Facts and Myths - an examination of McPherson's "Causes of the Civil War" essay

myself

[GOPcapitalist]

Some of the pro-north activists around here have been asking for a factual refutation of McPherson. Since I'm too cheap to purchase "Battle Cry" due to the fact that its revenues go into the pocket of an avowed Democrat with marxist political affiliations, I decided to examine his positions in one of those free articles on the web. Here goes...

The following is intended as a refutation and analysis of the main arguments found in James McPherson's article "The Civil War: Causes and Results." I've broken it down by section to address his arguments in detail. His statements are selected in order as they appeared in the original essay and presented in bold below:

I. "To be sure, conflicts of interest occurred between the agricultural South and the industrializing North. But issues like tariffs, banks, and land grants divided parties and interest groups more than they did North and South."

McPherson is using a red herring when he states that tariffs et al divided parties instead of the country's two regions as the inescapable partisan situation throughout the war revolved around an exclusively sectional northern political party. The Republican party of the north was indisputably protectionist and heavily emphasized protectionism in its 1860 platform. The remaining partisan divisions during the war consisted mostly of southern Democrats and northern Democrats. The former played a dominant role in the confederacy. The latter came to encompass the anti-war copperheads, the peace Democrats, the anti-draft Democrats, the McClellanites, and a number of other similar factions generally supportive of the idea that the war should be waged in greater moderation, in a more limited capacity, or not at all.

In short this created a war/political climate consisting of one group for the war as it was being waged (the Republicans) and two disapproving of the way the war was being waged - the confederates who were obviously opposed to the invasion and the northern democrats who sought a more restrained war or an end to it all together. Accordingly it can be accurately said that the sectional proponents of war against the confederacy as it was being waged were almost exclusively from the strongly pro-tariff Republican Party. Comparatively the southern confederates expressed solid opposition to the tariff. As the war itself was conducted between the northern Republicans and the southern Confederates, McPherson's implication that the tariff issue did not break on the same lines as the war is historically inaccurate, deceptively presented, and flat out absurd.

II. "The South in the 1840s and 1850s had its advocates of industrialization and protective tariffs, just as the North had its millions of farmers and its low-tariff, antibank Democratic majority in many states."

This is another red herring on McPherson's part. On any given issue of practically any nature it is typically possible to find an advocate opinion in the midst of a crowd of opponents. So naturally there were some pro-tariff southerners and anti-tariff northerners. What McPherson fails to concede though is that both were a minority among the two dynamically opposed entities at the center of the war itself - the northern Republicans and the southern Confederates. The Republicans were very pro-tariff and openly indicated so platforms. The Confederates opposed the tariffs being pushed by the north and cited it frequently among their grievances for secession. As for the northern Democrats McPherson mentions, that is well and good except that he conveniently neglects their differing view from the Republicans on how to wage the war.

III. "The Civil War was not fought over the issue of tariff or of industrialization or of land grants."

While it cannot in any reasonable manner be said that the war was fought exclusively on tariffs or any other issue, to deny this as McPherson does above is simply dishonest. Northern advocacy of the tariff had been an issue since the Spring of 1860 when the House took up the Morrill bill. Southern opposition to it, aside from dating back decades to the nullification crisis, appeared in both Congress and the conduction of secession by the states. Witness just a small sample of the historical record on the issue of protectionism and tariff collection from 1860-61, broken down here between northern and southern sides:
 

NORTH/REPUBLICAN:

"That, while providing revenue for the support of the General Government by duties upon imposts, sound policy requires such an adjustment of the imposts as to encourage the development of the industrial interest of the whole country, and we commend that policy of national exchanges which secures to the working men liberal wages, to agriculture remunerating prices, to mechanics and manufacturers an adequate reward for their skill, labor and enterprise, and to the nation commercial prosperity and independence." - Republican Party Platform of 1860

"According to my political education, I am inclined to believe that the people in the various sections of the country should have their own views carried out through their representatives in Congress, and if the consideration of the Tariff bill should be postponed until the next session of the National Legislature, no subject should engage your representatives more closely than that of a tariff" - President-Elect Abraham Lincoln, February 15, 1861
 

SOUTH/CONFEDERATE:

"Resolved, That in as much as the movements now made in Congress of the United States of North America, and the incoming administration thereof, threaten to blockade our ports, force revenues, suspend postal arrangements, destroy commerce, ruin trade, depreciate currency, invade sovereign States, burn cities, butcher armies, gibbet patriots, hang veterans, oppress freemen, blot our liberty, beggar homes, widow mothers, orphan children, and desolate the peace and happiness of the nation with fire and sword,-these things to do, and not to disappoint the expectation of those who have given him their votes. Now, against these things we, in the name of right, the Constitution, and a just God, solemnly enter our protest; and further, when that which is manifested shall have come upon the country, we say to Tennessee: Let slip the dogs of war and cry havoc!" - Resolution of Franklin County, Tennessee for secession, adopted unanimously at Winchester, February 25, 1861

