True Size of a Mongol Army - Experience the Endless Horde! DOCUMENTARY

Transcript
· Intro
0:00 · The power of the Mongol Army is infamous and medieval accounts
0:07 · paint a grisly picture of their ferocious military in action. However, one dimension of this experience which often goes missing is the scale of
0:17 · such affairs: … from their camps… to their marching formations… and their battle lines…
0:36 · So today let's bring to life the True Size of a Mongol Army.
0:46 · I love making documentaries and being able to bring to life the stories from history sci-fi and fantasy that are near and dear to my heart and as such I can appreciate especially as a DM
0:55 · when others attempt to do the same with their own world building uh you know back in the day the gold standard for me was the classic MMO cinematics huge bombastic well-produced uh videos
1:05 · that really got you in the shoes of a character got you invested in their struggles and especially made you want to explore the world that they were inhabiting and I'm glad to say that today's
1:14 · sponsor has actually managed to rekindle a lot of that same passion but it comes from an unlikely Source it's going to be raid Shadow Legends who has actually launched a limited 10 part
1:22 · series called array to call of the Arbiter which expands the lore of their world you can watch it in-game for free with new episodes dropping every Thursday at 10 A.M EST until July 20th and I can
1:33 · honestly say cards on the table going into this with apprehensions as you might imagine the first episode is pretty Kick-Ass um and I was actually gasping throughout that this thing actually got
1:44 · green lit it was crazy because it started starts off super strong no punches pulled it's the sacking of City all Gore included gut-wrenching story involved and it's honestly a master class
1:55 · of efficient storytelling and trying to endear you to a character in their story and the rest of the episodes will be geared around introducing you to other characters and then pushing them
2:02 · along towards their main adventure and their main rival accompanying all this are going to be updates to the game as well including new champion events rewards and much more and everyone
2:11 · actually gets the chance to unlock our attack who's one of the five new characters from the show as a playable Champion for free by logging into raid for seven days between now and July
2:20 · 24th and if you haven't started playing raid yet definitely do it using my link in the description or scan the QR code on screen to get a free starter pack with this cool in-game loop enjoy
· The Mongol Soldier
2:34 · [Music] Early on, Mongol armies were composed primarily of the men from their tribe.
2:40 · These took the field as horse archers or lancers. The most elite among these
2:46 · would be selected to serve as the personal guard of powerful warlords. During the early reign of Temujin, this Keshik numbered only a few hundred. However, in the
2:58 · process of founding the Mongol Empire Temujin would change the nature of warfare on the steppe.
3:06 · The first major change was the absorption of neighboring steppe tribes during Temujin's
3:11 · bloody wars of unification. These efforts would be formalized at the famous Kurultai of 1206. Here
3:20 · Temujin was proclaimed Chinghis Khan, ruler of the now united tribes which included the Merkits,
3:27 · Khitans, Kirghiz, Keraites, Naimans, Tatars, Uyghurs, Oirat, and the Buryat.
3:38 · These once warring tribes were now recognized as a single united people, the Qamuq Monggol
3:46 · Ulus. But to outsiders, they would simply become known as the Mongols.
3:53 · Such a simplification glosses over some important details. However, these new steppe forces acted in a very similar capacity to their
4:02 · Mongol counterparts and will be depicted as such in this video.
4:09 · Thus united, these people of the steppe represented a significant pool of manpower.
4:15 · This was made even more pronounced by Chinggis Khan's military reforms.
· Recruitment and Equipment
4:21 · Like the Hsiung-Nu and the Turks before them, every able bodied male from 15-60 was liable
4:29 · for service. For instance, sources writing about these post-unification years claim that in 1267
4:36 · each household with 2-3 men within this age group was obligated to provide one of these as a soldier
4:43 · while households of 4-5 men provided 2 soldiers and households of 6-7 men provided 3 soldiers.
4:54 · Each Mongol conscript was expected to bring his own mount and equipment. If he could not
5:00 · provide his own, then his immediate superior was required to make up the deficit. While their kit
5:06 · likely varied over the years, we are provided a rather detailed reference list by the Liao Shi,
5:12 · a Chinese historical book compiled in the 13th century under the the Mongol-led Yuan
5:18 · dynasty regarding the Khitan army. It claims that in ideal conditions, a steppe warrior was expected to possess: 9 pieces of iron armor,
5:29 · four composite bows with 400 arrows, as well as a long spear, a short spear, a club, an axe, and a
5:38 · halberd. They were also expected to have a small banner, a hammer, a knife, a flint, and rations.
5:47 · Each man was also expected to supply his own horses. Apparently the minimum
5:53 · amount was 3 but ranges could go all the way up to 18 in some cases.
5:58 · For our model, we will assume an average of 6 remounts per rider.
6:03 · These would have been critical for the mobility of the Mongol army which would have not only rotated through their horses while on the move but also used them as a source of sustenance.
· The Non-Mongol Soldier
6:17 · Returning to our list of soldier types, we will now briefly mention a final category,
6:22 · the non-nomadic forces. Typically these were not integrated into the main steppe army,
6:29 · being instead used as garrison forces and sometimes auxiliary units for use in sieges.
6:36 · Such non-nomad units were known as Cheriks
6:43 · The first Cheriks were very likely formed from deserting Jin troops during the mongolian conquest
6:49 · of China. These men maintained their officers and organization and became the Hei Chun,
6:55 · or Black Army. They were responsible for holding the ground that the Mongols gained.
7:02 · Later when the Cherik became too large to manage, the Hei Chun would be reorganized along more Mongolian lines into the Hsin Chun or New Army.
7:15 · All of these elements of the Mongol army would be given structure and purpose by the Mongol administration which met at the Kurultai.
7:25 · The Kurultai was a gathering of the tribes and their leaders. It was a place of princes and chieftains. And it was at the Kurultai that Khans were elected,
7:35 · commanders were appointed, and campaigns were plotted. There was also a good deal of drinking,
7:42 · dancing, feasting, and gaming. As is natural when you gather thousands of people together.
7:48 · Following these Kuriltai, the Mongol army would gather for war.
· Arban (10 men)
7:54 · They did so according to a decimal system. The smallest unit was the Arban. It was a unit of 10 men commanded by the Arban-u Noyad.
8:04 · This unit likely contained 6 horse archers and 4 light lancers.
8:12 · Each of these men brought with them around 6 remounts for a total of 60 horses, most of
8:18 · which were mares. We will also assume the presence of other animals including 3 sheep and a camel.
8:26 · These might be herded by the men of the Arban but sources suggest that the use of herding
8:32 · dogs was quite common. Thus we will assume the presence of 1 Bankhar dog per Arban.
8:40 · As a unit, we have also assumed that they share a single yurt, or Ger. This could be broken down
8:48 · and carried in a LeLe cart hitched to one of the beasts of burden. This high proportion of animals
8:55 · which accompanied the Mongol army played a large part in keeping them supplied whilst in the field.
9:02 · Much of their diet was dairy based. Mares were capable of producing several quarts of milk a
9:10 · day which could be consumed in both liquid and dry forms. For instance the Mongols were famous for
9:17 · producing a fermented milk known as Kumiss which was prepared while on the ride using a special
9:23 · gourd. Milk could also be turned into a dried curd, called Qurut, which could be rehydrated
9:31 · in water for easy consumption. The Mongols were also known to drink the blood of their horses
9:36 · and would scavenge any deceased livestock to make a quick meal or long lasting dried meats.
9:45 · As an example, records indicate that during the Khwarazmian campaign mongol riders were
9:52 · required to carry 3 ½ borts worth of dried sheep per Arban. These were typically boiled
10:00 · in a salted water stew, known as Shülen, within the unit's single ceramic cauldron.
· Jaghun (100 men)
10:09 · Returning now to our army structure. The next unit after the Arban was the Jaghun, or Jaghut
10:17 · in the plural. In decimal fashion it consisted of 10 Arbat and thus contained 60 horse archers
10:24 · and 40 light lancers. These men were commanded by a Jaghun-u Noyad, or the Lord of the Jaghun.
10:38 · Based on our previous assumptions, each Jaghun brought with it a herd of 600 horses in addition to 30 sheep, 10 camels, 10 dogs, and 10 carts.
10:51 · In camp these men would have been housed in around 10 standard Gers.
10:58 · As a point of comparison we will now drop in a standard Imperial Roman Century.
11:04 · Here you can see that while both might have roughly the same number of men, their associated
11:09 · gear and support elements are quite different. The Mongol force has many more mouths to feed.
11:17 · On the one hand they require a simple grass and water diet but on the other hand, the quantities
11:22 · of both are MASSIVE. Thus, so long as a Mongol force could find sufficient pasturage, its
11:30 · war machine could chug on. But once this became unavailable, Mongol forces were on a very tight
11:36 · logistical leash that required them to always keep moving or return to the steppe entirely.
