Irish Origins | The Genetic History of Ireland

Transcript
0:07 · [Music]
0:13 · the genetics of ireland [Music]
0:23 · the irish dna atlas is a powerful genetic tool that
0:28 · researchers led by the royal college of surgeons in ireland rcsi
0:34 · and the genealogical society of ireland gsi have built to untangle the origins of
0:42 · the peoples of modern ireland their collaborative study published in
0:48 · nature in 2017 as the irish dna atlas revealing fine scale
0:55 · population structure and history within ireland established the most comprehensive
1:01 · record we possess about who populated ireland when they arrived
1:07 · and how they interacted with the peoples already there a few months later in the journal
1:13 · plus genetics a group of researchers primarily from trinity college dublin published another
1:20 · study insular celtic population structure and genomic footprints of migration
1:28 · detailing an even wider scope of irish history and identity throughout the ages
1:34 · as they summarize in the open access article a recent genetic study of the uk
1:40 · expanded our understanding of population history of the islands using newly developed powerful
1:47 · techniques that harness the rich information embedded in chunks of genetic code
1:53 · called haplotypes these methods revealed subtle regional diversity across the uk
2:00 · and using genetic data alone timed key migration events into
2:07 · southeast england and orkney we have extended these methods to ireland identifying regional differences
2:14 · in genetics across the island that adhere to geography at a resolution
2:20 · not previously reported in the beginning
2:28 · the archaeological record of humans in ireland begins in castlepook cave county
2:34 · clare near the coastal city of cork on the south coast here
2:40 · a reindeer's femur has been discovered that radiocarbon dating has identified
2:45 · as 33 000 years old initially excavated over a hundred years
2:52 · ago by the naturalist richard usher from a place he called mammoth cave due to
2:58 · the abundance of mammoth bones found there between 1904 and 1912.
3:05 · the reindeer bone was recently re-examined with modern techniques and technology and found to possess clear
3:12 · signs of butchery it is the earliest specimen indicating human habitation in ireland
3:19 · but it doesn't prove continuous habitation sea levels have changed dramatically
3:26 · over the eons at times exposing land bridges to the british isles that early
3:31 · migrants may have crossed only seasonally others might have been able to access
3:37 · the irish shorelines in boats when the seas were far more shallow later immigrants almost certainly came
3:43 · in waves from the north and east and south adding layer upon layer to the societies
3:49 · and cultures that already existed there the earliest entries for human specimens
3:56 · in ireland currently listed at haplogroup.info are two dna samples
4:03 · one a mesolithic specimen from a cave in limerick whose u5 haplotype roughly
4:09 · corresponds to the gravettian culture and whose genetics indicate he may have
4:14 · had black skin brown hair and blue eyes
4:23 · and another gravitian-era sample that was found near galway a more ancient
4:28 · relative of cheddar man the famous specimen from somerset england from nine thousand years ago
4:42 · by 10500 bce another find from over a century ago a
4:48 · bare bone specimen from the alice and gwendolyn cave also in county clare
4:54 · shows clear knife marks on a freshly killed carcass
4:59 · this has generally become accepted as the first indisputable evidence of habitation in ireland
5:06 · but who were these people and from where had they come
5:14 · well no evidence exists of neanderthal communities in ireland even as they
5:19 · proliferated in britain and france and across the european continent
5:24 · as ice ages ended the climate shifted dramatically many times
5:30 · uprooting peoples and preventing them from settling finally around ten to twelve thousand
5:36 · years ago things more or less began to resemble the coastlines and climate that are
5:41 · familiar today the most likely land bridge connected
5:46 · southeast ireland and the coast of cornwall when ice ages reached their peak the
5:52 · seas receded and people advanced also kintyre in scotland is across a
5:59 · channel too deep to ever allow a land bridge but today it is less than 20 kilometers across and in earlier eras it
6:07 · was even narrower by 9000 bce those early migrants might
6:13 · have been maglimozian people who had migrated from denmark through england
6:19 · who conceivably visited irish shores but left little record of their stay
6:25 · or perhaps they were tarda nuasian from the west coast of france
6:30 · these were both modern human paleolithic cultures named after the locations of
6:35 · their most important finds they occupied woodlands and mud flats
6:41 · hunted with dogs and used flint and bone tools and weapons in different fashions
6:49 · a couple thousand years later the cardial or impressed where pottery peoples
6:54 · may have arrived to the south of ireland by boat known by the detailed pottery they
7:00 · impressed with heart-shaped cockle shells they dominated the southern european
7:05 · continent from 6400 to 5500 bce
7:11 · the eniolithic age is represented by two specimens from mesolithic-era caves
7:18 · one in litrim and another in limerick and from that point on a solid record of
7:24 · habitation and migration emerges
7:29 · the study the irish dna atlas is an ongoing
7:34 · genetic population study that has evolved into a biobank run by royal college of surgeons in ireland in
7:41 · collaboration with the genealogical society of ireland
7:46 · their website offers access to anyone studying the history and genealogy of