"You suppose that numbers constitute the strength of government in this day. I tell you that it is not blood; it is the military chest; it is the almighty dollar. When you have lost your market; when your operatives are turned out; when your capitalists are broken, will you go to direct taxation?" - Louis T. Wigfall, United States Senate, December 1860

IV. "Nor was it a consequence of false issues invented by demagogues."

Contrary to McPherson's assertions, a strong argument may be made regarding the nature of the core issue upon which Lincoln waged his war. As Lincoln famously expressed in his letter to Horace Greeley, his public line was "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union." Lincoln was gifted with significant rhetorical skills and publicly alleged the theme of "The Union" as his basis for action throughout the war. His use of the issue of unionism is peculiar as it bears an uncanny resemblance to a thoroughly reasoned prediction made by Alexis de Tocqueville thirty years earlier regarding the event of secession itself:

"If it be supposed that among the states that are united by the federal tie there are some which exclusively enjoy the principal advantages of union, or whose prosperity entirely depends on the duration of that union, it is unquestionable that they will always be ready to support the central government in enforcing the obedience of the others. But the government would then be exerting a force not derived from itself, but from a principle contrary to its nature. States form confederations in order to derive equal advantages from their union; and in the case just alluded to, the Federal government would derive its power from the unequal distribution of those benefits among the states.

If one of the federated states acquires a preponderance sufficiently great to enable it to take exclusive possession of the central authority, it will consider the other states as subject provinces and will cause its own supremacy to be respected under the borrowed name of the sovereignty of the Union. Great things may then be done in the name of the Federal government, but in reality that government will have ceased to exist." - Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Book I, Chapter 18 (emphasis added)

In light of northern behavior as it occurred, Tocqueville's observation was largely proven valid. Economically, the north stood to face a competitive disadvantage in the event of southern secession. Simply speaking, secession posed to expose the northern industrial economy to european economic competition it had sought to escape by way of protectionist policies - if European goods could be purchased by southerners without tariffs their prices were often lower than northern substitutes, hence consumers shift to the cheaper European products. That situation is even further complicated if cheaper European goods brought in with low tariffs in the south make their way up north and compete on the market there with northern products. Accordingly on economic policy the north had a very clear advantage to be had from the continuance of the union as one. That is what Wigfall was referring to when he asked what the north would do when it lost its market.

It is also an evidenced very strongly in Lincoln's war policy. From the moment secession became an issue, Lincoln expressed a near obsessive desire to do one thing - enforce revenue collection in the south and seceded states. As early as December of 1860 he wrote private letters to his military commanders emphasizing the need to maintain or recapture southern forts to ensure revenue collection. When he instituted his blockage Lincoln explicitly legitimized it on the issue of revenue collection. When he spoke before safely pro-tariff northern audiences he pledged his dedication was to revenue collection. This was the sole issue of his letter to Salmon Chase on March 18, 1861 about what to do with secession:

"Sir I shall be obliged if you will inform me whether any goods, wares and merchandize, subject by law to the payment of duties, are now being imported into the United States without such duties being paid, or secured according to law. And if yea, at what place or places? and for what cause do such duties remain unpaid, or [un]secured? I will also thank you for your opinion whether, as a matter of fact, vessels off shore could be effectively used to prevent such importation, or to enforce the payment or securing of the duties." - Lincoln to Chase, March 18, 1861

In one speech to a northern audience from February 1861 Lincoln even admitted that "marching of an army into South California, for instance, without the consent of her people, and in hostility against them...would be invasion, and it would be coercion too." But he continued to argue that if he did was simply insisting on "the collection of duties upon foreign importations" among other things, it would not be "coercion." All of this differs significantly with the official line that he was acting only to preserve the union, suggesting that just as Tocqueville predicted, the use of the union's sovereignty was a "borrowed name." And if borrowing an attractive name to publicly promote as a whole while simultaneously arguing a less attractive one in private and among allies does not constitute the invention of an issue, I do not know what does. I will concede that even the degree of Lincoln's engagement in this tactic is a matter of wide debate, but for McPherson to deny its presence all together is yet another case of historical inaccuracy on his part.

V. "What lay at the root of this separation? Slavery. It was the sole institution not shared by North and South. The peculiar institution defined the South."

First off, McPherson's assertion that slavery was a solely unshared by North and South is historically inaccurate. A number of northern states on the borders openly practiced and permitted slavery until after the war and with Lincoln's full consent - Maryland, Delaware, West Virginia, federal controlled regions of Kentucky and Missouri, and even New Jersey, where the slavery that had been abolished there about two decades earlier had grandfathered persons in slavery at the time of abolition.