11:44 · If you were to find a Jaghun on its own it would most likely be acting as a scouting unit known
11:51 · as an Alginci, or ‘those of the vanguard'. These men would operate as scouts and raiders anywhere
11:59 · from 30 to 75 miles in front of the main column. As such they might identify sources
12:06 · of supply and drive off locals from their farms in anticipation of the army's arrival.
12:14 · In peacetime the algincin acted as the eyes and ears of the occupying Mongol armies which were
12:22 · too large to leave the pasturage of the steppe for long. Thus it was that these
12:27 · scouts helped them keep tabs on their new domains and signal back to the army when a
12:33 · larger deployment of forces might be needed. If, say for instance, a vengeful foe thought
12:39 · it was safe to emerge from their fortresses and challenge the Khan's grip on these lands.
· Mingghan (1,000 men)
12:48 · The next step up in the decimal system would be a grouping of 10 Jaghut known as the Mingghan.
12:55 · It consisted of 1,000 riders, 600 of which were archers and 400 of which were lancers.
13:03 · These were in turn commanded by the Mingghan-u Noyad. In days past, this might be the warhost of
13:10 · an important chieftain, but now it represented but a fraction of the unified steppe army.
13:19 · Once more we can use our prior assumptions to calculate their associated elements. Each
13:25 · Mingghan brought with it a herd of 6,000 horses in addition to 300 sheep, 100 camels, 100 dogs,
13:33 · and 100 carts. In camp these men would have been housed in around 100 standard Gers. Now we will
13:42 · add an additional Wagon Ger to house the important figure and his retinue which helmed this force.
13:51 · The Mingghan was the smallest operational group of the Mongol army whose size allowed
13:57 · it to act independently. In fact they were regarded as social-military units which
14:02 · functioned essentially as nomadic tribes, complete with women, children, and elders.
14:11 · Such Mingghat typically resided on the borders of the steppe and might be clustered in groups
14:17 · of two or three. From here they served as home bases for the roving Algincin. As such
14:24 · they could pool important supplies and stand ready to act as a first response to any threat.
14:32 · In the early days of Mongol conquest they also served as a collection point for tribute.
14:38 · Later this duty would be transferred to government officials as the Mongols accustomed themselves to the sedentary practice of taxation.
14:48 · When the call to war was sounded, these Mingghat could easily break down their bases on the steppe
14:53 · and push forward into enemy territory. In this capacity they typically acted as a vanguard force
15:00 · for the main horde. As such they helped support the leading units of Algincin and secured advance
15:07 · bases of supply. It was this line of march that gave the Mongolians their reputation for speed.
· Tumen (10,000 men)
15:15 · Next, 10 mingat would be grouped into a single Tumen of 10,000 men,
15:20 · 6,000 of which were archers and 4,000 of which were lancers. These men were commanded by the Tumen-u Noyad, which was an immensely prestigious
15:31 · position. The original Lords of the Tumet were appointed by Chinggis Khan himself.
15:47 · In addition to its 10,000 men a single tumen brought with it a herd of 60,000
15:53 · horses in addition to 3,000 sheep, 1,000 camels, 1,000 dogs, and 1,000 carts.
16:02 · In camp these men would have been housed in around 100 standard Gers and 10 Wagon Gers.
16:10 · Such a force would have been expected to carry out more significant military operations and
16:16 · thus likely had a force of some 500 engineers and skilled laborers. These men would have been
16:22 · conscripted into Mongolian service from defeated foes such as Jin China and the Kingdom of Xi-Xia.
16:32 · At this point we should once more mention the idea that each of these terms for Mongolian units, doubled as both military and social labels.
16:42 · For instance, the Arban represented 10 households, the Jaghun 100, the Mingan 1,000 and the Tumen
16:51 · 10,000 households. This highest level was often taken to represent an entire nation
16:57 · of people and thus to be appointed commander of such a Tumen was incredibly prestigious.
17:06 · The first commanders of the Mongolian Tumet were all close companions of Chingis Khan
17:11 · whom the Secret History refers to as follows:
17:17 · “They are the Four Dogs of Temujin. They have foreheads of brass, their jaws are like scissors,
17:24 · their tongues like piercing awls, their heads are iron, their whipping tails swords . . . In
17:32 · the day of battle, they devour enemy flesh. Behold, they are now unleashed,
17:38 · and they slobber at the mouth with glee. These four dogs are Subutai, Jebe, Kublai, and Jelme.” It would be these men who led their Tumet to conquer the vast Mongol Empire,
17:48 · often acting as the vanguard for the main horde which followed in their destructive
17:53 · wake. A prime example would be in 1220 when Subutai and Jebe led their Tumet on an audacious
18:00 · reconnaissance in force through eastern Europe, devastating army after army over 3 bloody years.
18:10 · The operational independence of these Tumet is quite impressive and it's amazing to read about
18:16 · what these mere 10,000 men managed to achieve on their own. However we should remember that
18:23 · while on paper their fighting strength seems quite low, they were accompanied by an estimated 60,000
18:30 · horses and many thousands of additional support staff and animals which rarely get counted.
18:39 · The supply needs of the entire force was thus quite large, requiring vast quantities of water and pasturage wherever they went. As a quick calculation,
18:49 · an average sized mature horse requires around 1 to 3 acres of pasturage per month.
18:56 · Thus a Tumen with 70,000 horses requires around 70 to 210
19:04 · thousand acres a month. Thats 110 to 330 square miles or 280 to 850 square kilometers.
19:16 · Truly mind boggling numbers to imagine, especially when you consider what this looked like on the
19:22 · ground level as the Tumen descended upon an area like a horde of locusts. However,
19:28 · as in nature a large swarm may risk exhausting its own food supply if consumed too quickly. Mongols
19:36 · therefore had to balance the strength of their forces with their supply needs. In this regard
19:42 · it seems that the Tumen represented the most practical deployment of Mongol military strength.
· Chun (30,000 men)
19:50 · But the truly monstrous size of the Mongol Army comes into focus when at least three
19:56 · Tumet combined into an army, which is referred to as the Cherik or the Chun by our sources.
20:04 · For this video we shall use the latter. A single Chun of 30,000 men boasted 18,000 horse archers
20:11 · and 12,000 lancers. These fell under the command of an Orlug, which has been loosely translated as,
20:19 · ‘Paladin'. Such men were incredibly powerful figures, appointed directly by the Khan himself.
20:27 · Generally speaking it would be the duty of the Orlug to then appoint the Tumet commanders who in turn would appoint the Mingat commanders and so on down the line.
20:39 · This 3-Tumen strong Chun brought with it an estimated herd of 180,000 horses
20:46 · in addition to 9,000 sheep, 3,000 camels, 3,000 dogs, and 3,000 carts.
20:54 · In camp these men would have been housed in around 300 standard Gers and 30 Wagon Gers.
21:02 · In addition they brought with them a support staff of about 1,500 engineers and some imprecise number
21:09 · of other herd animals, people, and materials which we will not seek to approximate in this model.
21:18 · In summary, let's provide an accounting of their numbers according to our idealized model. Together
21:25 · they number 253,500. Of all the beings within this area 12% are humans and 88% are animals. Among the
21:37 · people, about 47% are horse archers, 38% are horse lancers, 10% are officers, 5% are specialists.
21:48 · Using these figures we can roughly calculate that such a Chun would require around 210 to 630
21:56 · thousand acres of pasturage a month. That's 330 to 990 square miles or 840 to 2,520 square kilometers.
22:10 · Given all this, it is no exaggeration to say that the passage of a single chun left
22:16 · the countryside desolate and destroyed for miles in every direction. But this
22:22 · sort of concentrated parade-rest deployment we are currently showing is quite a-historic.
· Army in Camp
22:30 · More commonly you would find a Mongol Army in their camp, on the march, or in battle.
22:36 · Let's take a look at the True Size of each of these.
22:44 · The most important point to make is that a full Chun would not usually stay united. Rather it
22:52 · would more often break up into its component Tumet to ease its logistical burdens and
22:58 · to better outmaneuver its foes. As these advanced, they would usually set up a nightly camp.
23:07 · At the center would be the commander's tent which was said to have had an offset of two bowshots,
23:13 · or about 400 to 600 meters, within which no one but the guard and approved personnel could enter.
23:21 · Beyond this would radiate out the rest of the Tumet, likely in accordance to their
23:27 · decimal structure. In this way the macro level organization of the army could be preserved
23:33 · while at the micro level, foot traffic was made easy as each Ger oriented its entrance to the
23:40 · south. Based on our model, we approximate a circular Tumet camp footprint of around
23:45 · 0.8 square miles or 2 square kilometers. For context, such a camp with an outer diameter of
23:53 · 1.6 km would take about 20 minutes to walk across and 2.5 minutes to gallop across.
