Posted on 05/25/2020 3:57:14 PM PDT by Retain Mike
The near certainty the United States would be drawn into WW II prompted creation of an autonomous Army Air Force. Until the war in Europe began, standard doctrine gave an air corps no mission beyond supporting the ground forces. Now air power advocates fought for the authority to prove the theory that bombers could win wars. The B-24 Liberator and B-17 Flying Fortress carried 10-13 .50cal machine guns for defense and the Norden bombsight for precision daylight attack. Under combat conditions peacetime accuracy was never realized and bombers suffered horrendous losses until the P-51 Mustang could escort them all the way to the target. Now granted a lot of the men ended up as prisoners of war, but one historian noted that Kamikaze squadrons had a lessor casualty rate until fighter escorts could accompany the missions. Completing 25 missions was so extraordinary in 1942 and 1943, that the aircraft and crew of the Memphis Belle returned to the United States to sell war bonds.
Even though all crew members had to contemplate a dismal fate, that of the ball turret gunner exceeded all others. The man operating the two machine guns on the belly of these aircraft is described by Gregory Freeman in his book The Forgotten 500.
“Nobody really wanted to be in a ball turret. This Plexiglas ball hanging from the bottom of the bomber was one of America’s latest innovations in air warfare. An ingenious piece of machinery built by the Sperry Corporation; the ball turret was a heavily armed bubble just big enough to hold a grown man – but only on the small side. It had room for the gunner and its two fifty-caliber machine guns – and little else. The extremely cramped quarters meant that the gunner was the only crew member on a bomber who did not wear a parachute during a mission. Provided the hoist worked, he was left sitting up in the main part of the plane, where he would have to go to get it and put it on before escaping with the rest of the crew. [Clare] Musgrove always told his students: ‘Stow your chute where you can find it in a hurry. You won’t have much time’.”
“The ball turret was not a place for the claustrophobic. It was a tiny space, though it had a great view of the scenery below – or the fighter plane coming up to kill you. The entire unit rotated around in a circle and also up and down, so that the gunner could fire on planes coming from any direction. Being suspended underneath the plane gave the gunner a sensation of flying free, and that often meant that the attacking fighter seemed to be going after him personally rather than trying to shoot down the bomber itself. Everyone on the plane was riding an adrenaline surge during a fighter attack, but none more so than the ball turret gunner who was furiously firing his fifty – caliber machine guns at the German plane trying to kill him in his little glass bubble.”
“The ball turret gunner sat curled up in a fetal position, swiveling the entire turret as he aimed the two guns. As he moved the turret quickly to find attacking planes and then follow them with his guns, the gunner could be in any position from lying on his back to standing on his feet. The gunner sat between the guns, his feet in stirrups positioned on either side of a thirteen-inch-diameter window in front, his knees up around his ears and very little room for moving anything but his hands. His flight suit provided the only padding for comfort.”
“An optical gunsight hung in front of his face, and a pedal under his left foot adjusted a reticule on the gunsight glass. When the target was framed in the sight, the gunner knew the range was correct and he let fly with the machine guns, pushing down one of the two firing buttons located on the wooden handles that controlled the movement of the ball. Shell casings were ejected through a port just below the gun barrels, pouring out as fast as the beads of sweat on the gunner’s face. The plane carried two 150 round belts of ammunition per gun for the ball turret and fed them down from boxes mounted on either side of the hoist.
The ball turret in the B-24, which Musgrove flew, could be electrically raised and lowered, unlike those on the B-17 bombers, which had to be manually cranked up into the fuselage. Musgrove thought this was a great improvement over the B-17 design, because no one wanted to be trapped in a ball turret. There was no way to exit the turret without raising it into the fuselage of the plane, so a turret that could not be retracted was a deathtrap for the gunner. Any system that made it faster and easier to retract the turret was welcomed by the gunners. They had all heard the stories of ball turret gunners who were trapped in their glass bubbles when battle damage prevented them being retracted into the fuselage. Not only was the gunner left out there with no protection, probably with his guns empty or inoperative, but he also faced the prospect of the big plane landing with him hanging from the belly.