Second, to suggest as McPherson does is to lie about the sentiments of large portions of the northern population, as the northern population was NOT an abolitionist body opposed to slavery in 1861 or anything even remotely of the sort. A majority of northerners were opponents of abolition at the time of the war, Lincoln included among them. The abolitionist crowd represented less than 10% of the northern population by most estimates. Among the remainder, divisions in treatment of slavery as it existed were widespread. Few statistics measure the exact breakdown of the population, though estimates based on candidacies, electoral data, and other sources of public sentiment were made at the time. The general range of northern opinion included a wide spectrum. Included were those who tolerated the institution entirely and those who tolerated it in a limited sense. One major division were those who favored its continuation so long as it was contained entirely to the south. Many since then have tried to claim that the non-extension belief was some sort of a principled long-term plan to kill off slavery where it existed (this interpretation of the non-extension position was popularized by Karl Marx in 1861). But evidence of the time suggests that the motives for the non-extension policy among many if not most of its proponents were much more political and economic based than principle oriented. Economically, a non-extension policy on slavery was believed to be an economic restriction on job competition for white northern laborers. That's right - the north of 1861 was full of bigots and racists who feared black people, slave or free and based solely on their skin color, to the extent that they did not even want them to labor in their company. Alexis de Tocqueville similarly noticed this about the north thirty years earlier. Lincoln had also noticed it in his 1858 senate debates where he consciously advocated racial supremacy before audiences he suspected to be composed of what have been termed "negrophobes," only to turn around and advocate racial equality to crowds perceived as more abolition-friendly. Lincoln also advocated the "white labor" position as a reason to oppose extension of slavery into the territories, including in one of the most famous speeches of his career:

"Whether slavery shall go into Nebraska, or other new Territories, is not a matter of exclusive concern to the people who may go there. The whole nation is interested that the best use shall be made of these Territories. We want them for homes of free white people. This they cannot be, to any considerable extent, if slavery shall be planted within them. Slave States are places for poor white people to remove from, not to remove to." - Abraham Lincoln, October 16, 1854, Peoria, IL

A second major reason behind the non-extension policy was purely political - control of the senate broke on sectional lines. By allowing slavery in the territories, southerners hoped to eventually create new states on the shared issue of slavery that would also vote with them on sectional disputes. By opposing slavery in the territories, northerners hoped to do the opposite and create a state that would vote with them on sectional disputes. This is evidenced repeatedly during the pre-1860 compromises pushed by Clay, Douglas, and others - they addressed the senate division by preserving an even split. To do so they simultaneously admitted a slave territory and a free territory as states.

Now, that having been said it is perfect proper to admit and consider slavery as a major and prominent issue during the war. To refuse it would be to deny history and engage in absurdity. But to do as McPherson, Marx, and other persons who advocate an historical view heavily skewered to the yankee side do and purport slavery to be the sole issue is similarly a violation of historical accuracy. Above all else the war was an inescapably complex issue with inescapably complex roots. In order to reduce the war to a single issue, one must reduce it from the complex to the simple. Since the war by its very nature consists of a point of irreducible complexity in its roots, to push beyond that point is to violate the irreducibly complex. That is McPherson's flaw as it is the flaw of the many others who share his position.

VI. "What explained the growing Northern hostility to slavery? Since 1831 the militant phase of the abolitionist movement had crusaded against bondage as unchristian, immoral, and a violation of the republican principle of equality on which the nation had been founded. The fact that this land of liberty had become the world's largest slaveholding nation seemed a shameful anomaly to an increasing number of Northerners. "The monstrous injustice of slavery," said Lincoln in 1854, "deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world - enables the enemies of free institutions, with plausibility, to taunt us as hypocrites." Slavery degraded not only the slaves, argued Northerners opposed to its expansion, by demeaning the dignity of labor and dragging down the wages of all workers; it also degraded free people who owned no slaves. If slavery goes into the territories, declared abolitionists, "the free labor of all the states will not.... If the free labor of the states goes there, the slave labor of the southern states will not, and in a few years the country will teem with an active and energetic population." The contest over expansion of slavery into the territories thus became a contest over the future of America, for these territories held the balance of power between slavery and freedom."

This entire passage of McPherson commits the same error of assumption made earlier about northern beliefs on slavery and non-expansion. McPherson severely overstates the size of the northern abolitionist population and illegitimately implies a shared affiliation between them and Lincoln. In reality, Lincoln was perfectly willing to permit the continuation of slavery to the point that he used his first inaugural address to endorse a recently passed but unratified constitutional amendment to protect the institution of slavery where it existed. Had it been ratified as Lincoln wanted, slavery's life would have been artificially extended in America beyond its natural decline worldwide. That is why true abolitionists including William Lloyd Garrison and Lysander Spooner publicly identified Lincoln as a fraud, even after the 13th amendment.

McPherson's statement above further neglects the presence of what has been accurately termed as northern "negrophobia" in 1861. Included are the economic motives asserted by Lincoln and others for non-extension that were noted earlier. The less than pure motives for northern opposition to slavery's expansion were well known in their day, including having been noticed by some of the greatest minds - and anti-slavery advocates - of western history. Alexis de Tocqueville readily observed that northerners did not oppose slavery for the benefit of the slaves, but rather for the benefit of themselves. Charles Dickens noticed the same was still the case thirty years later. Both men were prominent opponents of slavery.