24:01 · Though it should be pointed out that the effective footprint of the camp would have been significantly extended on account of its vast herds which grazed the surrounding areas.
· Army on the March
24:14 · When it came time to move, the order to strike camp was given by pounding the Naccara Drum,
24:21 · which was also the symbol of the Orlug's authority. The first beating of the drum signaled preparation of the horses, the second
24:30 · was to strike tents and gather into marching formation, the third was the order to move
24:38 · In an idealized depiction, the Mongol army would have marched out in a radial formation.
24:45 · At the center was the Commander. The major elements would have been the left and right wings as well as the vanguard and rear guard. Additional units of scouts and patrols were
24:56 · extended beyond these. How loose or tight this arrangement set would be up to the commander's
25:03 · discretion and was likely a factor of both the terrain and the threat level of the enemy.
25:11 · Such a force, with all its elements present, would have actually moved quite slowly to
25:17 · allow its animals to graze sufficiently and its supply elements to keep up.
25:23 · For instance during Hulegu's march to the Middle East, the Mongols moved as slowly as 14 miles a day, a pace comparable to a foot-based army.
25:35 · Their reputation for lightning speed is therefore better attributed to their flying columns which could advance rapidly in smaller numbers, unhindered by baggage trains.
25:47 · In such cases, an impressive 60 miles or more could be covered in a single day. Now let us see what this force would have looked like when riding into battle.
· Army in Battle
25:59 · Typically this was achieved by deploying the army's Tumet into 3 wings.These were as follows:
26:06 · the Je'un Ghar on the left, the Qol in the center, and the Baraghun Ghar on the right.
26:15 · Depending on the situation, these could be stretched out or compressed. In this way a
26:21 · Mongol force could fluidly adjust its frontage in a manner that would be difficult for more rigid foot troops which required a minimal depth to maintain cohesion and repel cavalry charges.
26:34 · The Mongol army, unshackled by such constraints, could thus easily contort itself to outmaneuver a foe. Let us now see how this might be achieved.
26:48 · A common tactic would be an encirclement. Here the Mongols would repeat the tactics of a steppe hunt,
26:55 · or nerge, whereby riders would surround and corral their prey.
27:01 · From here they could begin to pick off stragglers or harass strong positions. The ultimate aim
27:08 · was to tease apart enemy formations so they could more readily be destroyed.
27:15 · One way to achieve this would be through wave attacks. Our sources report that the Mongols tended to deploy in ranks of 5,
27:24 · the first three lines composed of horse archers and the last two composed of lancers.
27:33 · The attack would begin with the first line of horse archers riding towards the enemy.
27:38 · These could begin to loose arrows at a range of about 300 meters which was made possible
27:44 · by the Mongolian composite bow. However its true killing power would be achieved when the riders
27:51 · advanced up to within 50 meters of the enemy. At this point they would wheel about and return
27:57 · to their main line, firing backwards as they rode. As they did so the next wave of archers
28:04 · would have been unleashed. In this way, a near continuous barrage of fire could be delivered.
28:11 · By the third wave, thousands of arrows would have left the enemy in a state of shock.
28:20 · At this point the final two waves of lancers could crash upon the foe before
28:25 · it had regained cohesion. If anyone were left standing, the cycle could simply be repeated.
28:32 · More obstinate foes could be induced to break ranks through feigned flight.
28:42 · Here the Mongols would pretend to retreat, sometimes over the course of days,
28:47 · before turning back to obliterate their disorganized pursuers.
28:55 · If an enemy did not take the bait then the Mongols might employ a final psychological trick they had
29:02 · learned from the hunt. Here they would encircle the enemy army but leave an intentional path
29:10 · of escape. This ray of hope would often induce soldiers to flee rather than stand their ground.
29:19 · But this was a trap. Once a panicked, animalistic flight began it would be nearly impossible to
29:27 · reverse. Now the Mongols could easily swoop in to destroy their prey with minimal effort.
29:38 · Shown at its True Size, I hope you can appreciate the incredible nature of the Mongol Army.
29:46 · Stay tuned for more episodes on the Mongols and let us know what topics we should cover next.
29:52 · Be sure to head on over to our Patreon to participate in polls, to catch episode previews, and to download our art. A big thanks to our current Patrons
30:01 · for funding the channel. A big thanks as well to the researchers, writers, and artists for
30:06 · making this episode possible. We couldn't have done it without this team and our community. If you enjoyed this episode, be sure to like and subscribe
30:14 · and check out these other related videos. See you in the next one.

In the thirteenth century, the Mongols achieved a string of virtually unbroken victories, gaining the largest contiguous land empire in history. In the 1240’s, they devastated Hungary, destroying the army of King Béla IV at the famous Battle of Mohi. This experience profoundly impacted the Hungarians, and caused them to fundamentally alter many aspects of their society, for they feared that the Mongols would one day return. As it turned out, they did. In 1285, a vast Mongol army again drove into the lands of the Hungarians. How would Hungary fare this time?
How Hungary Finally CRUSHED the Mongols - DOCUMENTARY | 12:28
Real Crusades History | 274K subscribers | 1,812,768 views | Premiered August 12, 2022

Transcript
· Intro
0:01 · in the 13th century the mongols achieved
0:03 · a string of virtually unbroken victories
0:06 · gaining the largest contiguous land
0:08 · empire in history
0:10 · in the 1240s they devastated hungary
0:13 · destroying the army of king bella iv at
0:16 · the famous battle of mohi
0:19 · this experience profoundly impacted the
0:21 · hungarians and caused them to
0:23 · fundamentally alter many aspects of
0:26 · their society for they feared that the
0:29 · mongols would one day return
0:33 · as it turned out they did
0:38 · in 1285 a vast mongol army again drove
0:42 · into the lands of the hungarians
0:45 · how would hungary fare this time
0:47 · in fact the result of the second mongol
0:50 · invasion of hungary presents one of the
0:52 · most striking and surprising episodes in
0:55 · the history of the mongols
0:57 · we'll find out how the hungarians dealt
0:59 · with this second terrifying invasion
1:01 · today on real crusades history
1:06 · [Music]
· History
1:19 · in 1241 at the battle of mahi an
1:22 · enormous mongol invasion force defeated
1:24 · the hungarians and their allies
1:27 · for a year the mongols pillaged and
1:30 · ravaged the countryside
1:33 · when the invaders finally withdrew a
1:36 · quarter of hungary's population had been
1:38 · slaughtered and virtually all of the
1:40 · towns and villages had been destroyed
1:44 · after this disaster the king of hungary
1:46 · bella iv was left to pick up the pieces
1:50 · he recognized that his kingdom had been
1:52 · poorly prepared for the mongol invasion
1:55 · for one hungary had few fortified
1:57 · positions indeed many of its cities had
2:00 · no walls at all
2:03 · only the kingdom's few stone castles had
2:06 · managed to resist the mongols also the
2:09 · kingdom's army had been made up
2:11 · primarily of lightly armoured horsemen
2:15 · in 1241 only a small contingent of
2:18 · knights templar and teutonic knights
2:20 · garbed in heavy armor had managed to
2:23 · inflict serious damage on the mongols
2:27 · what if a vast army of heavily armored
2:29 · knights had been present to face the
2:31 · mongols
2:34 · taking note king bella began to
2:37 · implement major reforms
2:40 · first and foremost bella reorganized his
2:42 · kingdom's horsemen into a new class of
2:45 · heavily armoured mounted knights in the
2:47 · western style
2:49 · in 1247 he struck a deal with the
2:52 · crusading order known as the knights
2:54 · hospital granting them his southeastern
2:56 · frontier in exchange for their help in
2:59 · bringing in more heavily armoured
3:01 · knights and raising new stone castles
3:05 · in 1248 the king extended the privilege
3:08 · of knighthood allowing the kingdom's
3:10 · middle strata to serve in a barren's
3:13 · cavalry provided they were equipped with
3:16 · armor and a horse he encouraged new
3:19 · settlers to move to hungary granting
3:21 · them rights of knighthood and nobility
3:23 · if they could outfit themselves for
3:25 · combat
3:28 · another lesson from the battle of mahi
3:30 · crossbowman who'd been scarce during the
3:33 · first mongol invasion had nevertheless
3:35 · performed well against the mongols in
3:37 · 1241.