7:52 · ireland it states the landmark study provides the first
7:57 · fine-scale genetic map of the isle of ireland revealing patterns of genetic similarity
8:04 · so far in 10 distinct clusters roughly aligned with the ancient
8:09 · provinces as well as with major historical events including the invasions of the norse vikings and the
8:17 · ulster plantations the irish dna atlas project was
8:22 · co-designed by population geneticists and genealogists who came together to collect dna samples
8:29 · from 196 irish individuals with four generations of ancestry linked
8:36 · to specific areas across the island of ireland analyses of the dna
8:43 · and comparison with thousands of further samples from britain and europe are
8:48 · revealing geographic clusters within ireland so far seven of gaelic irish ancestry
8:57 · and three of shared british irish ancestry these findings add to the knowledge base
9:04 · required to improve the diagnosis of diseases where genes play a strong role
9:10 · particularly for populations of irish ancestry according to edmund gilbert rcsi
9:18 · first author on the paper our work informs on irish history
9:24 · we have demonstrated that the structure emerging from genetic similarity within ireland mirrors historical kingdoms of
9:31 · ireland and that ireland acts as a sink of celtic ancestry
9:37 · additionally we find evidence of a west norwegian-like ancestry that we believe
9:42 · is a signature of the norse vikings we also observe the impact of historical
9:48 · events such as the ulster plantations on the dna of the people of ireland
9:55 · michael merrigan gsi co-author on the paper stated for those interested in
10:00 · genealogy and irish history this study challenges many of our received narratives on the origins of the people
10:08 · of ireland we now get a clearer scientifically based map of the distribution and
10:14 · settlement of our ancestral groups across the island of ireland
10:20 · historians and students of medieval ireland have now a wonderful resource on
10:25 · the movements and interrelationships of our ancestor groups through their dna
10:30 · this opens up many new and very exciting research opportunities for many disciplines
10:36 · especially those researching the irish medieval genealogies and the history of
10:41 · irish clans slash septs professor giampiero cavallari who
10:47 · directed the research stated for our study designed to work it was vital for us to collaborate with the
10:53 · genealogical society of ireland they helped us reach the very specific
10:59 · cohort of people needed people who could demonstrate that all eight of their great grandparents had
11:05 · been born within 50 kilometers of each other this has allowed us to create a genetic
11:11 · map for the irish population with resolutions similar to that recently drawn for england
11:17 · whilst we are delighted by what the study to date has revealed this is a live study the more people who
11:23 · participate the greater resolution we can achieve
11:28 · key findings that prior to the mass movement of people in recent decades
11:35 · there were numerous distinct genetic clusters found in specific regions across
11:40 · ireland seven of those revealed so far are of gaelic irish ancestry and
11:46 · describe the borders of either irish provinces or historical kingdoms
11:52 · the remaining three are of shared irish british ancestry and are mostly found in
11:58 · the north of ireland and probably reflect the ulster plantations
12:03 · two of the gaelic clusters together align with the boundaries of the province of munster
12:09 · and individually are associated with the boundaries of the kingdoms of dal gays
12:14 · and the owenacht there are relatively high levels of northwest french-like probably celtic
12:22 · and evidence of west norwegian-like probably viking ancestry within ireland
12:29 · there is evidence of continual low-level migration between the north of ireland
12:34 · and the south and west of scotland and now for an even deeper look
12:41 · we turn to the introduction of the plus genetics article situated at the northwestern edge of
12:48 · europe ireland is the continent's third largest island with a modern-day population of
12:54 · approximately 6.4 million the island is politically partitioned
12:59 · into the republic of ireland and northern ireland with the latter forming part of the united kingdom alongside the
13:07 · neighboring island of britain alternative divisions separate ireland
13:12 · into four provinces reflecting early historical divisions ulster to the north including northern
13:19 · ireland leinster east munster south and connect west
13:26 · humans have continuously inhabited ireland for around 10 000 years though
13:31 · it is not until after the demographic upheavals of the early bronze age circa
13:36 · 2200 bce that strong genetic continuity between
13:42 · ancient and modern irish populations is observed linguistically the island's earliest
13:48 · attested language forms part of the insular celtic family specifically the
13:54 · gaelic branch whose historic range also extended to include many regions of scotland via
14:00 · maritime connections with ulster a second branch of insular celtic the
14:06 · britonic languages had been spoken across much of britain up until the introduction of anglo-saxon in the 5th
14:13 · and 6th centuries by which time they were diversifying into cornish welsh and
14:19 · cumbrick dialects since the establishment of written history
14:24 · numerous settlements and invasions of ireland from the neighboring island of britain and continental europe have been
14:31 · recorded this includes norse vikings 9th to 12th century especially in east lennster and
14:39 · anglo-normans 12th to 14th centuries who invaded through wexford in the southeast
