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'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection
The New York Times ^ | 14 April 2002 | JIM HOLT

Posted on 04/14/2002 12:31:25 AM PDT by sourcery

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April 14, 2002

'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection

By JIM HOLT

INTELLIGENT DESIGN CREATIONISM AND ITS CRITICS
Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives.

Edited by Robert T. Pennock.
Illustrated. 805 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: A Bradford Book/The MIT Press. Cloth, $110. Paper, $45.



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In the last decade or so, creationism has grown sophisticated. Oh, the old-fashioned creationists are still around, especially in the Bible Belt. They're the ones who believe that the earth is only a few thousand years old, that God created it and all its inhabitants in six days and that fossils are a product of Noah's flood. In the early 1990's, however, a new breed of creationists appeared. These ''neo-creos,'' as they have been called, are no Dogpatch hayseeds. They have Ph.D.'s and occupy positions at some of the better universities. The case they make against Darwinism does not rest on the authority of Scripture; rather, it proceeds from premises that are scientific and philosophical, invoking esoteric ideas in molecular biology, information theory and the logic of hypothesis testing.

When the neo-creos go public -- as they did recently in a hearing before the Ohio Board of Education, which they were petitioning for equal time in the classroom with Darwinism -- they do not stake any obviously foolish claims. They concede that the earth is billions of years old, and that some evolution may have taken place once the basic biochemical structures were brought into being. What they deny is that the standard Darwinian theory, or any other ''naturalistic'' theory that confines itself to mindless, mechanical causes operating gradually over time, suffices to explain the whole of life. The biological world, they contend, is rife with evidence of intelligent design -- evidence that points with near certainty to the intervention of an Intelligent Designer.

''Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics'' is a great fat collection of essays, some three dozen in all, that examine this thesis from every imaginable angle. Its editor, the philosopher Robert T. Pennock, has himself written a book opposing the neo-creos (''Tower of Babel,'' 1999), and he admits that his selection here is stacked against them by about two to one. Yet most of the major proponents of intelligent design are represented: Phillip E. Johnson, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and the father of the movement; the biochemist Michael J. Behe; the mathematician William A. Dembski; and the philosopher of logic Alvin Plantinga. They are given the chance not only to present their reasoning but also to defend it against their more prominent Darwinian critics, including the biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins and the philosophers of science Philip Kitcher and Michael Ruse. The debate ranges freely over genetics, theology, the history of science and the theory of knowledge. The rhetoric is spirited, if sometimes barely civil, and the to-and-fro of ideas can be impressive.

Before we get to the scientific arguments of the neo-creos, a word should be said about their motivation. Just what do they have against Darwinism? Unlike the old-fashioned creationists, they are not especially worried about evolution conflicting with a literal reading of Genesis. Then why can't they join with the mainstream religions, which have made their peace with Darwinism? In 1996, for example, Pope John Paul II said that the theory of evolution had been ''proved true'' and asserted its consistency with Roman Catholic doctrine. Stephen Jay Gould, though agnostic himself, salutes the wisdom of this papal pronouncement, arguing that science and religion are ''nonoverlapping magisteria.'' But the neo-creos aren't buying this. They think that belief in Darwinism and belief in God are fundamentally incompatible. Here, ironically, they are in agreement with their more radical Darwinian opponents. Both extremes concur that evolution is, in the words of Phillip Johnson, ''a purposeless and undirected process that produced mankind accidentally'' and, as such, must be at odds with the idea of a purposeful Creator.

The neo-creos are right to think that evolution is not religiously neutral. If nothing else, it undercuts what has traditionally been the most powerful argument for God's existence, the ''argument from design.'' No longer is the God hypothesis required to explain the intricate complexity of the living world. Christian intellectuals who accept Darwinism insist that evolution still leaves ample scope for a Creator-God, one who got the universe rolling in just the right way so that, by sheer chemistry and physics, beings like us would inevitably appear without further supernatural meddling. Ernan McMullin, a philosopher of science at Notre Dame who also happens to be a Catholic priest, argues that the resources of God's original creation ''were sufficient for the generation of the successive orders of complexity that make up our world.'' (Another contributor wonders whether the creationist idea of divine action hasn't been ''unduly affected by the 'special effects' industry.'') But this deistic notion of God holds little appeal for the neo-creos. They remain vexed that, as Richard Dawkins pointedly observes, ''Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.''

