Posted on 07/28/2002 11:37:32 AM PDT by Hacksaw
Ivan the Terrible
Stalin admired him. The rest of Europe believed he was mad. What is certain is that he was one of the most ruthless tyrants in history.
The name 'Ivan the Terrible' conjours up images of senseless cruelty and paranoia. Yet, for many in Russia, he is a national hero. Ivan appears to be a man of huge contradictions - a man of God who personally tortured his victims and beat his own son to death; a hardened despot who often behaved like a coward, asking his ally, Elizabeth I of England, for political asylum; a man who believed himself chosen to save the souls of his people, but who brutally put thousands to death in carefully orchestrated purges.
Born in 1530, Ivan was only three when he inherited the Russian throne following his father's death. At the age of seven, tragedy struck again when his mother was poisoned by nobles at court. By his early teens, he was already displaying some of his uglier traits. He would throw live animals from towers and appeared to derive pleasure from doing so.
Ivan was crowned Russia's first Tsar at the age of 17. Three weeks later he married, having chosen his bride in a national virgin competition. Virgins over the age of twelve were brought to the Kremlin to be paraded before him. He chose Anastasia, the daughter of a minor noble, and their marriage proved to be a very close one.
Ivan had huge ambitions for his new Imperial dynasty. He launched a holy war against Russia's traditional enemy - the Tartars - showing no mercy to these Muslim peoples and decimating their cultural heritage. Ivan's conquest of Kazan and later Astrakhan and Siberia gave birth to a sixteenth century personality cult glorifying him as the Orthodox crusader.
His wife Anastasia helped to hold his cruelty in check, but in 1560 she died. He accused his nobles of poisoning her, and became even more mentally unstable. Until recently, most scholars have dismissed Ivan's accusation of murder as evidence of his paranoia. But recent forensic tests on Anastasia's remains have revealed more than ten times the normal levels of mercury in her hair. It is likely, that Anastasia was indeed murdered, sending Ivan into a downward spiral of murder and cruelty.
He set up a bodyguard that has been described as Russia's first 'secret police' - the Oprichniki - as a religious brotherhood sworn to protecting God's Tsar. In reality, they became marauding thugs, ready to commit any crime in the Tsar's name. Ivan sentenced thousands to internal exile in far flung parts of the empire. Others were condemned to death; their families and servants often killed as well. Ivan would give detailed orders about the executions, using biblically inspired tortures to reconstruct the sufferings of hell. More than 3,000 people lost their lives in Ivan's attack on Novgorod alone. In a fit of rage, Ivan struck his son and heir dead with his staff. Mad with sorrow and guilt, he had a dramatic volte face, posthumously forgiving all those he'd executed and paying for prayers to be said for their souls. Before his death, Ivan was re-christened as the monk Jonah and buried in his monk's habit - in the hope of finding ultimate forgiveness.
Another tidbit - there is also some unsubstantiated opinions that Stalin was poisoned. At any rate, I have read that on his deathbed, his staff thought it safer to let him die that revive him.
Mad men are rarely mad at all times. It usually comes and goes although in Ivan case part of it was undoubtedly bratism. In other words, he was a spoiled brat albeit a brat with a lot of power. The fact that before his wife died he was not so bad and that after killing his son he changed points more to this being the case then genuine insanity. Dude needed some anger management classes.
a.cricket
And "Ivan" is Russian for "John."
-- Mr. Language Guy
Also, who ruled Russia before Ivan?
There are things that history books always seem to gloss over.
Also, who ruled Russia before Ivan?
There are things that history books always seem to gloss over.
It was a magnificent collection sent to this country for our viewing, truly a treasure trove. Incredible Faberge eggs, gem-covered crowns, gowns, intricately-decorated daggers, pistols and rifles, a royal throne, paintings and art objects, jewel-encrusted swords and scabards, many from the dim past as well as the not-too dim twentieth century.
Everyday items from the royal households were there to gape at, including linens, silverware, china, goblets, gorgeous samovars and even a sleigh and toys of the the royal children.
I stayed for hours, and only wish I had returned again the next day.
If this exhibit ever comes again to the states, I urge everyone to see it. It takes you into a different world, indeed.
Leni
Knout 10% of the author's body.
I thought the Tsar's son was the Tsarevich (using the patronymic suffix). Or am I just confused?
Another language lover.
As to the migration of the title, I suspect it made its way into interior Europe through Italy, Austria, Germany, and hence to Russia. It only seems to have been adopted in those countries, not in France, Spain, or England.
The word itself derives from the Gothic kaisar, the title of the German emperor. I believe "Czar" was also used as the supreme title in other Slavic countries at various times.
That has got to smart.
a.cricket
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