3:38 · king bella struck a deal with the
3:41 · venetians famed for their crossbowmen
3:43 · by this deal at least one thousand
3:46 · venetian crossbowmen entered into the
3:48 · hungarian kings service
3:52 · finally king bella offered grants and
3:54 · incentives to every hungarian city that
3:57 · outfitted itself with stone
3:59 · fortifications
4:00 · these reforms paid off resulting in the
4:03 · construction of some 100 new fortresses
4:07 · all of hungary's important cities were
4:10 · now surrounded by stone walls
4:13 · the kingdom of hungary was transformed
4:16 · by the end of king bella the fourth's
4:18 · reign
4:20 · king bella wouldn't live to see the
4:22 · fruit of his efforts he died in 1270
4:26 · in 1285 his reforms would be tested
· The Invasion
4:37 · that winter nogai khan de facto leader
4:40 · of the golden horde pointed his army
4:42 · westward and invaded central europe
4:46 · the golden horde representing the north
4:48 · western sector of the mongol domain had
4:51 · operated as an essentially independent
4:54 · carnate since the fragmentation of the
4:56 · mongol empire in 1259
4:59 · given its location central europe was
5:01 · the golden horde's logical grounds for
5:03 · expansion
5:04 · [Music]
5:06 · nogai khan was eager to subdue hungary
5:08 · once and for all
5:13 · nogai believed that the hungarians were
5:15 · weak he'd heard rumors of internal
5:18 · strife in hungary which seemed confirmed
5:20 · when a large number of humans were
5:23 · driven from the kingdom and sought
5:24 · service with the mongols
5:28 · as in 1241 the mongols struck at hungary
5:32 · on two fronts
5:33 · nogai led a force through prashov into
5:35 · transylvania while his kinsmen talabuka
5:38 · marched by the veric pass in modern
5:40 · ukraine into transcarpathia
5:44 · at the time the mongol empire was at
5:46 · peace mostly free of internal power
5:49 · struggles therefore no guy was able to
5:51 · field a very large invasion force which
5:54 · historians estimate numbered somewhere
5:56 · between 30 and 50 000 men
6:00 · as usual the mongols focused on speed
6:03 · and surprise it was winter and no guy
6:06 · expected to catch the hungarians off
6:08 · guard he expected to easily annihilate
6:11 · whatever resistance he encountered
6:15 · [Music]
6:17 · initially there were signs that the
6:19 · invasion might not go so well as planned
6:21 · talabuka who led the largest contingent
6:24 · into the north of hungary had
6:26 · difficulties provisioning his men
6:28 · this was owed to the improved
6:30 · fortifications in hungary
6:32 · many local villagers had fled to the
6:34 · regional castles where they hoarded
6:36 · their livestock and food supplies the
6:38 · mongols found themselves marching
6:40 · through territory devoid of plunder
6:45 · as they passed stone castle after stone
6:48 · castle the mongols began to suffer
6:50 · hunger and talabuka lost thousands of
6:52 · men to starvation
6:58 · early in the campaign the mongols
7:00 · attacked the town of pesht but the town
7:02 · had already been abandoned its
7:04 · inhabitants having taken refuge in the
7:06 · local castles
7:09 · once again the mongols found nothing to
7:11 · plunder
7:13 · from their well-fortified base at buddha
7:16 · a contingent of hungarian knights
7:18 · launched a successful harassment attack
7:20 · on the mongol column and sources reveal
7:23 · that the hungarian queen elizabeth of
7:25 · sicily was able to observe the action
7:28 · from the walls of the city
7:32 · talabuka grew frustrated his men were
7:35 · able to raid territory as far as the
7:37 · danube in some places they inflicted
7:40 · heavy casualties on the civilian
7:41 · populations
7:43 · but in many areas villagers were scarce
7:46 · having taken refuge behind the walls of
7:48 · a nearby fortress
7:50 · the mongols were unable to capture any
7:52 · of the regional castles and they kept
7:54 · encountering well-armored contingents of
7:57 · hungarian knights
8:00 · with well-defended fortresses nearby the
8:03 · hungarians could attack inflict
8:05 · casualties on the mongols and then
8:07 · withdraw to safety before talabuka could
8:09 · launch an effective counter-attack
· The Aftermath
8:16 · one such battle took place near the
8:18 · castle of terusco
8:20 · here the mongols suffered a serious
8:22 · defeat and heavy casualties
8:24 · the hungarian knights were able to
8:26 · inflict devastating charges on the
8:28 · mongols
8:30 · the victorious hungarians captured
8:33 · around 1 000 prisoners during this
8:35 · engagement
8:38 · the decisive encounter came in the hills
8:41 · of western transylvania here talabuka's
8:44 · weakened army suddenly met the royal
8:47 · hungarian army led by king ladislaus iv
8:52 · unlike the army encountered by the
8:53 · mongols in 1241 this hungarian force
8:57 · contained many heavily armored knights
8:59 · their numbers reduced and their morale
9:02 · low the mongols were soundly defeated by
9:04 · the determined well-timed charge of the
9:07 · hungarians
9:11 · recognizing that his situation was
9:13 · hopeless talabuka now ordered a retreat
9:16 · from hungary but on the return trip his
9:18 · army was ambushed by the ck people who
9:21 · struck a swift light cavalry this final
9:25 · disaster all but destroyed talabuga's
9:27 · army and by the time the general
9:29 · returned to mongolian territory his
9:32 · forces had ceased to exist
9:36 · chronicler even commented that talabuka
9:38 · returned with nothing but his wife and a
9:40 · single horse an exaggeration surely but
9:44 · one that highlighted the level of
9:45 · destruction of his army
9:50 · khan fared only slightly better
9:52 · he remained in transylvania until the
9:54 · spring of 1286 and managed to plunder
9:57 · the towns of reggie brashov and bistrita
10:02 · but like talibuga nogai was unable to
10:05 · capture any major castles or cities
10:08 · after defeating talibuga's army king
10:10 · ladislaus advanced with his force to
10:13 · attack nogai's host however by the time
10:16 · the king had caught up with nogai the
10:18 · local hungarian and romanian troops led
10:20 · by roland borsa had mostly destroyed the
10:23 · mongol army
10:26 · ladislavs had only to harass the
10:28 · remnants of nogai's army as it limped
10:30 · away in retreat
10:34 · the second mongol invasion of hungary of
10:36 · 1285 stands in stark contrast to the
10:39 · first one in 1241 despite serious
10:42 · civilian casualties in some regions the
10:45 · hungarians soundly defeated the mongols
10:48 · and the mongol leaders were fortunate to
10:50 · escape with their lives
10:53 · the reforms carried out across the
10:55 · kingdom of hungary enabled this decisive
10:57 · victory over the invasion strong castles
11:01 · impeded the progress of the two mongol
11:03 · armies and denied them plunder indeed
11:06 · starvation just as much as the military
11:08 · might of the hungarians crippled nogai
11:11 · khan's campaign
11:14 · the adoption of western-style armor and
11:16 · the use of heavy cavalry also gave the
11:18 · hungarians an important edge
11:21 · never again would the mongols launch a
11:23 · major invasion of hungary or indeed
11:25 · central europe in general
11:30 · the results of the second mongol
11:32 · invasion of hungary are an important
11:34 · reminder that lessons learned from a
11:36 · major defeat can create the opportunity
11:38 · for reform recovery and future victory
11:43 · indeed in the future a hungarian army
11:46 · would invade mongol territory and
11:48 · ultimately seize moldavia from the
11:50 · golden horde
11:51 · [Music]
11:55 · thanks for watching
11:56 · now watch our documentary on the viking
11:59 · settlers of ukraine who would eventually
12:01 · become the kievan rus
12:03 · click on the video linked on your screen
12:05 · to watch now also don't forget to
12:07 · subscribe to this channel and to our
12:09 · live streaming channel linked in the
12:11 · description below
12:13 · [Music]
12:26 · town

1287, the Mongolian Golden Horde launches a major campaign against the Kingdom of Poland. This would be the third time a Mongol army invaded the country; the Poles knew well that they were facing a formidable opponent. Commanded by two capable and experienced military leaders – Nogai Khan and Talabuga Khan, the Golden Horde's army divided and entered Poland via two attack points. For many of the Poles, they had little option but to hole up within the country's fortresses. However, one nobleman, Duke Leszek the Black, would muster an army and confront the Golden Horde head on. Meanwhile, he would appeal to his neighbor, the King of Hungary for help. Hungary would respond, and soon, a coalition Polish-Hungarian force would stand against the Mongols, bolstered by the courageous Hungarian commander George of Sovar.
