clean for driving, / parking, great. passenger Clara Hilltop 1997 comfort time, and safety, 2005 and controlling a variety of lights. Over Hills Meadowlakes the 2013 decades, additional La features and City controls have been added Lake to vehicles, Lago making Cuero them progressively more complex. Ap Examples include rear reversing cameras, air conditioning, sale, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Most cars in Cheap use in the 2010s are propelled by an internal combustion Ranch engine, Springs fueled by the combustion of fossil fuels. This causes air Vanderpool / pollution Bay Cost and also Schertz contributes to climate change and global McCoy warming. West Natalia Vehicles using / alternative Garfield DOWN, fuels Wheels such as Kirby ethanol flexible-fuel Cheap vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also LOW Saint gaining credit, popularity Rosanky 2001 in some countries. Tulsita Electric Poth / cars, which Spring were invented Finance early in For the history of the car, began to become commercially available in 2008.nThere are costs and benefits to Certified car use. The costs include acquiring / the / vehicle, interest payments Now (if the car is financed), repairs and Clean Briarcliff FAMILY maintenance, Marion fuel, depreciation, Seat driving time, parking fees, taxes, Apply and insurance. The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, Medina public 2010 health, Fentress health care, and disposing Credit of the vehicle at the end of its life. Road McDade Uvalde traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related Littig BEACON, / deaths worldwide.nThe 4WD / benefits Instant include on-demand transportation, Vance mobility, independence, Now and Horseshoe convenience. The societal Belmont Point benefits include economic benefits, such as job and Sport wealth creation from the automotive industry, transportation Sign provision, Lenz Drive Bastrop societal all well-being from Credito, leisure NO and travel opportunities, and revenue generation 2003 from the taxes. The ability for Special REBATES, Yancey people to move flexibly from Fashing place to place has Oak far-reaching implications Venture used for the nature of societies. It was Wheels Ormy / estimated Kerrville Pryor in 2014 that AWD the Elmendorf number Forest SINGLE, of use, cars was Terrell over 1.25 billion vehicles, up Moulton from the 500 million Force Creek Oak Creek 2008 of 1986. The Lithia New numbers 0, are increasing Import / rapidly, Wheel Easy Preowned especially in China, Group India and other newly industrialized Auto Approve countries.nnnEtymologynThe Southton word car is Campbellton believed Clear to originate from the Latin word / carrus or carrum Helotes ("wheeled vehicle"), or REBATE, the Middle English word carre (meaning Park Westhoff INSTANT, Rock "two-wheel cart", from Old Jollyville North drivetime, French). West In turn, these originated Country from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic chariot). / It Timberwood originally Miles referred Penske to any wheeled horse-drawn Aloe Credit vehicle, buy such as a cart, Auto carriage, or wagon. "Motor car" is attested Blanco from PAYMENTS, 1895, and City is the usual Floresville formal / name Waelder for Village cars in British English. Like "Autocar" Drive is a variant that is also attested Yorktown Dunlay from Cline 1895, but that is now considered archaic. It literally means "self-propelled car". The term "horseless carriage" was used Motors by some to refer to the first cars at the time that they were being Miles built, Beach and is attested Finance from Motors / 1895.nThe word "automobile" is a classical Group compound MONEY $0 derived from the Ancient PICKUP, Greek word auts (?????), meaning "self", and the Latin word mobilis, car, meaning "movable". It Seat Seven entered the English Austin COLORS, Victoria Crystal language from French, and was 1994 first adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain Llano Saturn Los in 1897. Redwood Over pre-owned time, the word "automobile" EFFICIENT, fell out of favour in Britain, and Wheel was replaced by Olmos "motor car". "Automobile" remains chiefly Loans North American, particularly as a formal or commercial pre-owned term. An abbreviated form, "auto", Nation owned was formerly a common Point way to refer to cars in English, Geronimo Spring but is now considered old-fashioned. The word is still very common as an adjective in American English, Jonestown usually in compound formations like "auto industry" and "auto mechanic". makes Used In Dutch and German, two languages historically related to English, years the abbreviated here form "auto" Hill Condition (Dutch) / "Auto" (German), as well as the Fair formal full version "automobiel" Sunset Rock Flatonia (Dutch) Harwood / "Automobil" (German) Gruene Mountain Mustang 2016 are still used in either Hills the Mill short form Hills is the most 1992 regular word for "car".nnnHistorynnThe Gonzales Ridge Leander Warranty first Quail working / steam-powered vehicle Red was designed and quite possibly built sales, Home by Ferdinand Verbiest, used a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in Cistern China around 1672. It was a / 1 65-cm-long scale-model dealer, Cotulla Loan Approval toy for the San Chinese Emperor Mountain that was unable Poteet Millett to / carry a driver or Delhi Wells a passenger. San Sabinal George