14:45 · and established english rule mainly from an area later called the pale in
14:50 · northeast leinster there has also been continuous movement of people from britain in particular
14:56 · during the 16th to 17th century plantation periods during which gaelic
15:02 · and norman lands were systematically colonized by english and scottish settlers
15:08 · these events had a particularly enduring impact in ulster in comparison with other planted regions
15:15 · such as munster as with the previous norman invasion the less fertile west of the country connect
15:22 · remained largely untouched during this period the genetic contributions of these
15:29 · migratory events cannot be considered mutually independent given that they
15:34 · derive from either related germanic populations such as the vikings and their purported norman descendants or
15:41 · from other celtic populations inhabiting britain which had themselves been subjected to
15:47 · mass germanic influx from anglo-saxon migrations and later viking and norman
15:53 · invasions moreover each movement of people originated from northern europe a region
16:00 · which had witnessed a mass homogenizing of genetic variation during the migrations of the early bronze age
16:08 · possibly linked to indo-european language spread however
16:13 · each event had a geographic and temporal focal point on the island which may be
16:19 · detectable in local population structure previous genome-wide surveys have
16:26 · detected little to no structure in ireland concluding that the irish population is genetically homogeneous
16:33 · however runs of homozygosity alleles matching on compared chromosomes
16:39 · are relatively long and frequent in ireland and correlate negatively with population
16:45 · density and diversity of grand parental origins suggesting
16:50 · that low ancestral mobility may have preserved regional genetic legacies
16:55 · within ireland which may be detectable in modern genomes as local population
17:01 · structure embedded within haplotypes this is further supported by the
17:06 · restricted regional distributions of certain y-chromosome haplotypes
17:12 · haplotype-based methods were recently used to uncover hidden genetic structure among the people of modern britain
17:20 · these approaches exploit the rich information available within haplotypes usually statistically phased to identify
17:28 · clusters of genetically distinct individuals with a resolution that could not be attained using single marker
17:35 · methods in doing so the people of the british isles study was able to identify
17:42 · discrete genetic clusters of individuals that strongly segregate with
17:47 · geographical regions within britain though notably structure was undetectable across a large southeastern
17:54 · portion of the island however although this study sampled over 2000 individuals
18:01 · only 44 were from northern ireland with none from the remainder of the island
18:07 · ireland was also excluded from admixture and ancestry analyses due to the
18:12 · confounding effects of the island acting as a source and a sink for ancestry from
18:17 · the uk with this focus on a single island the people of the british isles study has an
18:25 · obvious limit despite its title here we have used the methods of their
18:30 · study to explore fine-grained irish population substructure
18:36 · we first investigate ireland on its own then we consider the genetic substructure observed on the island in
18:43 · the context of britain and continental europe using modern individuals from these two
18:49 · sources as surrogates for historical populations we apply a model to infer admixture
18:55 · events into ireland and we consider these in the context of historically recorded invasions and migrations
19:04 · our inclusion of irish data with previously published data from britain presents a more complete representation
19:12 · of genetic ancestry in the contemporary populations of the british isles
19:17 · providing a comprehensive population genetic perspective of the peopling of
19:23 · these islands at a high level both of the haplotype programs clustering loosely separated
19:30 · the historical provinces of ireland ulster leinster munster and connect
19:35 · suggesting that these socially constructed territories may have had an impact on genetic structure within
19:42 · ireland which is deeply embedded in time careful inspection revealed more nuanced
19:49 · relations between the provinces for example south lenster clusters share
19:55 · more haplotypes with those from north monster than with their central and north leinster counterparts
20:02 · the geographical distribution of this deep subdivision of leinster resembles
20:08 · pre-norman territorial boundaries which divided ireland into fifths
20:15 · with north leinster a kingdom of its own known as meth
20:20 · however interpreted the firm implication of the observed clustering is that despite its previously reported
20:27 · homogeneity the modern irish population exhibits genetic structure that is subtly but
20:33 · detectably affected by ancestral population structure conferred by geographical distance and possibly
20:41 · ancestral social structure the haplotype programs demonstrated high
20:46 · diversity among clusters from the west coast which may be attributed to long-standing residual ancient possibly
20:54 · celtic structure in regions largely unaffected by historical migration
21:00 · alternatively genetic clusters may also have diverged as a consequence of differential influence from outside
21:07 · populations as this diversity between western genetic clusters cannot be
21:13 · explained in terms of geographic distance alone south munster and cork clusters branch