How Poland Finally CRUSHED the Mongols - DOCUMENTARY | 11:28
Real Crusades History | 274K subscribers | 564,941 views | Premiered October 4, 2022

Transcript
0:01 · 1287 the Mongolian golden horde launches
0:04 · a major campaign against the kingdom of
0:06 · Poland this would be the third time a
0:09 · Mongol Army invaded the country the
0:12 · polls knew well they were facing a
0:14 · formidable opponent commanded by two
0:16 · capable and experienced military leaders
0:18 · nogikon and talabuga Khan the Golden
0:21 · horde's Army divided and entered Poland
0:24 · via two attack points for many of the
0:26 · polls they had little option but to hold
0:28 · up within the country's fortresses
0:30 · however Duke lezic the black would
0:33 · muster an army and confront the golden
0:35 · horde
0:36 · meanwhile Lezak would appeal to his
0:38 · neighbor the king of Hungary for help
0:41 · Hungary would respond and soon a
0:43 · coalition polish Hungarian force would
0:45 · stand against the Mongols bolstered by
0:48 · the courageous Hungarian Commander
0:49 · George of sovar today on real Crusades
0:53 · history where we don't just do Crusades
0:55 · history will delve into yet another
0:57 · fascinating campaign in the history of
1:00 · the Monumental Mongol invasions the
1:03 · third Mongol invasion of Poland
1:08 · [Music]
1:21 · in 1287 talabuka a descendant of Genghis
1:25 · Khan became Khan of the Mongolian golden
1:28 · horde one of the successor states to
1:30 · emerge after the breakup of the original
1:32 · Mongol Empire
1:34 · talibuka was essentially the rightful
1:36 · heir to the throne representing the
1:38 · senior branch of the line of his
1:40 · great-grandfather batukan
1:43 · talabuka ruled alongside his Kinsmen the
1:46 · general nogai Khan who during his life
1:48 · acted as something of a king maker in
1:51 · the golden horde recently in 1285 nogai
1:54 · and talibuka had led the second Mongol
1:57 · invasion of Hungary which had resulted
1:59 · in defeat for the golden horde however
2:02 · the two decided to once again attack
2:04 · Europe This Time targeting the kingdom
2:06 · of Poland according to James Chambers to
2:08 · prevent the polls from supporting the
2:10 · Hungarian barons
2:14 · in November of 1287 no guy ordered his
2:18 · ruthenian vassals to prepare their
2:20 · armies for an expedition into Poland
2:22 · while he and talibuka assembled their
2:24 · cavalries as a result nogai and talibuka
2:28 · marched out at the head of a large
2:30 · Invasion Force numbering around 30 000
2:33 · composed of Mongol and turkic Cavalry as
2:36 · well as some ruthenian auxiliaries
2:39 · no guy himself devised the plan of
2:43 · attack as in their previous invasion of
2:45 · Poland in 1259 the golden horde host was
2:49 · divided into two armies one Cavalry
2:52 · Force numbering around 20 000 including
2:55 · some ruthenian troops was led by
2:57 · talibuga Khan and would drive towards
2:59 · San domirsh and the north of Poland
3:02 · simultaneously no guy Khan would lead 10
3:06 · 000 Cavalry composed entirely of Mongols
3:08 · and Turks toward krakov
3:11 · this two-pronged raid was to be
3:13 · conducted at lightning speed to prevent
3:15 · the poles from mounting an effective
3:17 · defense
3:18 · after plundering their respective
3:20 · targets and conquering sandomirsch the
3:22 · two armies were to reunite north of
3:24 · krakov
3:27 · from here they would Loot
3:29 · kilzeoff miyakov and finally krakov
3:33 · once Poland was thoroughly ravaged the
3:36 · combined Mongol host would withdraw back
3:38 · into the territory of the golden horde
3:43 · the Mongols did achieve surprise
3:47 · the first polish Prince to March against
3:49 · the Mongols was lezic the second the
3:52 · black high Duke of Poland described as
3:54 · king of Poland by historian William
3:56 · Urban
3:58 · at the time the Polish monarchy was
4:00 · experiencing a period of fragmentation
4:01 · but according to Urban lezic had
4:04 · restored the kingdom and himself become
4:06 · king
4:08 · lezic was a gifted ruler and military
4:10 · commander he defeated the ruse in battle
4:13 · and in 1282 crushed the sudovian
4:15 · prussians during the northern Crusades
4:18 · joined by Hungarian and human allies
4:20 · he'd captured Krakow in 1285 now during
4:24 · the third Mongol invasion he managed to
4:27 · assemble an army numbering as many as
4:29 · fifteen thousand men though ultimately
4:31 · historians are unsure as to the size of
4:33 · this host
4:38 · despite his success as a warrior
4:40 · lessick's married life proved less
4:42 · fruitful his wife graffini of halik
4:45 · never conceived a child in 1271 she fled
4:49 · to Krakow and openly accused lezic of
4:51 · impotence claiming that her marriage had
4:53 · never been consummated this caused Great
4:56 · Scandal but in 1275 with the
4:59 · intervention of other members of the
5:00 · Polish nobility the couple were
5:02 · reconciled lezic sought treatment from
5:05 · the famous physician Nikolai of Krakow
5:08 · the physician's cure included eating
5:10 · frogs and snakes however lezic and
5:13 · graffina never had children which
5:15 · according to the annals of Poland caused
5:17 · a great Abomination for the country
5:22 · like the hungarians the poles had
5:24 · improved many of the fortifications in
5:26 · their Kingdom by the 1280s
5:28 · karakov now had a strongly built stone
5:30 · Citadel and its own defensive catapults
5:33 · conversely during the first two Mongol
5:36 · invasions of Poland krakow's walls had
5:38 · been made of wood
5:43 · on December 7 1287 talabuka's Army broke
5:47 · camp at vola damira
5:49 · avoiding Loveland they attempted to
5:51 · cross the Vistula near zavigast
5:54 · the talabuka's annoyance the river was
5:57 · not frozen and so he had to March South
6:00 · in search of a Ford after crossing the
6:03 · river the Mongols laid Siege to
6:05 · sandomirsch but the city's defenses and
6:08 · Garrison proved too strong his assault
6:11 · repelled talabuka ended the siege he
6:14 · dispatched raiding forces into the
6:15 · country's side on December 20 while the
6:18 · main column of talibuka's army was near
6:21 · the Holy Cross mountains they
6:22 · encountered a Polish force of unknown
6:24 · size again around fifteen thousand at
6:27 · the higher estimates
6:28 · this polish force was led by Duke lezzek
6:31 · II the black
6:34 · thus began the Battle of Lago Duke
6:38 · lezek's Army triumphed and talabuka
6:40 · suffered defeat
6:49 · after reaching the District of kyotze
6:51 · talibuka began a retreat by January of
6:54 · 1288 the Mongols had reached leviv where
6:56 · they laid Camp meanwhile lezic marched
6:59 · his army toward Krakow to ready the
7:01 · defenses of the capital city
7:04 · meanwhile no gaikon's forces the
7:07 · southern division of the Golden horde's
7:09 · Army entered Poland on Christmas Eve
7:11 · 1287. they besieged krakov
7:15 · City's Stone fortifications proved
7:17 · resilient and no gaikon decided to
7:19 · attempt an assault
7:24 · this proved to be a disaster the polish
7:27 · Defenders inflicted serious casualties
7:29 · in the Mongol forces who lost several
7:31 · important Commanders
7:33 · frustrated no guy Khan changed tactics
7:36 · he lifted The Siege and instead
7:38 · dispersed his forces to plunder the
7:40 · countryside to the north and south of
7:42 · Krakow
7:43 · Mongol and Target detachments raided The
7:46 · Villages this resulted in several small
7:49 · battles between local polish forces with
7:51 · the small Mongol raiding parties
7:54 · meanwhile no guys troops besieged the
7:56 · towns of orolinets and studies after the
8:00 · siege of krakov was lifted Duke lezic
8:02 · took his wife in a band of his Knights
8:04 · and a road for Hungary to seek help from
8:07 · King latislaus IV
8:09 · the hungarians had defeated a Mongol
8:11 · invasion only two years earlier so they
8:13 · were a good choice for an alliance
8:15 · against the golden horde
8:18 · the Mongols devastated honolinic and
8:21 · skirmished with local polish forces
8:23 · however they failed to capture studyson
8:26 · which had strong walls and a capable
8:28 · Garrison
8:29 · meanwhile King lattice Laos of Hungary
8:32 · dispatched a force under the nobleman
8:34 · George of sovar to March to the aid of
8:37 · Poland
8:38 · on the way George's troops were joined
8:41 · by local polish forces to form a
8:43 · coalition Hungarian polish Army
8:47 · George managed to surprise a Mongol
8:49 · force of around 1 000 near study songs
8:52 · the Mongols were caught completely off
8:54 · guard and annihilated their Commander
8:56 · dying during the fight
8:59 · the Battle of stares proved to be the
9:01 · final major engagement of the campaign
9:04 · Duke lexic marched with his army to join
9:07 · forces with George of sovar
9:09 · the plan was then to deliver a knockout
9:11 · blow to the Mongols however no guy Khan
9:14 · recognized that his situation was
9:16 · collapsing and ordered an immediate
9:18 · retreat with most of his army still
9:20 · intact
9:22 · no guy was back in ruthenia by January
9:25 · or February of 1288
9:29 · [Applause]
9:30 · [Music]
9:32 · the third Mongol invasion of Poland was
9:35 · very different from the previous two
9:36 · invasions but quite similar to the
9:39 · 1285-86 Fiasco in Hungary
9:42 · the Mongols failed to take any major
9:45 · cities or castles and suffered serious
9:47 · losses in the field against polish and
9:49 · Hungarian forces
9:51 · as in Hungary Poland's improved
9:53 · fortifications proved effective
9:55 · historian James Chambers states that for
9:58 · the most part the only towns or castles
10:01 · that were sacked were those that were
10:02 · tricked into opening their gates after
10:04 · being promised an amnesty by the
10:06 · ruthenian auxiliaries
10:09 · also rivalry between nogai and talabuka
10:12 · hindered their cooperation
10:14 · conversely cooperation between the
10:16 · Polish and Hungarian forces allowed them
10:19 · to deliver an effective counter blow
10:20 · which convinced no guide to retreat
10:23 · although the invasion was a failure it
10:25 · did inflict considerable damage to
10:27 · Poland and the Mongols might well have
10:29 · achieved their goals had noga and
10:31 · talabuka cooperated more effectively
10:34 · it was a close-run victory but
10:36 · undeniably a great victory for Poland
10:38 · and Hungary
10:40 · in February of 1288 Duke lezic expressed
10:43 · his gratitude to George of sovar by
10:45 · granting him a villa in Poland meanwhile
10:48 · within a few years nogai and talibuka
10:51 · would be engaged in civil war with one
10:53 · another which in retrospect further
10:55 · helps explain the poor execution of the
10:58 · third Mongol invasion of Poland
11:00 · [Music]
11:02 · thanks for watching now check out our
11:05 · video on the battle of einjelu the epic
11:08 · Clash between the Egyptian mom looks and
11:10 · the Mongols in 1260. click on the video
11:13 · linked on your screen to watch now
11:15 · please give this channel a sub and click
11:17 · the Bell to be notified for future
11:19 · uploads check out my novel of the
11:21 · Crusades why does the Heathen rage
11:23 · Linked In the description down below

Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.