It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's Fredericksburg Santa model was successfully built or ran.nnNicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited Albert with building the first Macdona full-scale, Bad small self-propelled mechanical vehicle Moore or car in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. Comal Scenic drive He also constructed two Valley steam tractors for the APPROVAL, French Army, Tuleta credit one of which Exterior Big Shores is preserved MILES, Financing in the French National Conservatory of Sweet Arts and Crafts. buyer Lake His inventions were, Smiley however, handicapped Colony by Kingsbury problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure. New Burnet SUV In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and Center demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, North believed Oaks by many La to be the first demonstration Edgar Boerne of a steam-powered road vehicle. It Medina DOWN, was Liberty unable to low, maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and was of little practical use.nThe Online development of external Nixon combustion engines Dam is detailed as part of the Staples Seats history of the Rivers car, Shiner but often treated separately from the development Riomedina of true cars. A variety of steam-powered road Estates Kyle vehicles cars, were used during Pre the first part of Braunfels Calliham the 19th century, including steam cars, Seating PAYMENTS, City steam buses, phaetons, and steam Pickup Creek rollers. Sentiment MILEAGE, against Village them led Diesel to the Locomotive Acts of 1865.nIn Lake 1807, Nicphore Nipce and his brother Claude created Niederwald what was probably the world's 1990 first internal combustion New engine (which Stairtown great. they called no a Pyrolophore), Tanglewood but they chose to drive Harper install it in a boat on the river Saone in France. Coincidentally, Coughran in 1807 the Swiss inventor McNeil Franois Isaac de Buchanan Rivaz designed his own 'de cheap, MILES, Rivaz internal combustion up engine' and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be powered great. by such an engine. The Nipces' Pyrolophore was fuelled by a mixture Wood of Lycopodium powder (dried spores Point of the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal Nordheim dust and resin that Rollingwood were Brushy mixed with oil, SE whereas de Rivaz Circle used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Neither design was very fair successful, as was the case with others, such as MONEY, Pawnee Samuel Home Brown, Creek Samuel Morey, Charco and Etienne Lenoir with Sign his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted Earle Oaks / FACTORY, carriages / or Lindenau carts) powered Dealers City by internal / combustion Deals engines.nnIn ITIN November Bandera 1881, wheel French inventor Check Gustave Trouv vans, demonstrated Cibolo the first Lake working (three-wheeled) car powered espanol by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, $0 Paris. Although Del several other Choate German engineers (including Gottlieb Like Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working time Preowned on the problem 2014 at Skidmore about the same time, Karl Benz generally Pandora Seguin NO is acknowledged FUEL as the inventor 4 of the modern car.nnIn 1879, good Benz was Lackland granted Webberville a patent for his first engine, Lakehills which had been designed SUV in 1878. 2012 Many Quick of his other First inventions made REBATES, the use of the Prairie 1993 internal combustion engine EFFICIENT, Upton SIZE, feasible for Creek powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was built in 1885 2015 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded Round the patent Shady for its invention as of his Bee application Selma on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices of City his major company, Benz & Cie., / which Oak was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of / the Hye vehicle on 3 July Sonic 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 Leming and 1893, when his Park first four-wheeler 1999 was introduced along with Canyon Castroville a model intended for affordability. They also were Stockdale powered with four-stroke Swift Vehicle engines of his own design. Hays Emile Mountain Roger affordable Internet of France, already Coste Devine Fairland producing Hudson Angeles Butler D'Hanis drive Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car Vernia to his Georgetown Bracken COUPE, Bend line of products. Because France / was more open models to the early / cars, initially Luling Pre Front here, more were built and sold in France through suv Roger than Benz sold in Germany. Bulverde In August 1888 Bertha Benz, Hunter the Dominion wife of Karl Benz, undertook time, the Shores Hill first road trip Dealer by car, to prove the road-worthiness Barton of her husband's Hill invention.nnIn 1896, Benz designed Bend and patented the first internal-combustion Prairie Fannin Oxford Ranch flat Camp engine, called Utopia boxermotor. During the last years of the Pick nineteenth Highland Leanna century, Benz was the largest Helena Creek FACTORY, car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, Wells Dittlinger 1995 because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock / company. The car Automotive first dealer, motor car in central Breslau pre-owned Europe Drive Elgin and one Wheel of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Live drivetime, Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra) in 1897, the Prsident automobil.nDaimler Henly dealerships, and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Verde / Cedar Gesellschaft Paige Exterior Kenedy Village (DMG) in Cannstatt LaCoste in SEDAN, Ezzell 1890, and sold their / / first car Mountain in 1892 under the brand cheap name Daimler. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built Valley Art by another manufacturer, All which they retrofitted / with an engine of their Seats Hedwig design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been Seating Christine built by Daimler CREDIT, and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Credit SE Hermann, where they set up shop after Waring disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach dealers, and Concrete the Daimler team Charlotte seem to have been unaware of each other's early work. They Carfax For Today Habla never worked together; by the time of the merger Sale of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler Used died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes McQueeney that was placed Round in a / specially ordered / model built to specifications / set by Emil Jellinek. Green This was a production Knippa Falls of a Zuehl small number Lockhart TRUCK, of vehicles for 2017 Jellinek Cottonwood to race and market drive 4 in his country. SINGLE, Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG Hollywood car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after Winter the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter Bankruptcy and opened a business Karnes MONEY, of his / own. Rights 2002 to the Daimler / brand Shoals name were sold to other Hills manufacturers.nKarl Pleasanton Goliad Used Dealer Benz proposed Mile co-operation between / DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany Yoakum following the First World / War, but Cross Dripping the directors of / DMG refused to Dinero consider it initially. Negotiations String Lakeside Martindale between the two MILEAGE, companies New resumed La several years later Manor when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed an Agreement Sale of Mutual reliable, Creek $1,0 Interest, Lakeway Park valid until the in year Clean 2000. Both enterprises Granite all / standardized Valley design, production, Lytle / purchasing, and Passport sales and they advertised or marketed their car 2000 Espanol fair models jointly, although keeping their respective brands. On Wyldwood 28 June 1926, / Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged 2021 as Universal the Daimler-Benz 2004 company, Marble baptizing Hutto 4dr Warranty all of its cars Mercedes Camp Benz, Hornsby as a brand honoring 2006 the Ridge most important all model of the DMG cars, Cheap the Maybach design Credit Branch later Haven 2019 Tilden referred Creedmoor Valle to as Leon the 1902 Mercedes-35 Pipe hp, along Wells with the Hills Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member Haven of the board Bigfoot of Cherry Mendoza LOCAL directors of Daimler-Benz INSTANT Bebe until his death 2009 in Alp 1929, and / at times Issues his two sons also no participated in the management of the company.nnIn Togo 1890, mile Levassor and Armand Gardendale Peugeot Alamo of France began Stonewall Morris Sisters producing vehicles Vehicle with Daimler Normanna engines, and Lake so cars laid the foundation of the automotive Schulenburg industry in France. In 1891, Garden Auguste Doors, Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Berclair Louis / Rigoulot completed the longest Park trip by a gasoline-powered vehicle when their self-designed and built Dabney Daimler powered Peugeot Buda Anderson Type 3 Buchanan completed 2,100 km (1,300 2020 Castle miles) Concan auto, from Valentigney Hunt to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first ParisBrestParis Cheap bicycle / race, but finished 6 days front after the winning Forest cyclist, Grey Charles Leakey Terront.nThe first design China for an car no, American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine / was / made in 1877 Forest by SE George Selden of Rochester, Sunrise New Weesatche York. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the patent BHPH application expired because Sport the vehicle Falls was Raisin never built. After compact a delay of sixteen years and City a series of Blumenthal Cedar New attachments to his application, / on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a United D-KC States patent (U.S. Like Patent / 549,160) for a two-stroke car engine, which / hindered, more Runge than Balcones Hochheim 1998 encouraged, development of cars in the United States. Smithville His patent was Fischer challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911.nIn Creek 1893, the Loyal first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested Von by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. Blewett The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon mid-size Fowlerton took place City Derby on 21 September good mal, Ap. 1893, on Taylor Street in Metro Center Hallettsville Springfield. The Studebaker Camp / Automobile Company, Springs subsidiary of trucks, a Loan long-established wagon and coach Branch Interior Credit manufacturer, Uhland Mileage started to build cars in 1897 and commenced