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'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection
The New York Times ^ | 14 April 2002 | JIM HOLT

Posted on 04/14/2002 12:31:25 AM PDT by sourcery

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April 14, 2002

'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection

By JIM HOLT

INTELLIGENT DESIGN CREATIONISM AND ITS CRITICS
Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives.

Edited by Robert T. Pennock.
Illustrated. 805 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: A Bradford Book/The MIT Press. Cloth, $110. Paper, $45.



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In the last decade or so, creationism has grown sophisticated. Oh, the old-fashioned creationists are still around, especially in the Bible Belt. They're the ones who believe that the earth is only a few thousand years old, that God created it and all its inhabitants in six days and that fossils are a product of Noah's flood. In the early 1990's, however, a new breed of creationists appeared. These ''neo-creos,'' as they have been called, are no Dogpatch hayseeds. They have Ph.D.'s and occupy positions at some of the better universities. The case they make against Darwinism does not rest on the authority of Scripture; rather, it proceeds from premises that are scientific and philosophical, invoking esoteric ideas in molecular biology, information theory and the logic of hypothesis testing.

When the neo-creos go public -- as they did recently in a hearing before the Ohio Board of Education, which they were petitioning for equal time in the classroom with Darwinism -- they do not stake any obviously foolish claims. They concede that the earth is billions of years old, and that some evolution may have taken place once the basic biochemical structures were brought into being. What they deny is that the standard Darwinian theory, or any other ''naturalistic'' theory that confines itself to mindless, mechanical causes operating gradually over time, suffices to explain the whole of life. The biological world, they contend, is rife with evidence of intelligent design -- evidence that points with near certainty to the intervention of an Intelligent Designer.

''Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics'' is a great fat collection of essays, some three dozen in all, that examine this thesis from every imaginable angle. Its editor, the philosopher Robert T. Pennock, has himself written a book opposing the neo-creos (''Tower of Babel,'' 1999), and he admits that his selection here is stacked against them by about two to one. Yet most of the major proponents of intelligent design are represented: Phillip E. Johnson, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and the father of the movement; the biochemist Michael J. Behe; the mathematician William A. Dembski; and the philosopher of logic Alvin Plantinga. They are given the chance not only to present their reasoning but also to defend it against their more prominent Darwinian critics, including the biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins and the philosophers of science Philip Kitcher and Michael Ruse. The debate ranges freely over genetics, theology, the history of science and the theory of knowledge. The rhetoric is spirited, if sometimes barely civil, and the to-and-fro of ideas can be impressive.

Before we get to the scientific arguments of the neo-creos, a word should be said about their motivation. Just what do they have against Darwinism? Unlike the old-fashioned creationists, they are not especially worried about evolution conflicting with a literal reading of Genesis. Then why can't they join with the mainstream religions, which have made their peace with Darwinism? In 1996, for example, Pope John Paul II said that the theory of evolution had been ''proved true'' and asserted its consistency with Roman Catholic doctrine. Stephen Jay Gould, though agnostic himself, salutes the wisdom of this papal pronouncement, arguing that science and religion are ''nonoverlapping magisteria.'' But the neo-creos aren't buying this. They think that belief in Darwinism and belief in God are fundamentally incompatible. Here, ironically, they are in agreement with their more radical Darwinian opponents. Both extremes concur that evolution is, in the words of Phillip Johnson, ''a purposeless and undirected process that produced mankind accidentally'' and, as such, must be at odds with the idea of a purposeful Creator.

The neo-creos are right to think that evolution is not religiously neutral. If nothing else, it undercuts what has traditionally been the most powerful argument for God's existence, the ''argument from design.'' No longer is the God hypothesis required to explain the intricate complexity of the living world. Christian intellectuals who accept Darwinism insist that evolution still leaves ample scope for a Creator-God, one who got the universe rolling in just the right way so that, by sheer chemistry and physics, beings like us would inevitably appear without further supernatural meddling. Ernan McMullin, a philosopher of science at Notre Dame who also happens to be a Catholic priest, argues that the resources of God's original creation ''were sufficient for the generation of the successive orders of complexity that make up our world.'' (Another contributor wonders whether the creationist idea of divine action hasn't been ''unduly affected by the 'special effects' industry.'') But this deistic notion of God holds little appeal for the neo-creos. They remain vexed that, as Richard Dawkins pointedly observes, ''Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.''

To regain the advantage for religion, the neo-creos have devised a two-part strategy. First, they try to establish their intelligent-design theory as the only alternative to Darwinism for explaining life. (The content of intelligent design is deliberately left vague: it can mean either creation by the designing agent or purposefully ''guided'' evolution.) Then they proceed negatively, deploying various arguments to show that Darwinian mechanisms could not possibly do the trick. The logic of this strategy is impeccable: Either Darwinism or intelligent design. Not Darwinism. Therefore, intelligent design. Armed with that conclusion, they hope to pry scientifically minded people away from a purely secular worldview.