“It was every ball turret gunner’s nightmare, and it became a horrifying reality for some. If the gunner was already dead in the turret and it could not be retracted into the plane, the crew sometimes would jettison the whole apparatus, because the plane was not designed to land with the ball turret hanging underneath. But if the gunner was alive, they would have to tell him that they had no choice but to put the plane down eventually. The ball turret gunner had a long time to contemplate his fate, maybe to say good-bye on the intercom to his crewmates, as the damaged plane limped back to the base or looked for a field in which to crash. All he could do was sit in the glass bubble like a helpless fetus in the womb, watching the ground come closer and closer. When the plane landed, the ball turret was often scraped off the belly, taking the gunner with it. This problem occurred with the B-24. There was sufficient clearance with the B-17 for the turret to be in the lowered position, if the plane could land with the wheels down.”
These bombers were mainly crewed by teenagers and men in their early twenties. Memorial Day ad Veterans Day provide an opportunity to contemplate the extraordinary hazards faced by some of these young men, become our fathers, grandfathers, or great-grandfathers.
Partial Bibliography:
The Forgotten 500 by Gregory Freeman
United States Army Air Forces https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces#Army_Air_Forces_created
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress http://www.aviation-history.com/boeing/b17.html
Consolidated B-24 Liberator http://www.aviation-history.com/consolidated/b24.html
Norden bombsight https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norden_bombsight
Images Sperry Ball Turret https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sperry+ball+turret&qpvt=sperry+ball+turret&FORM=IGRE
The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner by Randall Jarrell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Ball_Turret_Gunner From my mother's sleep I fell into the State, And I hunched in its belly till my wet fur froze. Six miles from earth, loosed from its dream of life, I woke to black flak and the nightmare fighters. When I died they washed me out of the turret with a hose.
Incredible. Thanks for posting.
Thanks to all who have served, all who are serving and all who will serve in the future.
Some made it:
Uncle Bill - Omaha Beach 1st wave.
Uncle Frank - shot down in the Pacific, picked up by a carrier.
Uncle Al - Korea (army)
Uncle Cliff - Korea (army)
R.I.P. (all made it home) including...
Uncle Paul - Intel Turkey (still alive)
Mom’s brothers, the Warner Brothers
Uncle Loren - Merchant Marines (RIP) dad’s brother
Uncle John - Europe (army) (RIP) dad’s sister’s hubby
Some didn’t:
James Durham (Vietnam) highschool friend
John Foldvary (Vietnam) highschool friend
Rick Rushlow (Vietnam) neighborhood youth friend
Pat McNamara’s 2 older brothers (Vietnam). I coached youth baseball with him for 10 years. I never met his brothers.
Integrity beyond any person in government that I have ever met.
I think the first USAAF Congressional Medal of Honor awardee was this ball-turret gunner: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_Harrison_Smith
Back into another B17 and promoted to tail gunner... On it's 3rd mission it was shot down over Germany although he had the good fortune for his parachute to land in occupied France... Again, with the help of the frog underground, he got back to England in 3-weeks...
Back into another B17 and still a tail gunner... Third time a charm... 10-missions staying airborne... However on 10th mission he took a bunch of flack shrapnel in his legs and chest that was to end his flying days and give him slight a limp the rest of his life... Three weeks hospital and back to work in the division office for the remainder of the war...
Back in the day when men were men... Patch them up and send them back into the line...
My Dad joined the Marine Corps in Feb 1942, three times wounded (counting the malaria from the Canal) over four amphibious landings... Patch them up and send them back into the line...
The late Andy Rooney stood on the side of the airfield in WWII as a crippled B-17 made an emergency gear-up landing. The ball turret gunner was unable to get out before landing. This sad event stayed with Rooney his entire life almost haunting him.
T S Garp
I’m going to copy
that and perhaps
Get in trouble,,,
I always liked the guy, but never knew that this common man had done a job like that.
To those that didn’t
Make it back,
Those that did,
I Salute You.
I’m guessing a code,
Post #13
Post #26
Next #39-——?
T.S.Garp,
The Movie.
The World According to Garp.
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0084917/
Garp was a lobotomized WWII ball turret gunner who was only able to say “Garp,” therefore the name.
I understand that on the B-24, the tail gunner had to crawl all the way forward to the bomb bay doors in order to bail out. I always think of that when I see pics like this:
or this 
I was named after my mother’s favorite cousin, who was in the bombing. One night his mother in Chicago awoke to see him standing at the foot of her bed, and that’s when she knew he was dead. They never found the body.
Great writing. Thank you and God bless.
Okay,
Saw it when it
First came out,
1982.
Memphis Belle is a
Great film ,
Old War Birds and
the Young Men who
Fought in them.
Amen
My Dad was a 19 year old tailgunner in B24s out of Spinazola Italy. Much braver than I would have been.
Thank you.
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