21:19 · off first and show distinct separation from their neighboring north monster clusters
21:25 · indicating that south munster's haplotypic makeup is more distinct from its neighboring regions and the
21:32 · remaining regions than any other cluster analysis supports this observation with
21:38 · the cork cluster in particular showing strong differentiation from other clusters
21:44 · this may reflect the persistent isolating effects of the mountain ranges surrounding the south munster counties
21:51 · of cork and cary restricting gene flow with the rest of ireland and preserving
21:56 · older structure in contrast to the west of ireland eastern individuals exhibited relative
22:03 · homogeneity a similar pattern was observed in the people of the british isles study in
22:10 · which all samples in a large region in southeast england formed a single
22:15 · indivisible cluster of genetically similar individuals comprising almost half the data set
22:22 · however while east coast clusters in ireland are the largest and demonstrate strong cluster integrity
22:29 · the largest of these central leinster comprises roughly a fifth of our data
22:34 · set suggesting by extension that deeper structure persists in
22:40 · eastern ireland than in southeast england the overall pattern of western diversity
22:46 · and eastern homogeneity in ireland may be explained by increased gene flow
22:52 · and migration into and across the east coast of ireland from geographically proximal regions the closest of which is
22:59 · the neighboring island of britain to explore this we estimated the extent
23:05 · of admixture per individual in the irish dataset from britain along with 18 ancient british
23:12 · individuals from the iron age roman and anglo-saxon periods in
23:17 · northeast and southeast england we call this the british component
23:23 · which was among the lowest for individuals falling in irish west coast clusters including the south munster and
23:30 · cork cluster groups supporting the interpretation that these regions differ
23:36 · in terms of restricted haplotypic contribution from britain
23:41 · our analysis also captures an east-to-west anglo-celtic cline in irish
23:47 · ancestry this may explain the relative eastern homogeneity observed in ireland which
23:53 · could be a result of the greater english influence in leinster and the pale during the period of british rule in
24:00 · ireland following the norman invasion or simply geographic proximity of the irish east
24:07 · coast to britain notably the ulster cluster group harbored an exceptionally large
24:13 · proportion of the british component undoubtedly reflecting the strong influence of the ulster plantations in
24:20 · the 17th century and its residual effect on the ethnically british population
24:26 · that has remained the principle split in the combined irish and british data defined two
24:34 · genetic islands that discerns their north-south and west east genetic
24:39 · structure and places orkney and north-south wales as independent entities
24:46 · from the bulk of the british data north to south variation in ireland and
24:52 · britain are therefore not independent reflecting major gene flow between the
24:57 · north of ireland and scotland which resonates with three layers of
25:02 · historical contacts first the presence of individuals with strong
25:08 · irish affinity among the third generation scottish sample can be plausibly attributed to major economic
25:14 · migration from ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries second the large proportion of northern
25:22 · irish who retain genomes indistinguishable from those sampled in scotland accords with the major
25:29 · settlements including the ulster plantation of mainly scottish farmers
25:34 · following the 16th century elizabethan conquest of ireland which led to these
25:40 · forming the majority of the ulster population third
25:45 · the suspected irish colonization of scotland through the dol rieta maritime
25:51 · kingdom which expanded across ulster and the west coast of scotland in the 6th
25:57 · and 7th centuries linked to the introduction and spread of gaelic languages
26:04 · such a migratory event could work to homogenize older layers of scottish population structure
26:10 · in a similar manner as noted on the east coasts of britain and ireland
26:16 · earlier communications and movements across the irish sea are also likely which as we already know
26:23 · at its narrowest point separates ireland from scotland by approximately 20 kilometers
26:36 · genomic footprints of migration into ireland
26:41 · using modern surrogate populations represented by 4514 europeans and 1973
26:50 · individuals from the people of the british isles dataset excluding individuals sampled from
26:56 · northern ireland of all the european populations considered ancestral influence in irish
27:03 · genomes was best represented by modern scandinavians and northern europeans
27:09 · with a significant single date one source admixture event
27:14 · overlapping the historical period of the norse viking settlements in ireland this
27:20 · was recapitulated to varying degrees in specific genetically and geographically
27:25 · defined groups within ireland with the strongest signals in south and
27:30 · central leinster the largest recorded viking settlement in ireland was dublin in present-day
27:37 · dublin followed by connect and north lannister ulster this suggests a contribution of
27:44 · historical viking settlement to the contemporary irish genome and contrasts with previous estimates of
27:51 · viking ancestry in ireland based on y chromosome haplotypes which have been
27:56 · very low the modern day paucity of norse viking
28:01 · y-chromosome haplotypes may be a consequence of drift with the small patrilineal effective