Transcript
	·	Intro
0:01	·	in the 13th century the mongols achieved
0:03	·	a string of virtually unbroken victories
0:06	·	gaining the largest contiguous land
0:08	·	empire in history
0:10	·	in the 1240s they devastated hungary
0:13	·	destroying the army of king bella iv at
0:16	·	the famous battle of mohi
0:19	·	this experience profoundly impacted the
0:21	·	hungarians and caused them to
0:23	·	fundamentally alter many aspects of
0:26	·	their society for they feared that the
0:29	·	mongols would one day return
0:33	·	as it turned out they did
0:38	·	in 1285 a vast mongol army again drove
0:42	·	into the lands of the hungarians
0:45	·	how would hungary fare this time
0:47	·	in fact the result of the second mongol
0:50	·	invasion of hungary presents one of the
0:52	·	most striking and surprising episodes in
0:55	·	the history of the mongols
0:57	·	we'll find out how the hungarians dealt
0:59	·	with this second terrifying invasion
1:01	·	today on real crusades history
1:06	·	[Music]
	·	History
1:19	·	in 1241 at the battle of mahi an
1:22	·	enormous mongol invasion force defeated
1:24	·	the hungarians and their allies
1:27	·	for a year the mongols pillaged and
1:30	·	ravaged the countryside
1:33	·	when the invaders finally withdrew a
1:36	·	quarter of hungary's population had been
1:38	·	slaughtered and virtually all of the
1:40	·	towns and villages had been destroyed
1:44	·	after this disaster the king of hungary
1:46	·	bella iv was left to pick up the pieces
1:50	·	he recognized that his kingdom had been
1:52	·	poorly prepared for the mongol invasion
1:55	·	for one hungary had few fortified
1:57	·	positions indeed many of its cities had
2:00	·	no walls at all
2:03	·	only the kingdom's few stone castles had
2:06	·	managed to resist the mongols also the
2:09	·	kingdom's army had been made up
2:11	·	primarily of lightly armoured horsemen
2:15	·	in 1241 only a small contingent of
2:18	·	knights templar and teutonic knights
2:20	·	garbed in heavy armor had managed to
2:23	·	inflict serious damage on the mongols
2:27	·	what if a vast army of heavily armored
2:29	·	knights had been present to face the
2:31	·	mongols
2:34	·	taking note king bella began to
2:37	·	implement major reforms
2:40	·	first and foremost bella reorganized his
2:42	·	kingdom's horsemen into a new class of
2:45	·	heavily armoured mounted knights in the
2:47	·	western style
2:49	·	in 1247 he struck a deal with the
2:52	·	crusading order known as the knights
2:54	·	hospital granting them his southeastern
2:56	·	frontier in exchange for their help in
2:59	·	bringing in more heavily armoured
3:01	·	knights and raising new stone castles
3:05	·	in 1248 the king extended the privilege
3:08	·	of knighthood allowing the kingdom's
3:10	·	middle strata to serve in a barren's
3:13	·	cavalry provided they were equipped with
3:16	·	armor and a horse he encouraged new
3:19	·	settlers to move to hungary granting
3:21	·	them rights of knighthood and nobility
3:23	·	if they could outfit themselves for
3:25	·	combat
3:28	·	another lesson from the battle of mahi
3:30	·	crossbowman who'd been scarce during the
3:33	·	first mongol invasion had nevertheless
3:35	·	performed well against the mongols in
3:37	·	1241.
3:38	·	king bella struck a deal with the
3:41	·	venetians famed for their crossbowmen
3:43	·	by this deal at least one thousand
3:46	·	venetian crossbowmen entered into the
3:48	·	hungarian kings service
3:52	·	finally king bella offered grants and
3:54	·	incentives to every hungarian city that
3:57	·	outfitted itself with stone
3:59	·	fortifications
4:00	·	these reforms paid off resulting in the
4:03	·	construction of some 100 new fortresses
4:07	·	all of hungary's important cities were
4:10	·	now surrounded by stone walls
4:13	·	the kingdom of hungary was transformed
4:16	·	by the end of king bella the fourth's
4:18	·	reign
4:20	·	king bella wouldn't live to see the
4:22	·	fruit of his efforts he died in 1270
4:26	·	in 1285 his reforms would be tested
	·	The Invasion
4:37	·	that winter nogai khan de facto leader
4:40	·	of the golden horde pointed his army
4:42	·	westward and invaded central europe
4:46	·	the golden horde representing the north
4:48	·	western sector of the mongol domain had
4:51	·	operated as an essentially independent
4:54	·	carnate since the fragmentation of the
4:56	·	mongol empire in 1259
4:59	·	given its location central europe was
5:01	·	the golden horde's logical grounds for
5:03	·	expansion
5:04	·	[Music]
5:06	·	nogai khan was eager to subdue hungary
5:08	·	once and for all
5:13	·	nogai believed that the hungarians were
5:15	·	weak he'd heard rumors of internal
5:18	·	strife in hungary which seemed confirmed
5:20	·	when a large number of humans were
5:23	·	driven from the kingdom and sought
5:24	·	service with the mongols
5:28	·	as in 1241 the mongols struck at hungary
5:32	·	on two fronts
5:33	·	nogai led a force through prashov into
5:35	·	transylvania while his kinsmen talabuka
5:38	·	marched by the veric pass in modern
5:40	·	ukraine into transcarpathia
5:44	·	at the time the mongol empire was at
5:46	·	peace mostly free of internal power
5:49	·	struggles therefore no guy was able to
5:51	·	field a very large invasion force which
5:54	·	historians estimate numbered somewhere
5:56	·	between 30 and 50 000 men
6:00	·	as usual the mongols focused on speed
6:03	·	and surprise it was winter and no guy
6:06	·	expected to catch the hungarians off
6:08	·	guard he expected to easily annihilate
6:11	·	whatever resistance he encountered
6:15	·	[Music]
6:17	·	initially there were signs that the
6:19	·	invasion might not go so well as planned
6:21	·	talabuka who led the largest contingent
6:24	·	into the north of hungary had
6:26	·	difficulties provisioning his men
6:28	·	this was owed to the improved
6:30	·	fortifications in hungary
6:32	·	many local villagers had fled to the
6:34	·	regional castles where they hoarded
6:36	·	their livestock and food supplies the
6:38	·	mongols found themselves marching
6:40	·	through territory devoid of plunder
6:45	·	as they passed stone castle after stone
6:48	·	castle the mongols began to suffer
6:50	·	hunger and talabuka lost thousands of
6:52	·	men to starvation
6:58	·	early in the campaign the mongols
7:00	·	attacked the town of pesht but the town
7:02	·	had already been abandoned its
7:04	·	inhabitants having taken refuge in the
7:06	·	local castles
7:09	·	once again the mongols found nothing to
7:11	·	plunder
7:13	·	from their well-fortified base at buddha
7:16	·	a contingent of hungarian knights
7:18	·	launched a successful harassment attack
7:20	·	on the mongol column and sources reveal
7:23	·	that the hungarian queen elizabeth of
7:25	·	sicily was able to observe the action
7:28	·	from the walls of the city
7:32	·	talabuka grew frustrated his men were
7:35	·	able to raid territory as far as the
7:37	·	danube in some places they inflicted
7:40	·	heavy casualties on the civilian
7:41	·	populations
7:43	·	but in many areas villagers were scarce
7:46	·	having taken refuge behind the walls of
7:48	·	a nearby fortress
7:50	·	the mongols were unable to capture any
7:52	·	of the regional castles and they kept
7:54	·	encountering well-armored contingents of
7:57	·	hungarian knights
8:00	·	with well-defended fortresses nearby the
8:03	·	hungarians could attack inflict
8:05	·	casualties on the mongols and then
8:07	·	withdraw to safety before talabuka could
8:09	·	launch an effective counter-attack
	·	The Aftermath
8:16	·	one such battle took place near the