To regain the advantage for religion, the neo-creos have devised a two-part strategy. First, they try to establish their intelligent-design theory as the only alternative to Darwinism for explaining life. (The content of intelligent design is deliberately left vague: it can mean either creation by the designing agent or purposefully ''guided'' evolution.) Then they proceed negatively, deploying various arguments to show that Darwinian mechanisms could not possibly do the trick. The logic of this strategy is impeccable: Either Darwinism or intelligent design. Not Darwinism. Therefore, intelligent design. Armed with that conclusion, they hope to pry scientifically minded people away from a purely secular worldview.

AT the moment, there is no serious scientific rival to Darwinism. Indeed, if the explanation for the origin and complexity of life must be sought in physical mechanisms, then an evolutionary theory of some sort would seem to be inevitable. But why, the neo-creos ask, should other sorts of explanations -- those positing intelligent causes, supernatural interventions -- be ruled out by fiat? To do so betrays a commitment to ''metaphysical naturalism,'' the doctrine that nature is a system of material causes and effects sealed off from outside influences; and that, they say, is a matter of faith, not proof. But the Darwinians have a devastating retort to the charge of metaphysical naturalism: nothing succeeds like success. As Michael Ruse points out, modern science's refusal to cry miracle when faced with explanatory difficulties has yielded ''fantastic dividends.'' Letting divine causes fill in wherever naturalistic ones are hard to find is not only bad theology -- it leaves you worshiping a ''God of the gaps'' -- but it is also a science-stopper.

Besides, the evidence for Darwinism looks awfully strong. Yes, there are internal disagreements over the mechanisms and tempo of evolution. But the core thesis that all living things have a common ancestry, long supported by the pattern of structural similarities among them and by the fossil record, has received stunning new confirmation from molecular genetics. Johnson does his lawyerly best to cast doubt on the evidence for common ancestry. However, the more tough-minded of the neo-creos are willing to accept the historical claim that organisms evolved from one another. They even acknowledge a role for the standard Darwinian mechanism (natural selection operating on random variation) in the process. To make good on the second part of their strategy, the Not Darwinism part, they instead try to show that for deeper reasons Darwinism is bound to fall short of telling the whole story. They have three main arguments, all of which seem clever at first blush.

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TOPICS: Philosophy
KEYWORDS: creationism; crevolist; evolution
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To: VadeRetro
Yeah, that's how it's commonly used and what many theists want it to mean because it's easier to knock down. And some time ago it was also equated with wicked.
81 posted on 04/14/2002 3:13:39 PM PDT by BMCDA
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To: Virginia-American
hi va
I don't think it works that way
why would someone try to convince another that God is real
the struggle is to convince oneself
as I posted to tiger, for me it began with an inner experience
I knew my own inner experiencce was real bcause of its effects
but it appeared to fly in face of logic
our minds must be based on logic, cause I would not accept the new reality I was experiencing
till I found the logic to explain it
Love, Palo
82 posted on 04/14/2002 3:14:13 PM PDT by palo verde
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To: AndrewC
[me:] The reason we rose out of the bronze age is we figured out how to reliably approximate actual objective knowledge about the world at large by combining & evaluating everyone's subjective beliefs & experiences in a valid way. And so far, the fruits of this "intersubjective knowledge" have not made the case for God nor for ID, IMO.

[you:]And where did this "objective"[sic] analysis take place? Who was the great "objective" organizer that stated "Nuts over there, Real thinkers here." ...

The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

The intersubjective analysis takes place every time we use the scientific method, whether explicitly or casually in our everyday lives. Our knowledge about what's real & what's imaginary, our knowledge about how the world works, etc. It's all built on learning the difference between mere subjective belief, and subjective belief that's been validated in the objective world outside our brains.

The reason man arose out of the dust is that man dreams, of things not "real".

In one sense that statement has it 1/2 correct, but it's almost totally wrong in another sense. We knew how to dream of things not real for a long time. But we didn't rise out of the dust until we learned to subject our dreams (by which I assume you & I mean any inspiration, idea, speculation, leap of associative thinking, etc.) to the filter of our shared intersubjective knowledge of how the real world works. (Hey, almost like mutation + natural selection!)