28:08 · population size or could have social origins with norse males having less
28:14 · influence after their military defeat and demise as an identifiable community
28:19 · in the 11th century with persistence of the autosomal signal through recombination
28:26 · regarding this single date one source admixture event let's look a bit more into dublin's
28:33 · recorded past although initially founded as a small settlement by the gaels on the banks of
28:39 · the river liffey it rose to prominence as the norse kingdom of dublin in the 9th century ce
28:46 · the first reference to the vikings comes from the annals of ulster and the first entry for 841 a.d reads
28:54 · pagans still on loch knee it is from this date onward that historians get
29:01 · references to ship fortresses or long forts being established in ireland
29:07 · it may be safe to assume that the vikings first overwintered in 840-841
29:14 · the actual location of the long fort of dublin is still a hotly debated issue
29:20 · norse rulers of dublin were often co-kings and occasionally also kings of
29:25 · jorvik in what is now yorkshire under their rule dublin became the biggest slave port in western europe
29:34 · over time the settlers in dublin became increasingly gala sized they began to
29:40 · exhibit a great deal of gaelic and norse cultural syncretism and are often referred to as norse gales
29:50 · back to plus genetics european admixture date estimates in northwest ulster did not overlap the
29:57 · viking age but did include the norman period and the plantations
30:03 · this may indicate limited viking activity in ulster or that due to the
30:08 · similarity in sources for the viking and anglo-norman invasions and the plantations our models cannot
30:15 · disentangle the earlier events from the later this is not unexpected given the extent
30:22 · of the plantations in ulster the relative timings of the invasions and
30:27 · the degree of viking involvement in britain and europe yet the overall influence of british
30:33 · admixture in ireland and vice versa has involved extensive and constant gene
30:40 · flow before during and after the major population movements
30:45 · with particular swells of peopling during the ulster plantations
30:50 · the genetic legacies of the populations of ireland and britain are therefore extensively intertwined
30:58 · and unlike admixture from northern europe too complex to model
31:06 · their conclusions our results show that population structure is detectable on the island of
31:14 · ireland and is consistent with a combination of the homogenizing effect of geographically punctuated admixture
31:22 · and diversification among celtic sub-populations the inclusion of irish data with british
31:29 · samples from the people of the british isle study provides an anchor for celtic ancestry
31:36 · in the british isles filling out the genetic landscape of the islands
31:46 · it is also clear that historical migrations into ireland have left a greater genomic footprint
31:52 · than previously anticipated our methods have allowed us to detect a much greater viking influence than
31:58 · previously estimated with y chromosome data although the genetic imprint of the
32:04 · british plantations is much harder to delineate the inter-island exchange and clustering
32:11 · observed between present day individuals from northern ireland and scotland
32:17 · signals the enduring impact of these historical movements of people
32:23 · as these studies survey increasingly rare genetic variants in larger
32:28 · populations the geospatial segregation of rare haplotypes and variants will become
32:35 · increasingly important especially when environmental effects and interactions
32:41 · play a role our observation that these haplotypes are intricately tied to geography in
32:48 · ireland and britain highlights the importance of considering fine-grained population structure in
32:55 · future studies in an interview with the irish mirror geneticist dr ross byrne of trinity
33:02 · college dublin said this subtle genetic structure within such a small country has implications
33:10 · for medical genetic association studies as it stands current corrections for
33:15 · population structure in study designs may not adequately account for this
33:21 · within country variation which may potentially lead to false positive results emerging
33:28 · we feel this will be particularly important in the analysis of rare variants as these are expected to be
33:34 · less uniformly distributed throughout a country we intend to explore this further and
33:41 · identify if this structure should be accounted for in corrections
33:47 · the medical community can use this data to address genetic and hereditable
33:53 · diseases such as cystic fibrosis celiac disease
33:58 · and galactosemia a serious metabolic disorder that prevents the breakdown of
34:04 · sugars in dairy legumes and organ meats that occur in irish populations at a
34:10 · higher rate than in other european countries this study also reveals that the chance
34:16 · to contract multiple sclerosis increases in both the uk and ireland the further
34:22 · north one lives in the same interview co-author professor russell mclaughlin added
34:30 · the long and complex history of population dynamics in ireland has left
34:35 · an indelible mark on the genomes of modern inhabitants of the island
34:40 · we have shown that using only genetic data we can accurately reconstruct elements
34:46 · of this past and demonstrate a striking correlation between geographical providence
34:53 · and genetic affinity understanding this fine-grained population structure
35:00 · is crucially important for ongoing and future studies of rare genetic variation in health
35:07 · and disease [Music]
35:39 · you