8:18	·	castle of terusco
8:20	·	here the mongols suffered a serious
8:22	·	defeat and heavy casualties
8:24	·	the hungarian knights were able to
8:26	·	inflict devastating charges on the
8:28	·	mongols
8:30	·	the victorious hungarians captured
8:33	·	around 1 000 prisoners during this
8:35	·	engagement
8:38	·	the decisive encounter came in the hills
8:41	·	of western transylvania here talabuka's
8:44	·	weakened army suddenly met the royal
8:47	·	hungarian army led by king ladislaus iv
8:52	·	unlike the army encountered by the
8:53	·	mongols in 1241 this hungarian force
8:57	·	contained many heavily armored knights
8:59	·	their numbers reduced and their morale
9:02	·	low the mongols were soundly defeated by
9:04	·	the determined well-timed charge of the
9:07	·	hungarians
9:11	·	recognizing that his situation was
9:13	·	hopeless talabuka now ordered a retreat
9:16	·	from hungary but on the return trip his
9:18	·	army was ambushed by the ck people who
9:21	·	struck a swift light cavalry this final
9:25	·	disaster all but destroyed talabuga's
9:27	·	army and by the time the general
9:29	·	returned to mongolian territory his
9:32	·	forces had ceased to exist
9:36	·	chronicler even commented that talabuka
9:38	·	returned with nothing but his wife and a
9:40	·	single horse an exaggeration surely but
9:44	·	one that highlighted the level of
9:45	·	destruction of his army
9:50	·	khan fared only slightly better
9:52	·	he remained in transylvania until the
9:54	·	spring of 1286 and managed to plunder
9:57	·	the towns of reggie brashov and bistrita
10:02	·	but like talibuga nogai was unable to
10:05	·	capture any major castles or cities
10:08	·	after defeating talibuga's army king
10:10	·	ladislaus advanced with his force to
10:13	·	attack nogai's host however by the time
10:16	·	the king had caught up with nogai the
10:18	·	local hungarian and romanian troops led
10:20	·	by roland borsa had mostly destroyed the
10:23	·	mongol army
10:26	·	ladislavs had only to harass the
10:28	·	remnants of nogai's army as it limped
10:30	·	away in retreat
10:34	·	the second mongol invasion of hungary of
10:36	·	1285 stands in stark contrast to the
10:39	·	first one in 1241 despite serious
10:42	·	civilian casualties in some regions the
10:45	·	hungarians soundly defeated the mongols
10:48	·	and the mongol leaders were fortunate to
10:50	·	escape with their lives
10:53	·	the reforms carried out across the
10:55	·	kingdom of hungary enabled this decisive
10:57	·	victory over the invasion strong castles
11:01	·	impeded the progress of the two mongol
11:03	·	armies and denied them plunder indeed
11:06	·	starvation just as much as the military
11:08	·	might of the hungarians crippled nogai
11:11	·	khan's campaign
11:14	·	the adoption of western-style armor and
11:16	·	the use of heavy cavalry also gave the
11:18	·	hungarians an important edge
11:21	·	never again would the mongols launch a
11:23	·	major invasion of hungary or indeed
11:25	·	central europe in general
11:30	·	the results of the second mongol
11:32	·	invasion of hungary are an important
11:34	·	reminder that lessons learned from a
11:36	·	major defeat can create the opportunity
11:38	·	for reform recovery and future victory
11:43	·	indeed in the future a hungarian army
11:46	·	would invade mongol territory and
11:48	·	ultimately seize moldavia from the
11:50	·	golden horde
11:51	·	[Music]
11:55	·	thanks for watching
11:56	·	now watch our documentary on the viking
11:59	·	settlers of ukraine who would eventually
12:01	·	become the kievan rus
12:03	·	click on the video linked on your screen
12:05	·	to watch now also don't forget to
12:07	·	subscribe to this channel and to our
12:09	·	live streaming channel linked in the
12:11	·	description below
12:13	·	[Music]
12:26	·	town

Transcript
0:01	·	1287 the Mongolian golden horde launches
0:04	·	a major campaign against the kingdom of
0:06	·	Poland this would be the third time a
0:09	·	Mongol Army invaded the country the
0:12	·	polls knew well they were facing a
0:14	·	formidable opponent commanded by two
0:16	·	capable and experienced military leaders
0:18	·	nogikon and talabuga Khan the Golden
0:21	·	horde's Army divided and entered Poland
0:24	·	via two attack points for many of the
0:26	·	polls they had little option but to hold
0:28	·	up within the country's fortresses
0:30	·	however Duke lezic the black would
0:33	·	muster an army and confront the golden
0:35	·	horde
0:36	·	meanwhile Lezak would appeal to his
0:38	·	neighbor the king of Hungary for help
0:41	·	Hungary would respond and soon a
0:43	·	coalition polish Hungarian force would
0:45	·	stand against the Mongols bolstered by
0:48	·	the courageous Hungarian Commander
0:49	·	George of sovar today on real Crusades
0:53	·	history where we don't just do Crusades
0:55	·	history will delve into yet another
0:57	·	fascinating campaign in the history of
1:00	·	the Monumental Mongol invasions the
1:03	·	third Mongol invasion of Poland
1:08	·	[Music]
1:21	·	in 1287 talabuka a descendant of Genghis
1:25	·	Khan became Khan of the Mongolian golden
1:28	·	horde one of the successor states to
1:30	·	emerge after the breakup of the original
1:32	·	Mongol Empire
1:34	·	talibuka was essentially the rightful
1:36	·	heir to the throne representing the
1:38	·	senior branch of the line of his
1:40	·	great-grandfather batukan
1:43	·	talabuka ruled alongside his Kinsmen the
1:46	·	general nogai Khan who during his life
1:48	·	acted as something of a king maker in
1:51	·	the golden horde recently in 1285 nogai
1:54	·	and talibuka had led the second Mongol
1:57	·	invasion of Hungary which had resulted
1:59	·	in defeat for the golden horde however
2:02	·	the two decided to once again attack
2:04	·	Europe This Time targeting the kingdom
2:06	·	of Poland according to James Chambers to
2:08	·	prevent the polls from supporting the
2:10	·	Hungarian barons
2:14	·	in November of 1287 no guy ordered his
2:18	·	ruthenian vassals to prepare their
2:20	·	armies for an expedition into Poland
2:22	·	while he and talibuka assembled their
2:24	·	cavalries as a result nogai and talibuka
2:28	·	marched out at the head of a large
2:30	·	Invasion Force numbering around 30 000
2:33	·	composed of Mongol and turkic Cavalry as
2:36	·	well as some ruthenian auxiliaries
2:39	·	no guy himself devised the plan of
2:43	·	attack as in their previous invasion of
2:45	·	Poland in 1259 the golden horde host was
2:49	·	divided into two armies one Cavalry
2:52	·	Force numbering around 20 000 including
2:55	·	some ruthenian troops was led by
2:57	·	talibuga Khan and would drive towards
2:59	·	San domirsh and the north of Poland
3:02	·	simultaneously no guy Khan would lead 10
3:06	·	000 Cavalry composed entirely of Mongols
3:08	·	and Turks toward krakov
3:11	·	this two-pronged raid was to be
3:13	·	conducted at lightning speed to prevent
3:15	·	the poles from mounting an effective
3:17	·	defense
3:18	·	after plundering their respective
3:20	·	targets and conquering sandomirsch the
3:22	·	two armies were to reunite north of
3:24	·	krakov
3:27	·	from here they would Loot
3:29	·	kilzeoff miyakov and finally krakov
3:33	·	once Poland was thoroughly ravaged the
3:36	·	combined Mongol host would withdraw back
3:38	·	into the territory of the golden horde
3:43	·	the Mongols did achieve surprise
3:47	·	the first polish Prince to March against
3:49	·	the Mongols was lezic the second the
3:52	·	black high Duke of Poland described as
3:54	·	king of Poland by historian William