Real progress could never have gotten off the ground until both items were present. Sabertooth's assertion that our individual subjective thoughts - I assume he's referring to a person's introspective belief that God exists - gives the theist a dataset of 1, but tried to suggest that an atheist therefore has 0 pieces of data for nonbelief.

Surely you don't deny that everyone has subjective beliefs, and that many people are certain that other people are telepathically communicating to them by way of voices in their head? My point is we have 250 million conflicting "datasets" in America alone. A belief borne of pure introspection absent an intersubjectively-verifiable confirmation in the external world is a dime a dozen when it comes to proving something about that external world, no matter how deeply we may believe it or trust it.

83 posted on 04/14/2002 3:15:45 PM PDT by jennyp
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To: gcruse
thank you for your suggestion gcruse
I appreciate it
Love, Palo
84 posted on 04/14/2002 3:16:52 PM PDT by palo verde
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To: Sabertooth
As I use and understand the terms in their common parlance, an atheist believes that God doesn't exist, a theist believes He does, and agnostic reserves judgement.

Then there's the pan-critical rationalist, who doesn't believe that absolute proof can exist. All propositions are inherently subject to doubt--even this one. See, for example, Hume's refutation of proof by induction.

85 posted on 04/14/2002 3:19:45 PM PDT by sourcery
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To: Virginia-American
Aren't you treating the environment as a demiurge? Something separate from the organism? The organism is a dynamic part of rhe enviroment.Or am I misunderstanding you?
86 posted on 04/14/2002 3:22:03 PM PDT by RobbyS
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To: sourcery
And the truest agostic is one who cannot prove them he himself exists?
87 posted on 04/14/2002 3:24:02 PM PDT by RobbyS
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To: Sabertooth
BTW, doesn't the atheist's argument from the absence of an inner experience also fall into solipsism?

No. See above.

88 posted on 04/14/2002 3:24:16 PM PDT by jennyp
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To: tortoise
That is actually what the argument is about. What distinguishes "God did it" from the myriad of other apparently stupid reasons? If we could answer this, life would be easy.

Well put!

89 posted on 04/14/2002 3:25:50 PM PDT by jennyp
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To: Sabertooth;VadeRetro
Author Dave Hunt in his informative book 'Occult Invasion':

"Far from being a scientific theory of recent origin, evolution was an established religious belief at the heart of occultism and mysticism thousands of years before the Greeks gave in "scientific" status. And the central core of the ancient mystical theory of evolution is the lie of the serpent to Eve in the Garden, the belief that we are evolving ever upward to godhood... [Additionally], Evolution, as the core belief of Hinduism and witchcraft, is at least as old as the theories of reincarnation and karma, in which it is a key element."

90 posted on 04/14/2002 3:27:54 PM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: RobbyS
Aren't you treating the environment as a demiurge?

Doesn't demiurge imply some sort of intentionality or will or intelligence or something like that? I'm making no such claim.

Something separate from the organism?

It is.

The organism is a dynamic part of rhe enviroment

Of course. There's no contradiction here.

Darwin based natural selection on the artificial selection familiar to farmers. The real controversy is over his claim that this is all that's needed, given enough time.

91 posted on 04/14/2002 3:33:58 PM PDT by Virginia-American
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To: RobbyS
And the truest agostic is one who cannot prove them he himself exists?

I don't know what would qualify someone to be the "truest agnostic." But that's not the point I was making.

My thesis is this: you can't produce an absolute proof of any proposition. You can make statements that are true by definition, but you can't "prove" the inherent validity or rightness of the definitions. You can show that a proposition violates the Law of Non-Contradiction, but you can't prove that the Law of Non-Contradiction is valid. In general, to any proof you offer, I can always answer, "and why is that true?" There is no transitive closure.

92 posted on 04/14/2002 3:35:51 PM PDT by sourcery
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To: Sabertooth
Nor can you hold that position scientifically.

I hold it logically. From everything in the universe being caused it doesn't follow that the universe is caused. It is the same kind of error as saying that every integer has a predecessor (or whatever property) therefore the integers have a predecessor.

I also hold it definitionally. Causation happens in time, not out of it.

One can't speculate on what might be beyond the space-time continuum on the basis of anything scientific,...