VII. "Proslavery advocates countered that the bondage of blacks was the basis of liberty for whites.  Slavery elevated all whites to an equality of status and dignity by confining menial labor and caste subordination to blacks. "If slaves are freed," said Southerners, whites "will become menials. We will lose every right and liberty which belongs to the name of freemen."

His blatant generalizations aside, McPherson's statement above, as has been seen, perhaps better resembles the position taken by the northern "negrophobes" than any other faction in the country. Northern bigots saw the mere presence of persons of other skin colors as a threat to white livelihood and accordingly legislated blacks out of their towns, cities, and states. Many wanted blacks to be kept out of the territories for the reason Lincoln stated at Peoria in 1854 and sought to address the presence of blacks by restricting them out of white society all together through segregation, statute, and coercion - the exact type of bondage mattered little to these bigots, so long as they were "on top" and didn't perceive any economic threat posed by their labor. Lincoln took this very position in one of his debates with Stephen Douglas:

"I will say then that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races - that I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of making voters or jurors of Negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race." - Abraham Lincoln, August 17, 1858

VIII. "A Northern antislavery party would dominate the future. Slavery was doomed if the South remained in the Union."

Untrue, and had Lincoln gotten his way and ratified his pro-slavery amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1861, the exact opposite would have been true. During his Inaugural Address, Lincoln made the following statement:

"I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution?which amendment, however, I have not seen?has passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal
Government shall never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I
depart from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable." - Abraham Lincoln, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861

The amendment he was referring to had passed congress with a 2/3rds majority less than a week earlier, owing its passage to what eyewitness Henry Adams described as the "direct influence" of Abraham Lincoln himself (Lincoln was fibbing when he claimed in his inaugural to have "not yet seen" the amendment). The amendment Lincoln got passed read:

Article Thirteen.
"No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic
institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State."

It would have effectively made slavery untouchable by any future constitutional amendment, thereby preventing at any time in the future what became the actual 13th amendment and prolonging the existence of slavery where it existed beyond a possible future abolition by peaceful means.

IX. "If the new Lincoln administration and the Northern people had been willing to accept secession, the two halves of the former United States might have coexisted in an uneasy peace. But most Northerners were not willing to tolerate the dismemberment of the United States."

McPherson is fibbing here, pure and simple. Most honest historians recognize the presence of a significant anti-war sentiment among the northern population and even a belief in "simply letting them go." This sentiment emerged at times throughout the war, especially in the early days when the north had suffered several glaring defeats by smaller sized confederate forces. Throughout much of his presidency Lincoln consciously worked tirelessly to achieve what McPherson dishonestly purports to have already been there. He did it both by persuasion and, in certain more dubious cases, coercion. The latter occurred when he unconstitutionally suspended habeas corpus among other things. Federal forces were similarly used to impede the properly seated legislatures of Maryland and Missouri, forcing many of the former state's into prison without cause and the latter's to flee south and reconvene in a rump session.

X. "Lincoln intended to maintain the federal garrison at Fort Sumter in Charleston Bay as a symbol of national sovereignty in the Confederate states, in the hope that a reaction toward Unionism in those states would eventually bring them back."

McPherson is fibbing again. Lincoln's private correspondence to military commanders over the issue of Fort Sumter were near obsessively concerned with the collection of revenue. Surviving from Lincoln's cabinet meetings on the subject of how to address Fort Sumter also include a lengthy list of the "pros and cons" of holding the fort. Clearly identified among them as a "con" is the statement recognizing the federal presence at Charleston as having the effect of exacerbating secessionist sympathies much like a thorn in the side of South Carolina. It states that "(t)he abandonment of the Post would remove a source of irritation of the Southern people and deprive the secession movement of one of its most powerful stimulants."

XI. "To forestall this happening, the Confederate army attacked Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861"

McPherson's fibbing continues in the above statement, which immediately follows the statement he made in what I have identified as item X. The historical record shows the above statement to be bizarre, unusual, and largely fabricated out of thin air. The confederate attack was not made randomly on April 12th to stop some unknown resurgence of unionism in South Carolina. It was fired on in direct response to military maneuvers on the fort that had been launched by Lincoln earlier that week. On April 5 Lincoln notified Governor Francis Pickens of South Carolina that he would be attempting to peacefully reprovision Fort Sumter with supplies. Shortly thereafter he instructed his military to send out a fleet of federal warships containing the food as well as heavy reenforcements and weaponry. Explicit orders were to go to Sumter and if the Confederates refused to let them enter the fort, open fire and fight their way in. Confederate intelligence, knowing of Lincoln's earlier message to Pickens, caught wind of the operation by discovering the ships had been sent to sea. Beauregard was notified and opened fire on the fort to preempt the fleet's arrival, which turned out to be only a day away. Lincoln's fleet got there a day late, though just in time for Beauregard to allow the garrison safe passage to them and back up north. Needless to say, Abraham Lincoln did not consider the move in any way a failure as he had provoked the confederates into firing the first shot, even though it did not happen the way he anticipated. He openly admitted this in a personal letter to Captain Gustavus Fox, who he had tasked to lead the expedition:

