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'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection
The New York Times ^ | 14 April 2002 | JIM HOLT

Posted on 04/14/2002 12:31:25 AM PDT by sourcery

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April 14, 2002

'Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics': Supernatural Selection

By JIM HOLT

INTELLIGENT DESIGN CREATIONISM AND ITS CRITICS
Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives.

Edited by Robert T. Pennock.
Illustrated. 805 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: A Bradford Book/The MIT Press. Cloth, $110. Paper, $45.



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In the last decade or so, creationism has grown sophisticated. Oh, the old-fashioned creationists are still around, especially in the Bible Belt. They're the ones who believe that the earth is only a few thousand years old, that God created it and all its inhabitants in six days and that fossils are a product of Noah's flood. In the early 1990's, however, a new breed of creationists appeared. These ''neo-creos,'' as they have been called, are no Dogpatch hayseeds. They have Ph.D.'s and occupy positions at some of the better universities. The case they make against Darwinism does not rest on the authority of Scripture; rather, it proceeds from premises that are scientific and philosophical, invoking esoteric ideas in molecular biology, information theory and the logic of hypothesis testing.

When the neo-creos go public -- as they did recently in a hearing before the Ohio Board of Education, which they were petitioning for equal time in the classroom with Darwinism -- they do not stake any obviously foolish claims. They concede that the earth is billions of years old, and that some evolution may have taken place once the basic biochemical structures were brought into being. What they deny is that the standard Darwinian theory, or any other ''naturalistic'' theory that confines itself to mindless, mechanical causes operating gradually over time, suffices to explain the whole of life. The biological world, they contend, is rife with evidence of intelligent design -- evidence that points with near certainty to the intervention of an Intelligent Designer.

''Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics'' is a great fat collection of essays, some three dozen in all, that examine this thesis from every imaginable angle. Its editor, the philosopher Robert T. Pennock, has himself written a book opposing the neo-creos (''Tower of Babel,'' 1999), and he admits that his selection here is stacked against them by about two to one. Yet most of the major proponents of intelligent design are represented: Phillip E. Johnson, a law professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and the father of the movement; the biochemist Michael J. Behe; the mathematician William A. Dembski; and the philosopher of logic Alvin Plantinga. They are given the chance not only to present their reasoning but also to defend it against their more prominent Darwinian critics, including the biologists Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins and the philosophers of science Philip Kitcher and Michael Ruse. The debate ranges freely over genetics, theology, the history of science and the theory of knowledge. The rhetoric is spirited, if sometimes barely civil, and the to-and-fro of ideas can be impressive.

Before we get to the scientific arguments of the neo-creos, a word should be said about their motivation. Just what do they have against Darwinism? Unlike the old-fashioned creationists, they are not especially worried about evolution conflicting with a literal reading of Genesis. Then why can't they join with the mainstream religions, which have made their peace with Darwinism? In 1996, for example, Pope John Paul II said that the theory of evolution had been ''proved true'' and asserted its consistency with Roman Catholic doctrine. Stephen Jay Gould, though agnostic himself, salutes the wisdom of this papal pronouncement, arguing that science and religion are ''nonoverlapping magisteria.'' But the neo-creos aren't buying this. They think that belief in Darwinism and belief in God are fundamentally incompatible. Here, ironically, they are in agreement with their more radical Darwinian opponents. Both extremes concur that evolution is, in the words of Phillip Johnson, ''a purposeless and undirected process that produced mankind accidentally'' and, as such, must be at odds with the idea of a purposeful Creator.

The neo-creos are right to think that evolution is not religiously neutral. If nothing else, it undercuts what has traditionally been the most powerful argument for God's existence, the ''argument from design.'' No longer is the God hypothesis required to explain the intricate complexity of the living world. Christian intellectuals who accept Darwinism insist that evolution still leaves ample scope for a Creator-God, one who got the universe rolling in just the right way so that, by sheer chemistry and physics, beings like us would inevitably appear without further supernatural meddling. Ernan McMullin, a philosopher of science at Notre Dame who also happens to be a Catholic priest, argues that the resources of God's original creation ''were sufficient for the generation of the successive orders of complexity that make up our world.'' (Another contributor wonders whether the creationist idea of divine action hasn't been ''unduly affected by the 'special effects' industry.'') But this deistic notion of God holds little appeal for the neo-creos. They remain vexed that, as Richard Dawkins pointedly observes, ''Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist.''