I'll reserve judgement on that one. Assuming you mean the 4-dimensional spacetime of our ordinary experience (OK, not so ordinary), there are quite a few speculations of a scientific nature that go far beyond it.

But listen to us talking about space-time. That revolution happened barely a century ago. The scope of science is relentlessly increasing isn't it? Perhaps Eternity or something like it or totally different from it but unimaginable now will come within its purview not too long from now.

93 posted on 04/14/2002 4:14:36 PM PDT by edsheppa
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To: VadeRetro
In my teens, when I'd recently figured out that I'd been an agnostic for years, I thought that an atheist "knew" that there was no God, whereas an agnostic just couldn't tell and didn't see how everybody else was acting so cocksure.

I suppose there are atheists running around claiming they "know" that there's no god; but like you, I can't see how they have knowledge of a negative. (Unless, as someone else said earlier, they point out contradictions in the conventional definitions of god -- not terribly difficult, but not persuasive either). So there may be loads of personal definitions of "atheist," just as there may be several different kinds of "agnostics" around: (1) I don't know if there's a god; (2) I don't know if I'm really an atheist; (3) I don't know how I would figure it out; (4) I don't know much of anything; (5) etc. But I'll stick with the definitions I gave earlier. I think they're philosophically rigorous -- the difference between the atheist and the agnostic is their emphasis on the burden of proof.

No one asked, but personally I'm in my own category -- I don't know if the existence of the universe and the laws of nature can be considered evidence of anything outside of nature. So I'm hung up on whether there is any evidence, and I can't say definitely that there is or there isn't. I try to learn what science has to teach us. And I have no problem with religion, as long as it's not coercive. Benign religion is a social positive. Or so it seems to me.

94 posted on 04/14/2002 4:25:31 PM PDT by PatrickHenry
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To: sourcery
I'm not worried. Scientists will find a way to replace all that selfish "junk DNA" with valuable jellyfish DNA.
95 posted on 04/14/2002 4:37:54 PM PDT by apochromat
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To: F16Fighter
And the central core of the ancient mystical theory of evolution is the lie of the serpent to Eve in the Garden, the belief that we are evolving ever upward to godhood...

This would seem to be the source for an interesting statement in "Dr. Dino" Kent Hovind's doctoral thesis submitted to a correspondence diploma mill, that Satan brought the theory of evolution to earth with him as a serpent in Eden.

Darwin didn't publish the first theory in which evolution and common descent figure, but he first identified variation and natural selection as causes and included considerable supporting data.

96 posted on 04/14/2002 6:14:49 PM PDT by VadeRetro
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To: PatrickHenry
I can't see how they have knowledge of a negative.

I used to have this kind of conversation with believer friends:

Me: How can you be sure all that's right?

Friend: I know it. You have to have faith!

Me: So, how do you have faith if you don't know it's true?

Friend: You pray.

Me: Doesn't that take faith?

Friend: It works.

Me: What if you really don't know it's all true?

Friend: First you pray, then you have faith, then you know.

Me: (Shaking head.)


97 posted on 04/14/2002 6:29:40 PM PDT by VadeRetro
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To: VadeRetro
First you pray, then you have faith, then you know.

This is, of course, a mis-use of the word "to know." What your friend is saying is: "I feel that it's true." He doesn't really know it. Faith is feelings. Strong, often unshakable feelings. Scientific observation is knowledge.

98 posted on 04/14/2002 6:33:38 PM PDT by PatrickHenry
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To: sourcery
But the core thesis that all living things have a common ancestry, long supported by the pattern of structural similarities among them and by the fossil record, has received stunning new confirmation from molecular genetics.

Idiot alert! Even the most wacko darwinists (Gould, Dawkins, Eldridge, etc.) admit the fossil record fails to support them. It would be nice to see a review by someone with a little knowledge on the subject, instead of whatever left-wing ideologue is available today at the Times.

99 posted on 04/14/2002 6:43:29 PM PDT by Timmy
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To: Sabertooth
There's no scientific basis for saying that the Big Bang or the Laws of Physics and Chemistry were caused either by "nature" (a tautology), randomly (unprovable), or by God (also unprovable). I'm not agnostic, but science ought to be.

I'm a (theistic) evolutionist, and I agree with you.

100 posted on 04/14/2002 6:45:28 PM PDT by Lurking Libertarian
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