AT the moment, there is no serious scientific rival to Darwinism. Indeed, if the explanation for the origin and complexity of life must be sought in physical mechanisms, then an evolutionary theory of some sort would seem to be inevitable. But why, the neo-creos ask, should other sorts of explanations -- those positing intelligent causes, supernatural interventions -- be ruled out by fiat? To do so betrays a commitment to ''metaphysical naturalism,'' the doctrine that nature is a system of material causes and effects sealed off from outside influences; and that, they say, is a matter of faith, not proof. But the Darwinians have a devastating retort to the charge of metaphysical naturalism: nothing succeeds like success. As Michael Ruse points out, modern science's refusal to cry miracle when faced with explanatory difficulties has yielded ''fantastic dividends.'' Letting divine causes fill in wherever naturalistic ones are hard to find is not only bad theology -- it leaves you worshiping a ''God of the gaps'' -- but it is also a science-stopper.

Besides, the evidence for Darwinism looks awfully strong. Yes, there are internal disagreements over the mechanisms and tempo of evolution. But the core thesis that all living things have a common ancestry, long supported by the pattern of structural similarities among them and by the fossil record, has received stunning new confirmation from molecular genetics. Johnson does his lawyerly best to cast doubt on the evidence for common ancestry. However, the more tough-minded of the neo-creos are willing to accept the historical claim that organisms evolved from one another. They even acknowledge a role for the standard Darwinian mechanism (natural selection operating on random variation) in the process. To make good on the second part of their strategy, the Not Darwinism part, they instead try to show that for deeper reasons Darwinism is bound to fall short of telling the whole story. They have three main arguments, all of which seem clever at first blush.

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TOPICS: Philosophy
KEYWORDS: creationism; crevolist; evolution
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To: Sabertooth
My complaint is with those who claim agnosticism, but are actually veiled atheists.

I've said it often here: the more I used to argue with liberal Democrats when I worked back in Beltway Land, the more theistic I used to get. Now, the more I argue with creationists, the more atheistic I get.

I'm pretty close to the edge these days. But, unlike my pre-teen self in Sunday School, I feel no need for stealth. If fervor for the Church of Atheism strikes me, I'll say so. But I still don't see how anyone can think they know something that has to be completely divorced from observable experience.

41 posted on 04/14/2002 1:22:38 PM PDT by VadeRetro
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To: VadeRetro
If fervor for the Church of Atheism strikes me, I'll say so. But I still don't see how anyone can think they know something that has to be completely divorced from observable experience.

Faith either way, with this qualifier...

In the case of a believer, they might have observable inner experience which is nevertheless not replicable. But the at least have a data set of one. The quandry of the atheist is determining whether their lack of an inner experience implies a data set even that large.




42 posted on 04/14/2002 1:28:28 PM PDT by Sabertooth
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To: VadeRetro
So far at least, "magic" is "unnatural" and is unreal and untrue.

Yes. And as soon as something is proven to be real, it is no longer considered magical. In fact, many object to scientific investigation and analysis for precisely this reason: demystification removes the "magic."

43 posted on 04/14/2002 1:40:37 PM PDT by sourcery
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To: Sabertooth
In the case of a believer, they might have observable inner experience which is nevertheless not replicable. But the at least have a data set of one. The quandry of the atheist is determining whether their lack of an inner experience implies a data set even that large.

Ooh, if you're going to invoke subjective feelings, telepathic communication, or whatnot into the argument, then that cuts both ways: We have much more than just one dataset. We all know of many people who obviously have subjective thoughts, feelings, convictions, epiphanies, and yes - hallucinations & delusions. Some of these people soberly insist that they talk to God & He talks right back to them. Some of these also insist that Satan tries to horn in on the conversation & turn them away from God.

The point is, inherently subjective experiences run the gamut from things we'd all agree are valid understandings of the real world as it is, all the way to utter lunacy. The reason we rose out of the bronze age is we figured out how to reliably approximate actual objective knowledge about the world at large by combining & evaluating everyone's subjective beliefs & experiences in a valid way. And so far, the fruits of this "intersubjective knowledge" have not made the case for God nor for ID, IMO.

44 posted on 04/14/2002 1:45:42 PM PDT by jennyp
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To: VadeRetro
But I still don't see how anyone can think they know something that has to be completely divorced from observable experience.

That position is not necessary to be an atheist and I'm sure there aren't many who hold this extreme view. Most of them (including me) are as sure that gods do not exist as many non-atheists are convinced of the nonexistence of leprechauns, IPUs and the like.

45 posted on 04/14/2002 1:54:07 PM PDT by BMCDA
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To: BMCDA
That position is not necessary to be an atheist and I'm sure there aren't many who hold this extreme view.

I don't know how extreme it is, but one militant athiest told me he could prove there was no God. I was very interested, but whatever it was seem to dissolve in the telling and he never mentioned it again.

