Prior to the late 20th century, the venerable civilization of Iran had virtually always existed under a monarchic government. This was a long tradition of the Iranian people, stretching all the back to Cyrus the Great. That all changed in 1979, when, after thousands of years of monarchy, the King (called the Shah) of Iran was overthrown, and a powerful Islamic cleric called Ruhollah Khomeini rose to the new position of Ayatollah (supreme leader). That much is settled history. What has not been so clear since the Islamic Revolution, however, were the specific feelings and actions of then-US President Jimmy...