To regain the advantage for religion, the neo-creos have devised a two-part strategy. First, they try to establish their intelligent-design theory as the only alternative to Darwinism for explaining life. (The content of intelligent design is deliberately left vague: it can mean either creation by the designing agent or purposefully ''guided'' evolution.) Then they proceed negatively, deploying various arguments to show that Darwinian mechanisms could not possibly do the trick. The logic of this strategy is impeccable: Either Darwinism or intelligent design. Not Darwinism. Therefore, intelligent design. Armed with that conclusion, they hope to pry scientifically minded people away from a purely secular worldview.

AT the moment, there is no serious scientific rival to Darwinism. Indeed, if the explanation for the origin and complexity of life must be sought in physical mechanisms, then an evolutionary theory of some sort would seem to be inevitable. But why, the neo-creos ask, should other sorts of explanations -- those positing intelligent causes, supernatural interventions -- be ruled out by fiat? To do so betrays a commitment to ''metaphysical naturalism,'' the doctrine that nature is a system of material causes and effects sealed off from outside influences; and that, they say, is a matter of faith, not proof. But the Darwinians have a devastating retort to the charge of metaphysical naturalism: nothing succeeds like success. As Michael Ruse points out, modern science's refusal to cry miracle when faced with explanatory difficulties has yielded ''fantastic dividends.'' Letting divine causes fill in wherever naturalistic ones are hard to find is not only bad theology -- it leaves you worshiping a ''God of the gaps'' -- but it is also a science-stopper.

Besides, the evidence for Darwinism looks awfully strong. Yes, there are internal disagreements over the mechanisms and tempo of evolution. But the core thesis that all living things have a common ancestry, long supported by the pattern of structural similarities among them and by the fossil record, has received stunning new confirmation from molecular genetics. Johnson does his lawyerly best to cast doubt on the evidence for common ancestry. However, the more tough-minded of the neo-creos are willing to accept the historical claim that organisms evolved from one another. They even acknowledge a role for the standard Darwinian mechanism (natural selection operating on random variation) in the process. To make good on the second part of their strategy, the Not Darwinism part, they instead try to show that for deeper reasons Darwinism is bound to fall short of telling the whole story. They have three main arguments, all of which seem clever at first blush.

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TOPICS: Philosophy
KEYWORDS: creationism; crevolist; evolution
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To: PatrickHenry
This is, of course, a mis-use of the word "to know." What your friend is saying is: "I feel that it's true."

You know he didn't know; I know he didn't know. But he didn't know he didn't know.

101 posted on 04/14/2002 6:49:18 PM PDT by VadeRetro
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To: VadeRetro
You know he didn't know; I know he didn't know. But he didn't know he didn't know.

I know he didn't know. He didn't know how to know. (But you knew that.)

102 posted on 04/14/2002 6:55:21 PM PDT by PatrickHenry
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To: PatrickHenry
You know, I don't think he knew what knowledge is.
103 posted on 04/14/2002 6:57:11 PM PDT by VadeRetro
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To: PatrickHenry
encrypted, and groping.....
104 posted on 04/14/2002 7:05:27 PM PDT by longshadow
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To: longshadow
{{STEALTH MODE}} Fondling ...
105 posted on 04/14/2002 7:12:23 PM PDT by PatrickHenry
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To: jennyp
The intersubjective analysis takes place every time we use the scientific method, whether explicitly or casually in our everyday lives. Our knowledge about what's real & what's imaginary, our knowledge about how the world works, etc. It's all built on learning the difference between mere subjective belief, and subjective belief that's been validated in the objective world outside our brains.

Nice wordy argument about nothing. Farmers knew nothing about celestial mechanics, yet pretty much had planting and harvesting times down fairly pat. This is across isolated and noncommunicating societies worldwide. Science was not involved, good observation was.