"I sincerely regret that the failure of the late attempt to provision Fort-Sumpter, should be the source of any annoyance to you. The practicability of your plan was not, in fact, brought to a test. By reason of a gale, well known in advance to be possible, and not improbable, the tugs, an essential part of the plan, never reached the ground; while, by an accident, for which you were in no wise responsible, and possibly I, to some extent was, you were deprived of a war vessel with her men, which you deemed of great importance to the enterprize. I most cheerfully and truly declare that the failure of the undertaking has not lowered you a particle, while the qualities you developed in the effort, have greatly heightened you, in my estimation. For a daring and dangerous enterprize, of a similar character, you would, to-day, be the man, of all my acquaintances, whom I would select. You and I both anticipated that the cause of the country would be advanced by making the attempt to provision Fort-Sumpter, even if it should fail; and it is no small consolation now to feel that our anticipation is justified by the result." - Abraham Lincoln, letter to Fox, May 1, 1861 (emphasis added)

XII. "The war resolved the two fundamental problems left unresolved by the Revolution of 1776, problems that had preoccupied the country for four score and nine years down to 1865. The first was the question whether this fragile republic would survive in a world of monarchs and emperors and dictators or would follow the example of most republics through history (including many in the nineteenth century) and collapse into tyranny or fragment in a dreary succession of revolutions and civil wars."

Here McPherson is exploiting the "experiment in democracy" myth to attach some legitimacy and purported good to what was an appallingly costly, brutal, and disastrous war. While he is correct to phrase the American nation's role in a world that was at the time dominated by empire and monarchy as well as to note the previous occurrence of republican failures elsewhere, he is incorrect to suggest that the fate of republican government rested on the preservation of the union. As any honest historian must concede, though it is often contrary to the Schlessingerian "experiment in democracy" and the neo-Hegelian "end of history" paradigms, the concept of republican government has been around in various forms throughout recorded history. It has had its successes, sometimes lasting for centuries, and it has also had its failures, but just the same so have empires and monarchies. On the greater spectrum of history itself I believe the evidence is clear that governments are cyclical developments and refinements. This is commonly thought of as a classical understanding of government. Alternative some hold governments to be evolutionary stage developments as McPherson does here and as some otherwise genuinely intelligent and even conservative persons believe America to be. This alternative is the Hegelian view, perhaps most famously adopted by Marx as the heart of communism. I will concede it is tempting for some conservatives to gravitate toward this latter position, but doing so entails what is ultimately an embrace of arrogance and perfectibility over all that preceded us when in reality we are the same inherently human, inherently flawed, yet readily redeemable human beings as those who came before us were. For that reason few will likely find the Hegelian position in the minds of conservatism's greatest thinkers (actually it is normally found among the left, such as McPherson demonstrates here). Therefore what some may falsely interpret to be a classical system that appears dismissive of the wisdom of the Constitution and the sorts may find themselves surprised to find it a position held by some of the Constitution's greatest defenders and conservatism's greatest minds.

[GOPcapitalist]

Every secessionist document (prior to the Civil War) that mentions reasons for seceding gives slavery as the overwhelming reason for the breakaway.

Nonsense. In the entirity of the secession ordinances of the 13 states and 2 territories of the confederacy there is barely a mention of slavery beyond geographical references. A similar situation may be found in many of the county secession resolutions and the sort. About the only documents that do give slavery as a reason in any great detail are those four non-binding legislative resolutions you are so fond of citing and overstating in significance. Absent them you have no case.

[WhiskeyPapa]

I already addressed McPherson's stats in those quotes at least twice.

I haven't seen any statistics that contradict Dr. McPherson's.

Nor have I seen you address what the other noted ACW historian said that I posted:

Secession itself had involved a flight from reality rather than an approach to it....

Walt

[WhiskeyPapa]

Nonsense. In the entirity of the secession ordinances of the 13 states and 2 territories of the confederacy there is barely a mention of slavery beyond geographical references.

That is false.

These comments are typical:

Lawrence Keitt, speaking in the South Carolina secession convention, said, "Our people have come to this on the question of slavery. I am willing, in that address to rest it upon that question. I think it is the great central point from which we are now proceeding, and I am not willing to divert the public attention from it."

--From the Confederate Constitution:

Article I, Section 9, Paragraph 4: "No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed."

Article IV, Section 3, Paragraph 3: "The Confederate States may acquire new territory . . . In all such territory, the institution of negro slavery, as it now exists in the Confederate States, shall be recognized and protected by Congress and the territorial government."

From the Georgia Constitution of 1861:"The General Assembly shall have no power to pass laws for the emancipation of slaves." (This is the entire text of Article 2, Sec. VII, Paragraph 3.)