3:56	·	Urban
3:58	·	at the time the Polish monarchy was
4:00	·	experiencing a period of fragmentation
4:01	·	but according to Urban lezic had
4:04	·	restored the kingdom and himself become
4:06	·	king
4:08	·	lezic was a gifted ruler and military
4:10	·	commander he defeated the ruse in battle
4:13	·	and in 1282 crushed the sudovian
4:15	·	prussians during the northern Crusades
4:18	·	joined by Hungarian and human allies
4:20	·	he'd captured Krakow in 1285 now during
4:24	·	the third Mongol invasion he managed to
4:27	·	assemble an army numbering as many as
4:29	·	fifteen thousand men though ultimately
4:31	·	historians are unsure as to the size of
4:33	·	this host
4:38	·	despite his success as a warrior
4:40	·	lessick's married life proved less
4:42	·	fruitful his wife graffini of halik
4:45	·	never conceived a child in 1271 she fled
4:49	·	to Krakow and openly accused lezic of
4:51	·	impotence claiming that her marriage had
4:53	·	never been consummated this caused Great
4:56	·	Scandal but in 1275 with the
4:59	·	intervention of other members of the
5:00	·	Polish nobility the couple were
5:02	·	reconciled lezic sought treatment from
5:05	·	the famous physician Nikolai of Krakow
5:08	·	the physician's cure included eating
5:10	·	frogs and snakes however lezic and
5:13	·	graffina never had children which
5:15	·	according to the annals of Poland caused
5:17	·	a great Abomination for the country
5:22	·	like the hungarians the poles had
5:24	·	improved many of the fortifications in
5:26	·	their Kingdom by the 1280s
5:28	·	karakov now had a strongly built stone
5:30	·	Citadel and its own defensive catapults
5:33	·	conversely during the first two Mongol
5:36	·	invasions of Poland krakow's walls had
5:38	·	been made of wood
5:43	·	on December 7 1287 talabuka's Army broke
5:47	·	camp at vola damira
5:49	·	avoiding Loveland they attempted to
5:51	·	cross the Vistula near zavigast
5:54	·	the talabuka's annoyance the river was
5:57	·	not frozen and so he had to March South
6:00	·	in search of a Ford after crossing the
6:03	·	river the Mongols laid Siege to
6:05	·	sandomirsch but the city's defenses and
6:08	·	Garrison proved too strong his assault
6:11	·	repelled talabuka ended the siege he
6:14	·	dispatched raiding forces into the
6:15	·	country's side on December 20 while the
6:18	·	main column of talibuka's army was near
6:21	·	the Holy Cross mountains they
6:22	·	encountered a Polish force of unknown
6:24	·	size again around fifteen thousand at
6:27	·	the higher estimates
6:28	·	this polish force was led by Duke lezzek
6:31	·	II the black
6:34	·	thus began the Battle of Lago Duke
6:38	·	lezek's Army triumphed and talabuka
6:40	·	suffered defeat
6:49	·	after reaching the District of kyotze
6:51	·	talibuka began a retreat by January of
6:54	·	1288 the Mongols had reached leviv where
6:56	·	they laid Camp meanwhile lezic marched
6:59	·	his army toward Krakow to ready the
7:01	·	defenses of the capital city
7:04	·	meanwhile no gaikon's forces the
7:07	·	southern division of the Golden horde's
7:09	·	Army entered Poland on Christmas Eve
7:11	·	1287. they besieged krakov
7:15	·	City's Stone fortifications proved
7:17	·	resilient and no gaikon decided to
7:19	·	attempt an assault
7:24	·	this proved to be a disaster the polish
7:27	·	Defenders inflicted serious casualties
7:29	·	in the Mongol forces who lost several
7:31	·	important Commanders
7:33	·	frustrated no guy Khan changed tactics
7:36	·	he lifted The Siege and instead
7:38	·	dispersed his forces to plunder the
7:40	·	countryside to the north and south of
7:42	·	Krakow
7:43	·	Mongol and Target detachments raided The
7:46	·	Villages this resulted in several small
7:49	·	battles between local polish forces with
7:51	·	the small Mongol raiding parties
7:54	·	meanwhile no guys troops besieged the
7:56	·	towns of orolinets and studies after the
8:00	·	siege of krakov was lifted Duke lezic
8:02	·	took his wife in a band of his Knights
8:04	·	and a road for Hungary to seek help from
8:07	·	King latislaus IV
8:09	·	the hungarians had defeated a Mongol
8:11	·	invasion only two years earlier so they
8:13	·	were a good choice for an alliance
8:15	·	against the golden horde
8:18	·	the Mongols devastated honolinic and
8:21	·	skirmished with local polish forces
8:23	·	however they failed to capture studyson
8:26	·	which had strong walls and a capable
8:28	·	Garrison
8:29	·	meanwhile King lattice Laos of Hungary
8:32	·	dispatched a force under the nobleman
8:34	·	George of sovar to March to the aid of
8:37	·	Poland
8:38	·	on the way George's troops were joined
8:41	·	by local polish forces to form a
8:43	·	coalition Hungarian polish Army
8:47	·	George managed to surprise a Mongol
8:49	·	force of around 1 000 near study songs
8:52	·	the Mongols were caught completely off
8:54	·	guard and annihilated their Commander
8:56	·	dying during the fight
8:59	·	the Battle of stares proved to be the
9:01	·	final major engagement of the campaign
9:04	·	Duke lexic marched with his army to join
9:07	·	forces with George of sovar
9:09	·	the plan was then to deliver a knockout
9:11	·	blow to the Mongols however no guy Khan
9:14	·	recognized that his situation was
9:16	·	collapsing and ordered an immediate
9:18	·	retreat with most of his army still
9:20	·	intact
9:22	·	no guy was back in ruthenia by January
9:25	·	or February of 1288
9:29	·	[Applause]
9:30	·	[Music]
9:32	·	the third Mongol invasion of Poland was
9:35	·	very different from the previous two
9:36	·	invasions but quite similar to the
9:39	·	1285-86 Fiasco in Hungary
9:42	·	the Mongols failed to take any major
9:45	·	cities or castles and suffered serious
9:47	·	losses in the field against polish and
9:49	·	Hungarian forces
9:51	·	as in Hungary Poland's improved
9:53	·	fortifications proved effective
9:55	·	historian James Chambers states that for
9:58	·	the most part the only towns or castles
10:01	·	that were sacked were those that were
10:02	·	tricked into opening their gates after
10:04	·	being promised an amnesty by the
10:06	·	ruthenian auxiliaries
10:09	·	also rivalry between nogai and talabuka
10:12	·	hindered their cooperation
10:14	·	conversely cooperation between the
10:16	·	Polish and Hungarian forces allowed them
10:19	·	to deliver an effective counter blow
10:20	·	which convinced no guide to retreat
10:23	·	although the invasion was a failure it
10:25	·	did inflict considerable damage to
10:27	·	Poland and the Mongols might well have
10:29	·	achieved their goals had noga and
10:31	·	talabuka cooperated more effectively
10:34	·	it was a close-run victory but
10:36	·	undeniably a great victory for Poland
10:38	·	and Hungary
10:40	·	in February of 1288 Duke lezic expressed
10:43	·	his gratitude to George of sovar by
10:45	·	granting him a villa in Poland meanwhile
10:48	·	within a few years nogai and talibuka
10:51	·	would be engaged in civil war with one
10:53	·	another which in retrospect further
10:55	·	helps explain the poor execution of the
10:58	·	third Mongol invasion of Poland
11:00	·	[Music]
11:02	·	thanks for watching now check out our
11:05	·	video on the battle of einjelu the epic
11:08	·	Clash between the Egyptian mom looks and
11:10	·	the Mongols in 1260. click on the video
11:13	·	linked on your screen to watch now
11:15	·	please give this channel a sub and click
11:17	·	the Bell to be notified for future
11:19	·	uploads check out my novel of the
11:21	·	Crusades why does the Heathen rage
11:23	·	Linked In the description down below