46 posted on 04/14/2002 2:02:17 PM PDT by VadeRetro
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To: jennyp
The point is, inherently subjective experiences run the gamut from things we'd all agree are valid understandings of the real world as it is, all the way to utter lunacy. The reason we rose out of the bronze age is we figured out how to reliably approximate actual objective knowledge about the world at large by combining & evaluating everyone's subjective beliefs & experiences in a valid way. And so far, the fruits of this "intersubjective knowledge" have not made the case for God nor for ID, IMO.

And where did this "objective" analysis take place? Who was the great "objective" organizer that stated "Nuts over there, Real thinkers here." Darwinians self-importance wasn't in evidence quite yet. The reason man arose out of the dust is that man dreams, of things not "real".

47 posted on 04/14/2002 2:04:06 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: sourcery
 if we are made in the image of God, the ultimate knower, then divine providence can be counted
on to have supplied us with reliable cognitive faculties.

In which  case our construction of Darwinism can be counted on to be reliable.

48 posted on 04/14/2002 2:09:31 PM PDT by gcruse
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To: gcruse
In which case our construction of Darwinism can be counted on to be reliable.

Free will allows for mistakes to be made.

49 posted on 04/14/2002 2:12:42 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: AndrewC
That doesn't require Darwinism to be a mistake.
50 posted on 04/14/2002 2:15:57 PM PDT by gcruse
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To: gcruse
That doesn't require Darwinism to be a mistake.

No, but it reeks of week old fish.

51 posted on 04/14/2002 2:19:02 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: AndrewC
Too subjective. What it DOES do is disprove the notion that thinking with an ID brain is any more reliable than one evolved from a monkey. If free will allows mistakes to be made, so does evolution.
52 posted on 04/14/2002 2:22:23 PM PDT by gcruse
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To: VadeRetro
But I still don't see how anyone can think they know something that has to be completely divorced from observable experience.

There is a subtle philosophical distinction. The atheist says: "You -- Mr. Theist -- have no evidence, and until you do, there is nothing for me to consider."

The agnostic looks at the same data and says: "True, there's no evidence for theism, but what do I know? It might be true anyway."

So in this context, the agnostic looks at the absence of evidence and still holds open the likelihood that there may be a case to be made. The atheist doesn't exactly say there's no god (some do, but not as I'm defining it), just that there's no reason for him to even consider the possibility until some evidence turns up. As I said, it's a subtle difference.

53 posted on 04/14/2002 2:22:44 PM PDT by PatrickHenry
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To: gcruse
I am willing for the moment as a rhetorical point concede that the "construction of Darwinism" is reliable. It is, however, not scientific. The notion of "natural selection" as standardly applied is tautological, and thus not scientific in the Popperian sense.

What is unreliable is ignoring the fact that a scientific, falsifiable, prediction-generating version of "fitness" will involve laws, and that the resulting law-constrained stochastic search does not have the philosophical content needed to make Darwinism into an atheistic argument-from-no-design.

Retracting my rhetorical concession, I would point out that which is created in the image and likeness of God is also in the same account marred by an action which separates him (us) from the ultimate knower. The perfectly built telescope with a smudged mirror will show false images, so the disordered senses, reason and noetic faculty of Man is no longer necessarily a reliable guide to truth.

54 posted on 04/14/2002 2:23:27 PM PDT by The_Reader_David
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To: sourcery
What they deny is that the standard Darwinian theory... suffices to explain the whole of life. The biological world, they contend, is rife with evidence of intelligent design -- evidence that points with near certainty to the intervention of an Intelligent Designer.

Ultimately, either view comes down to faith. Whatever teaching you believe will be your dominant view. How long will it take science to take evolution to its logical conclusion and find that beyond there is a kind of spiritual evolution that will give them hope, alone as they are, in the Holy of Holies.

55 posted on 04/14/2002 2:24:21 PM PDT by WhiteyAppleseed
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Comment #56 Removed by Moderator

To: gcruse
Too subjective.

Shall we flip a coin? Darwinian evolution evidently denies a free will. It might describe it as a "random" will.

57 posted on 04/14/2002 2:27:24 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: VadeRetro
And I'd be interested too ;)
However, depending on how this deity is defined it can be quite difficult to disprove it. A god like the Greek Apollo is rather narrowly defined and so easily disprovable (but only to that extent that he doesn't exist as defined; he could very well exist but doing something else than moving the sun across the sky). The monotheistic deities on the other hand are more complex and thus harder to "disprove" in the above sense. Nonetheless one can point out inconsistencies in their definition.
58 posted on 04/14/2002 2:28:26 PM PDT by BMCDA
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To: The_Reader_David
You can't have it both ways. Either ID-created mentality is superior to that generated by evolution, or it is not. If ID-generated mentality is reliable, then so are the conclusions logically generated and supported by the evidence which derive from that mentality. My point is that the statement of the new-creos proves to be a contradiction.
59 posted on 04/14/2002 2:32:00 PM PDT by gcruse
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To: PatrickHenry
And thus Atheism and Agnosticism do overlap to a great extent.
60 posted on 04/14/2002 2:32:15 PM PDT by BMCDA
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