From the Alabama Constitution of 1861: "No slave in this State shall be emancipated by any act done to take effect in this State, or any other country." (This is the entire text of Article IV, Section 1 (on slavery).)

Alexander Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederacy, referring to the Confederate government: "Its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery . . . is his natural and normal condition." [Augusta, Georgia, Daily Constitutionalist, March 30, 1861.]

A North Carolina newspaper editorial: "it is abolition doctrine . . . the very doctrine which the war was commenced to put down." [North Carolina Standard, Jan. 17, 1865; cited in Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 835.]

Robert M.T. Hunter, Senator from Virginia, "What did we go to war for, if not to protect our property?"

Alfred P. Aldrich, South Carolina legislator from Barnwell: "If the Republican party with its platform of principles, the main feature of which is the abolition of slavery and, therefore, the destruction of the South, carries the country at the next Presidential election, shall we remain in the Union, or form a separate Confederacy? This is the great, grave issue. It is not who shall be President, it is not which party shall rule -- it is a question of political and social existence." [Steven Channing, Crisis of Fear, pp. 141-142.]

The cause of the war was the desire of the south to maintain and support slavery.

Walt

[WhiskeyPapa]

I know for a fact Sherman gave orders to hang civilians...

That is just a flat lie.

It's amazing to me how those that profess to revere people who had a punctillious personal honor will just flat lie like this.

Walt

[GOPcapitalist]

Nonsense. In the entirity of the secession ordinances of the 13 states and 2 territories of the confederacy there is barely a mention of slavery beyond geographical references. (me)

That is false.(walt)

Care then to demonstrate anywhere in the secession ordinances of the 13 states and two territories of the confederacy where slavery is mentioned beyond geographical references then, Walt? Here's a link where you may find them http://www.angelfire.com/la3/sarge/page15.html

Complete mentions of the word slavery in any of the above said documents:

- Once in the Alabama ordinance as a geographical reference to the "slaveholding States"
- Once in the Texas ordinance as a geographical reference to the "slave-holding States"
- Once in the Virginia ordinance as a geographical reference to the "slave-holding States"

Beyond those three geographical references the word slavery does not appear in any of them. While statement stands as accurate, your characterization of it is exposed as fraudulent in typical fashion.

And for the record Walt, I noticed again that you again failed to address the errors of McPherson's paper on the "causes of the war" exposed at the opening post of this thread. Then again, for someone who fears the truth as much as you do, none of this behavior comes as a surprise.

[GOPcapitalist]

I haven't seen any statistics that contradict Dr. McPherson's.

Interesting, cause I haven't seen any case offered by you or anyone else as to what you intend to demonstrate by those statistics in the first place.

Are you trying to argue that the north had more railroads? I don't dispute it. More steel production? I Don't dispute it either. A larger population? Don't dispute it.

So again I ask, exactly what is your point?

For the record I'll also note that I have not seen one thing from you that contradicts any part of my article exposing McPherson's lies about history. Should I expect it anytime soon, or by your silence am I to assume that you concede his errors?

Secession itself had involved a flight from reality rather than an approach to it....

I suppose that's your historian's opinion and he's definately entitled to it, but all the same I'm entitled to my own as are you, and IMHO secession was a flight from Lincoln's big government, with the flight from reality having been taken by persons such as yourself who consciously tune out the parts of the historical record that contradict your preset view.

[GOPcapitalist]

I know for a fact Sherman gave orders to hang civilians... That is just a flat lie. (walt)

Seems like Sherman didn't care too much what method of execution got the job done. After all, they all cause death, do they not?

"Can you not send over to Fairmount and Adairsville, burn 10 or 12 houses of known secessionists, kill a few at random and let them know it will be repeated every time a train is fired upon from Resaca to Kingston." - Sherman, orders to Brig. Gen. Louis Watkins, October 29, 1864

[WhiskeyPapa]

"Can you not send over to Fairmount and Adairsville, burn 10 or 12 houses of known secessionists, kill a few at random and let them know it will be repeated every time a train is fired upon from Resaca to Kingston." - Sherman, orders to Brig. Gen. Louis Watkins, October 29, 1864

Not one civilian was executed in any way by Sherman's men or by his orders.

Walt

[GOPcapitalist]

Not one civilian was executed in any way by Sherman's men or by his orders.

You know, Walt, it's interesting you bring that up. In the time since our last discussion of Sherman's war crimes ended with you ignoring a lengthy list of rapes by Sherman's men I've come across a couple documents on this very subject.

As you are probably aware, during the course of Sherman's march the confederates adopted a strategy of cutting off his advances by disrupting his supply lines through Tennessee and northern Alabama. In order to deal with the problem, Sherman, then commander of the western union forces, dispatched troops to guard the supply lines and permit continuation of his path of destruction. After the plunder of Atlanta he sent Gen. George Thomas to cover the rear. After embarrassing failures in the east Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy was reassigned to Thomas' dispatch from Sherman's army to conduct operations patrolling Sherman's supply lines in Tennessee. Shortly after his arrival Milroy began his own little reign of terror against southern civilians. He drew up lengthy "suspect lists" of civilians who were friendly to the confederate cause and began paying them visits with demands to know the whereabouts of nearby confederate forces.