https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/irish-origins-the-genetic-history-of-ireland

Selections from the 'genealogy' keyword, sorted:

Nose shape gene inherited from Neanderthals [05/10/2023]
Ancient 'untouched' tomb discovered on Dingle Peninsula [Bronze Age, County Kerry, Ireland] [04/20/2021]
New Viking DNA research yields unexpected information about who they were [09/16/2020]
Ancient Irish DNA reveals incredible secrets, including Down Syndrome [09/06/2020]
Archaeologists uncover 5,700-year-old Neolithic house in north Cork [09/01/2020]
Archaeologists Find Evidence of Incest Among Irelands Early Elite at Newgrange Passage Tomb [06/22/2020]
Tartessian, Europe's newest and oldest Celtic language [06/24/2019]
5,000 year old DNA reveals the surprising origins of the Irish [11/23/2017]
A man's discovery of bones under his pub could forever change what we know about the Irish [03/21/2016]
First ancient Irish human genomes sequenced [01/01/2016]
Scientists sequence first ancient Irish human genomes [Book of Invasions] [12/28/2015]
Viking warriors and treasures are buried beneath Dublin [08/02/2014]
Ancient graffiti proves Spain's Irish links [07/26/2014]
Spanish documents suggest Irish arrived in America before Columbus [05/14/2014]
DNA shows Irish people have more complex origins than previously thought [01/11/2014]
Laois 'bog body' said to be world's oldest [08/23/2013]
Snails Reveal Ancient Human Migration from France to Ireland [06/23/2013]
Genes show one big European family [05/09/2013]
Scottish people's DNA study could 'rewrite nation's history' [08/22/2012]
Welsh people could be most ancient in UK, DNA suggests [06/20/2012]
Neolithic farmers brought deer to Ireland [05/14/2012]
Gene Study Shows Ties Long Veiled in Europe [repost] [06/16/2010]
Archeology: When did the First Settlers Come to Iceland? [the Irish] [04/17/2010]
Clues to ancient invasion in DNA [ Scotland, Ireland, Picts, Vikings ] [04/06/2009]
Myths Of British Ancestry [09/28/2007]
When Irish Genes Are Smiling [03/07/2007]
A United Kingdom? Maybe [03/05/2007]
We're nearly all Celts under the skin [In Great Britain] [09/23/2006]
The scale and nature of Viking settlement in Ireland from Y-chromosome admixture analysis [09/10/2006]
Blood Type History, Human Migrations (Blam Thread) [07/03/2005]
Irish, Scots And Welsh Not Celtic - Scientist [09/09/2004]
Split Between English and Scots Older Than Thought [04/11/2004]
Y Chromosomes Sketch New Outline of British History [05/27/2003]
Who Were The Celts? [09/26/2002]
English And Welsh Are Races Apart [07/04/2002]
Genetic Survey Reveals Hidden Celts Of England [12/06/2001]