106 posted on 04/14/2002 7:46:05 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: jennyp
Second part

In one sense that statement has it 1/2 correct, but it's almost totally wrong in another sense. We knew how to dream of things not real for a long time. But we didn't rise out of the dust until we learned to subject our dreams (by which I assume you & I mean any inspiration, idea, speculation, leap of associative thinking, etc.) to the filter of our shared intersubjective knowledge of how the real world works. (Hey, almost like mutation + natural selection!)

Real progress could never have gotten off the ground until both items were present. Sabertooth's assertion that our individual subjective thoughts - I assume he's referring to a person's introspective belief that God exists - gives the theist a dataset of 1, but tried to suggest that an atheist therefore has 0 pieces of data for nonbelief.

To be useful dreams must be actualized is a given. Progress can be dreamed. Failure can be predicted. Pain can be avoided. You don't have to hit your thumb with a hammer to know that it will hurt. I don't need WWF testimony to verify that a full grown Kodiak will have me for lunch in a mano a mano hoedown.

107 posted on 04/14/2002 7:56:10 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: jennyp
Surely you don't deny that everyone has subjective beliefs, and that many people are certain that other people are telepathically communicating to them by way of voices in their head? My point is we have 250 million conflicting "datasets" in America alone.

Preposterous question since a belief by definition is subjective. 250 million is low, but is a "valid" observation. Now, who gets to decide which ones (if any) are correct?

108 posted on 04/14/2002 8:03:02 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: VadeRetro
Okay' guess it's snips and snails and puppy dog tails; that'll have to do.
109 posted on 04/14/2002 8:13:00 PM PDT by Chico
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To: PatrickHenry
This is, of course, a mis-use of the word "to know." What your friend is saying is: "I feel that it's true." He doesn't really know it. Faith is feelings. Strong, often unshakable feelings. Scientific observation is knowledge.

know   Pronunciation Key  (n)
v. knew, (n, ny) known, (nn) know·ing, knows
v. tr.

  1. To perceive directly; grasp in the mind with clarity or certainty.
  2. To regard as true beyond doubt: I know she won't fail.
  3. To have a practical understanding of, as through experience; be skilled in: knows how to cook.
  4. To have fixed in the mind: knows her Latin verbs.
  5. To have experience of: “a black stubble that had known no razor” (William Faulkner).
    1. To perceive as familiar; recognize: I know that face.
    2. To be acquainted with: He doesn't know his neighbors.
  6. To be able to distinguish; recognize as distinct: knows right from wrong.
  7. To discern the character or nature of: knew him for a liar.
  8. Archaic. To have sexual intercourse with.

v. intr.
  1. To possess knowledge, understanding, or information.
  2. To be cognizant or aware.

What we have here,... Is failure to communicate.

110 posted on 04/14/2002 8:15:05 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: VadeRetro
Here's a posit for you -- If one is to buy the evolutionary model that man has ascented from amoeba to his present form, shouldn't that ascent should logically and mathematically follow the course into eventual godhood?

In this vein, Evolution can be considered both a science AND a religion.

111 posted on 04/14/2002 8:25:27 PM PDT by F16Fighter
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To: sourcery
In 1996, for example, Pope John Paul II said that the theory of evolution had been ''proved true'' and asserted its consistency with Roman Catholic doctrine.

Well, this is a lie. Do I smell a whiff of desperation? Here's the 1996 Magisterium, and here's a relevant excerpt:
Consequently, theories of evolution which, in accordance with the philosophies inspiring them, consider the mind as emerging from the forces of living matter, or as a mere epiphenomenon of this matter, are incompatible with the truth about man.

But all you really have to know about this hit-piece which, not incidentally, is full of lies and mischaracterizations is:
Jim Holt writes a column about philosophy and science for Slate.com.

What we have here is just another Leftie Atheist book reviewer who has no allegiance whatever to the truth.

112 posted on 04/14/2002 8:45:10 PM PDT by Phaedrus
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To: sourcery
The case they make against Darwinism...

It's interesting that the author uses these term. Is there any background on the author?

113 posted on 04/14/2002 8:47:24 PM PDT by <1/1,000,000th%
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To: jennyp
Sabertooth's assertion that our individual subjective thoughts - I assume he's referring to a person's introspective belief that God exists - gives the theist a dataset of 1, but tried to suggest that an atheist therefore has 0 pieces of data for nonbelief.