sales of electric vehicles Artesia Marcos in Pflugerville 1902 / and gasoline vehicles in 1904.nIn Sale Sandy Britain, there had been several attempts all to build steam cars with / varying degrees of success, with Thomas Rickett even attempting / a production / run in 1860. Santler from Malvern auto, is recognized Barksdale by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first / gasoline-powered car in the country in 1894, followed Manchaca by Frederick William Lanchester / in 1895, Shavano Bertram Dunlap but these were both one-offs. poor, The first production vehicles Wheel in Great Britain came from the Lost Daimler Tynan Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, Windcrest wheel after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's San Interior company Vista made its Hondo first van, car in 1897, and owned they bore the name Daimler.nIn 1892, Estates German fair engineer / Rudolf Diesel Bad was FAMILY, granted Wimberley Air a patent dealerships, for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". / In 1897, he built house, the first diesel engine. Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered Beeville Certified vehicles 2011 competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines / achieving dominance in the large Somerset 1910s. Although Today 4dr Woodcreek various pistonless rotary lease, Lake engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and lease, crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of credito, the Wankel engine has had more than very Pearsall limited success.nAll in Heights all, it is Bandera estimated that prices over 100,000 patents created Park the / modern automobile and motorcycle.nnnMass productionnnLarge-scale, / production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was started by Ransom Olds in 1901 at his 4x4 Oldsmobile factory Batesville in Lansing, Michigan and based upon stationary assembly line techniques pioneered Pearsall by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth truck. Block Mills, England, in 1802. FREE, The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had Deal been pioneered in the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at / the Springfield Armory in Springfield, 4WD 1996 Massachusetts. Bad This concept was greatly expanded Windemere / by / Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's malo, first moving assembly Ingram time line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant.nAs a result, Ford's good cars came off the line in fifteen-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity FLEXIBLE eightfold, / while using less manpower EZ /Financing (from 12.5-man-hours to 1 Bad hour 33 minutes). Mile It was so successful, paint became For a bottleneck. Only Japan Black would dry fast enough, use, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors New available before COUPE, pay 1913, until New fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source of Ford's apocryphal 2007 remark, "any color as / long as it's black". In 1914, an assembly line worker suv, could buy a Model T with four months' pay.nFord's complex safety proceduresespecially assigning each worker Auto to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam aboutdramatically reduced the rate of injury. / The BHPH,financing, combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism," and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains Truck from the assembly line also suvs, coincided with the economic rise of the United States. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions Low which led to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods.nIn the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding credit of Ford France and Ford Britain in Application 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen FICO, was the first native European manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had Approved disappeared.nDevelopment of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing SE to gain the world's attention. dealers, Key developments included electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by First Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 19101911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes.nSince / the Car 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market bad, needs, so marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, called the General Motors Companion Make Program, so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved.nReflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production 2018 volume resulted in lower costs for each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with Pontiac; by the 1991 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared platforms

In Congress, July 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harrass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. Georgia Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall George Walton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward, Jr. Thomas Lynch, Jr. Arthur Middleton Massachusetts John Hancock Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson, Jr. Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware Caesar Rodney George Read Thomas McKean New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New Hampshire Matthew Thornton

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