.

An interesting hypothesis, at least I think, is that the gravettian culture corresponds to the fir bolg in Lebor Gabála.

Why do some historians seem intimidated by the question of a traditionally Hebraic population of Ireland and Britain?

Bookmark

Interesting. The good folks at ancestrydotcom have me at only one percent Irish. That’s a relief.

What does he say about the “Black Irish”? One theory is that they are descendants of survivors of Spanish Armada catastrophe.

“Why do some historians seem intimidated by the question of a traditionally Hebraic population of Ireland and Britain?”

Probably because it’s the “Lost Tribe of Dan” fantasy that has zero genetic, linguistic, or cultural evidence.

The Romans who invaded Britain in AD 43 would have noticed.

Why do some historians seem intimidated by the question of a traditionally Hebraic population of Ireland and Britain

Perhaps because the preponderance of the evidence leads to migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe?

bump

Why is that interesting? I haven’t had a chance to watch the video yet. My brother just showed me the DNA results he got the other day and although sibling can be slightly different the Irish is at 30%

Dogger land was the bridge from Europe before it sank.

My father was “black” Irish. Had black hair when young but went gray and bald with a comb over as he got older.

Mid to late 20th century: increasingly rejects the Christian faith which was integral to its survival and growth and positive influence.
Sexual revolution, with abortion, and contraception, becomes a major part of its moral declension, and decay of overall character and the family unit.
Greatly Increased immigration (partly due to abortion and contraception) further weakens culture.
21th century: Persecution of Christians increased.
Holds that gender is fluid - no longer determined by biology.
Mid or late 21th century: Becomes part of world government. Leading to required signification of obeisance to the Beast and his image.
Defeated in battle of Armageddon.

One of the few that includes the transcript. Thx.

All opinions are based on one or more premises.

One of the most unexamined of premises is that we can trust what we’re told by the experts and the establishment.

The first question is: How much of what we’ve been told is not actually true?

The first question is: How much of what we’ve been told is not actually true?

I really don't know what this means. Thehe preponderance of the evidence, based on examination of the DNA of human remains sampled in documented locations and corresponded to approximate times of death based upon accepted dating protocols, leads to migrations from the Pontic-Caspian steppe as the ancestral origin for the Irish (R1b haplogroup) origin. So it would be most interesting if you have facts otherwise, and not just mysterious knowledge.