On January 11, 1861 one such visit was paid to a farm in southern Tennessee. Brothers William and Thomas Sanders and neighbor LeRoy Moore, all three of them civilian farmers, had been named as confederate friendly on union lists. Troops were dispatched there for information on nearby confederate forces with orders to execute the men if they refused. The confederate forces in the area were small in number and were being sought for execution themselves - not for any crime, but for simply being confederates and for skirmishing with the supply lines.

The Sanders brothers and Moore would not reveal confederate troop locations. The yankees responded by taking them to a remote pond on the farm, marching them into the water, and shooting the three. According to one report they went back to the farm and burned down all the buildings. The widow and children of one of the men were forced to brave the winter living in a small smokehouse that survived.

The murders of civilians did not stop there though. In February Milroy composed additional orders to murder other named civilians and burn their farms to the ground. One instructs for the capture of civilian Willis Taylor, directing him to be turned over to civilian Moses Pittman to be executed by Pittman as a reward for his being a snitch on his neighbors to Milroy. And those are just a few of the incidents Walt.

You can find them all documented in "Shoot if you can by accident" by Michael Bradley and Milan Hill from North & South magazine, November 1999. The actual orders of execution etc. may be found in Microfilm 416, Roll 130 of the Union Provost Marshall, Civil War, from the National Archives.

Aside from these murders exposing your above statement as a blatant lie, I will note for the record that they also strike close to home for my own situation. You see, I discovered one of the victims in this particular incident appears to be one of my own direct ancestors. I found rumors of it while researching a previously unsearched branch of family history and with the help of many others after I started asking around I was recently able to confirm the documentation.

And just as a word of warning in the event that you intend to continue your holocaust-denier style tactic of fibbing about the Sherman murders - as soon as a records request is fulfilled for the military documents detailing the murder itself, I'll happily transcribe them and have them on hand ready to plaster all over any and every thread where you even so much as think about trying to push a lie such as the above again. Other than that, have a nice day.

[GOPcapitalist]

I almost forgot to list the rest. In addition to the murdered civilians listed in the previous post, yankee troops also killed several of the confederate forces they were trying to track down.

A small group of them were hiding in a barn from the yankee executors at Corn's Farm on February 5, 1865. The murderers jumped them during the night. As the confederates fled Charles Reagin was gunned down. A second confederate soldier, John Purdom, was gunned down in April 1865 as he was fleeing his executioners out the back door of another nearby farmhouse.

[WhiskeyPapa]

On January 11, 1861 one such visit was paid to a farm in southern Tennessee. Brothers William and Thomas Sanders and neighbor LeRoy Moore, all three of them civilian farmers, had been named as confederate friendly on union lists. Troops were dispatched there for information on nearby confederate forces with orders to execute the men if they refused. The confederate forces in the area were small in number and were being sought for execution themselves - not for any crime, but for simply being confederates and for skirmishing with the supply lines.

Sherman had no control over Milroy's operations. This does appear to be new information. We'll see if it holds up.

Walt

[TexConfederate1861]

I have proof...do I need to post it to show just what you DONT KNOW.......

I don't have to lie.....

[Former Proud Canadian]

Bump for later

[Frumious Bandersnatch]

Nonsense. In the entirity of the secession ordinances of the 13 states and 2 territories of the confederacy there is barely a mention of slavery beyond geographical references. A similar situation may be found in many of the county secession resolutions and the sort. About the only documents that do give slavery as a reason in any great detail are those four non-binding legislative resolutions you are so fond of citing and overstating in significance. Absent them you have no case.

Then, pray tell, what are the Southern Institutions that the North is so dead set on destroying mentioned in many of the documents?

But to address your comments directly: Slavery is mentioned more than any other reason given for starting the Civil War.  The supporting documents that you so blithely dismiss give the reasoning of the South for seceding.  To dismiss them out-of-hand is disengenous indeed.  Also, you might notice that the Washington Peace Conference and Crittendon Compromises only addressed the slavery issue.  Apparently, both the south and north felt that if they could successfully address this issue, the Union would be saved.  All other issues were ancilliary to the slave question in late 1860 and early 1861.  The Civil War was fought because the south wanted to keep slavery in their own states (which the north was agreeable to), expand slavery to all territories (which the north disagreed with, but was willing to go with a Missouri-Compromise type proposal), and expand it to the North (a really hot-button issue in the North).  The south wanted an amendment to the Constitution that could not be amended that would codify these demands.

IOW, the south were trying to tromp on the rights of the northern states.

[Frumious Bandersnatch]

It listed in detail the reasons that Texas seceded. To dismiss it out of hand is not the work of a serious scholar.