I think if you look again, you'll see that I was suggesting that an atheist couldn't be sure he had a data set of one, not that he necessarily had a set of zero.




114 posted on 04/14/2002 9:00:57 PM PDT by Sabertooth
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To: gcruse
I hardly see a contradiction in the testable hypostheses that the genome and information-theoretic content of protein structures will have certain information-theoretic properties. It may well be false, but at least it is scientific in the Popperian sense.

I also don't see that I'm trying to have anything "both ways"--unless you are very doctrinaire. The information-theoretic insights of the ID crowd and the chaotic-dynamics approach of the punctuated equalibrium evolutionists are complementary. I suspect a fruitful interplay would already have begun if evolutionary biologists were not hamstrung by the absolutist materialists in their ranks, for whom (usually gradualist) Darwinism with ontological randomness (rather than epistemological randomness or law-constrained stochastic processes) and a tautological version of natural selection functions as an atheistic creation myth. S. Kauffman of the Santa Fe institute is looking for an extra law of thermodynamics applicable to open systems. Every model of self-organizing complexity anyone comes up with is obviously designed (models always are) and gives the feeling of being very clever and special (e.g. "most" cellular automata are boring).

Before it's all over, I'm quite certain that there will be extra laws of "fitness" discovered, and maybe even extra fundamental laws like the ones Kauffman is trying out (to the discomfort of the evolution-as-argument-from-no-design atheists), and that the stochastic element will remain (to the discomfort of creationists who would like everything to be purposeful).

Personally, I'm happy with the God who not only plays dice, but rolls them where you can't see them, as one (I forget which) quantum physicist commented in contradiction to Einstein's dictum.

115 posted on 04/14/2002 9:10:40 PM PDT by The_Reader_David
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To: PatrickHenry
Fondling ...

Yer gonna get a warning!
Neener, neener, neener!

{Loaked=ON; Status=CLURKING}

116 posted on 04/14/2002 9:18:43 PM PDT by Condorman
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To: Condorman
Yer gonna get a warning! Neener, neener, neener!

Just what FR needs, Henry Fondling (and daughter).

117 posted on 04/14/2002 9:22:28 PM PDT by AndrewC
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To: Virginia-American
Darwin's insight will stand, but the abuse of that insight as an atheistic argument-from-no-design falls the moment one uncovers enough law-like behavior in the notion of fitness. One can discern laws in the behavior of a particular animal breeder: e.g. sheep with lighter colored wool are favored.

The problem is that one needs a general theory of fitness. (Indeed without it, "natural selection" is tautologous--a thing is fit because more of its offspring survive to reproduce and more of its offspring survive to reproduce because it is fit. One can make up "just-so stories" about both of a pair of seemingly opposed traits to explain how each is more fit.)

I would outline what I expect the characteristics of such a general theory to be:

Stochastic perturbation of the genotypes (random mutation) and external changes to the ecology (e.g. meteor impacts) will, for any reasonable dynamical system, give rise to something like Gould's punctuated equalibrium. On the other hand, the whole set up looks an awful lot like a recursive computer program, so the argument-from-no-design collapses.
118 posted on 04/14/2002 9:32:04 PM PDT by The_Reader_David
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To: Sabertooth
Religion can answer it, but it's a matter of faith whether you accept that answer as true.

One problem is that "religion" is really "religions" and "that answer" is "those answers."

119 posted on 04/14/2002 9:59:48 PM PDT by Doctor Stochastic
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To: The_Reader_David
It may well be false, but at least it is scientific in the Popperian sense.

I am not really up on Popper, but aren't creationism, ether in the vacuum, Lamarckism, etc, scientific in the Popperian sense?

A Popperian scientific theory is one that is falsifiable, so there are lots of those. Even evolution is falsifiable, if only in the gross sense.

Most theories aren't going to be thrown out even if additional data proves them to be inaccurate, until another theory comes along that is more accurate. Even then, they will still be used in some instances. Most science is about building mental models to explain collected data. As long as you know the limits of the theory you are using, you can go ahead and use Newtonian mechanics, for example.

120 posted on 04/14/2002 10:22:32 PM PDT by Gladwin
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