Neither is to engage in a drastic overstatement of its importance. I can safely say that you have done so in light of your comment comparing this resolution to the Declaration of Independence, though I believe you would be hard pressed to make you case against me for simply placing the document itself in perspective.

The Declaration of Independence not only notified Great Britain of the severing of national ties, it also gave reasons for this in great detail.  None of the secession ordinances gives the detail that the Declaration of Independence did.  The supporting documentation does.

However, if you take a look at the second, third and fourth paragraphs of the Texas ordinance of secession the matter becomes quite clear. The second paragraph mentions that neither citizens nor the property of citizens of Texas are protected.

In light of the fact that the yankees were willfully denying military protection for Texas frontiers, the claim is both necessary and valid.

Oh really?  Please show that Texas was getting less Federal protection than, say, Kansas or Missouri.

The third paragraph claims that the Northern states are in violation of the compact between the states.

Yep, and from Texas' perspective they were.

Uh huh.  From a slave-holding perspective, you are right.

The fourth paragraph indicates that Federal Government is being used as a weapon to strike down the interests and property of the slave-holding states.

Do you believe that a northern invasion of those states and their property was in the interest of the south?

This argument is totally bogus.  When did the North invade Texas prior to the Civil War?

Tell me, what property was the north trying to destroy that belonged to the south?

I suppose if we take Sherman's word on it cities, dwellings, factories, farms, railroads, and of course lives.

Another totally bogus argument.  When did Sherman invade Texas prior to the Civil War?  For that matter, when did Sherman ever invade Texas?

What interests of the southerners were the northerners trying to strike down?

The interest of self government.

Going 3 for 3 aren't you?  Lincoln and other northerners pledged to *not* interfere with any southern instituions.  That is quite unlike Texas' interference with New Mexican affairs.

Yes, nothing specific is mentioned directly. However, it was understood that the property that the slave-holding states were most concerned about was slaves.

The historical record seems to indicate otherwise to the degree that at very minimum other concerns were shared. County resolutions across the south from as early as February 1861 voice a very clear fear that the yankees were about to invade and in doing so violate the physical homes, dwellings, and land properties of southerners. Southern representatives expressed the same in Congress in December 1860.

Now trying 4 for 4?  Your reliance on these "non-binding" resolutions to bolster your case while denying them to me to make my case is disengenous indeed.  The preservation of slavery was the overwhelming theme mentioned in these resolutions.  The fears about a "northern invasion" that you mention were discussed after the southern states started seceding.  In case this is too subtle for you to understand, the south rebelled, then expressed anxiety about the possibility of being invaded.  Still don't understand?  The south slapped the north in the face, then expressed worry that they would get slapped back.

Yes, I was a bit over the top as far as comparing the Texas legislation to the Federalist Papers.

To put it mildly.

But your wilful mixing up of pre-civil war conditions with Civil War conditions is really over the top.

However, I only meant that they gave greater and more explicit detail on what was meant by the secession ordinance.

In some areas, sure they do. But similarly the causes resolution is not representative of the state itself or anything even remotely close to it whereas the secession ordinance is. The former was a non-binding legislative resolution passed after the fact. The latter was a popularly adopted referendum enacted as a valid measure of law.

Dismissing them because they are inconvenient is bad.  Picking and choosing which parts to dismiss (as you have done) is quite clintonesque.  By your own reasoning, the south had nothing to fear from invasion because the supporting documentation was a non-binding resolution.

[Aurelius]

"Reported by whom?"

I can give you a reference. What is your source for the Stephen's nephew anecdote?

[Aurelius]

"Find an anecdote that refutes Davis' opinion of Lincoln."

My point is: an anecdote cannot confirm or refute anything.

[Aurelius]

"I know that the defenders of the so-called CSA very seldom cite the record."

Franly I don't see the relevence of your comment, but they cite the record often enough, you just don't like what they cite. That historical record can be just as "pesky" from your side's point of view as from the other.

[stand watie]

try Dr. Walter Williams of George Mason University and/or the writings of Professor Robert B. Williams, late department chair of history at LA Southern University.

Dr Williams comment on the documents was that they were written by a few self-important nobodies,were read by nobody and meant NOTHING!

while i wouldn't go quite THAT FAR, i would say that the opinions of <1% of the southron people is exactly that, the opinion of a insignficant minority of rich planters, whose opinions were generally ignored/dispised by the mass of the southron people.

had we won our war to free us from damnyankee tyranny, the planters might well have been next on the enemies list!

free dixie,sw

[stand watie]

do you consider yourself "a man of honor" or on the other hand are you just another self-righteous, hatefilled,hateful,skulking scalawag, who wouldn't know truth if someone hit him with a ton of it?

i fear the latter is true.

sherman was JUST ONE of the WAR CRIMINALS that today would be tried/convicted/imprisoned for Crimes Against Humanity & Crimes Against Peace. he was no better than than "benjamin,the beast, butler".

free dixie,sw