The FReeper Foxhole Profiles General Stand Hope Watie - Jan. 5th, 2004

www.civilwarhome.com ^

[SAMWolf]

Lord,

Keep our Troops forever in Your care

Give them victory over the enemy...

Grant them a safe and swift return...

Bless those who mourn the lost.
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FReepers from the Foxhole join in prayer
for all those serving their country at this time.

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General Stand Hope Watie
(1806 - 1871)

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Born at Oothcaloga in the Cherokee Nation, Georgia (near present day Rome, Georgia) on December 12, 1806, Stand Watie's Cherokee name was De-ga-ta-ga, or "he stands." He also was known as Isaac S. Watie. He attended Moravian Mission School at Springplace Georgia, and served as a clerk of the Cherokee Supreme Court and Speaker of the Cherokee National Council prior to removal.

As a member of the Ridge-Watie-boundinot faction of the Cherokee Nation, Watie supported removal to the Cherokee Nation, West, and signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835, in defiance of Principal Chief John Ross and the majority of the Cherokees. Watie moved to the Cherokee Nation, West (present-day Oklahoma), in 1837 and settled at Honey Creek. Following the murders of his uncle Major Ridge, cousin John Ridge, and brother Elias Boundinot (Buck Watie) in 1839, and his brother Thomas Watie in 1845, Stand Watie assumed the leadership of the Ridge-Watie-Boundinot faction and was involved in a long-running blood feud with the followers of John Ross. He also was a leader of the Knights of the Golden Circle, which bitterly opposed abolitionism.

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Watie quickly joined the Southern cause. He was commissioned a colonel on July 12, 1861, and raised a regiment of Cherokees for service with the Confederate army. Later, when Chief John Ross signed an alliance with the South, Watie's men were organized as the Cherokee Regiment of Mounted Rifles. After Ross fled Indian Territory, Watie was elected principal chief of the Confederate Cherokees in August 1862.

A portion of Watie's command saw action at Oak Hills (August 10, 1861) in a battle that assured the South's hold on Indian Territory and made Watie a Confederate military hero. Afterward, Watie helped drive the pro-Northern Indians out of Indian Territory, and following the Battle of Chustenahlah (December 26, 1861) he commanded the pursuit of hte fleeing Federals, led by Opothleyahola, and drove them into exile in Kansas. Although Watie's men were exempt from service outside Indian Territory, he led his troops into Arkansas in the spring of 1861 to stem a Federal invasion of the region. Joining with Maj. GEn. Earl Van Dorn's command, Watie took part in the battle of Elkhorn Tavern (March 5-6, 1861). On the first day of fighting, the Southern Cherokees, which were on the left flank of the Confederate line, captured a battery of Union artillery before being forced to abandon it. Following the Federal victory, Watie's command screened the southern withdrawal.



Watie, or troops in his command, participated in eighteen battles and major skirmishes with Federal troop during the Civil War, including Cowskin Prairie (April 1862), Old Fort Wayne (October 1862), Webber's Falls (April 1863), Fort Gibson (May 1863), Cabin Creek (July 1863), and Gunter's Prairie (August 1864). In addition, his men were engaged in a multitude of smaller skirmishes and meeting engagements in Indian Territory and neighboring states. Because of his wide-ranging raids behind Union lines, Watie tied down thousands of Federal troops that were badly needed in the East.

Watie's two greatest victories were the capture of the federal steam boat J.R. Williams on June 15, 1864, and the seizure of $1.5 million worth of supplies in a federal wagon supply train a the Second battle of Cabin Creek on September 19, 1864.

Watie joined the Confederacy in 1861 because he feared the consequences of Lincoln's election and the Republican Party's free soil promises to open the west and the Indian Territory to white settlement. The Union abandoned all Indian Territory military posts in the spring of 1861, violating treaty pledges and making the area vulnerable to Confederate attack. He was a slave-owning planter that shared many values of the Old South. When Albert Pike and Douglas Cooper recruited Indian soldiers for the Confederacy in 1861, Watie agreed to form a Cherokee cavalry unit. Also, John Drew formed a regiment of full-blood "Pin" Cherokees (wearing a crossed-blades symbol as a pin on uniforms), as did the Choctaws and Chickasaws and Creeks and Seminoles. However, the Creeks were divided like the Cherokees. Creek chief Opothleyaholo refused to join the Confederacy and in April 1861, Confederate Indians began attacks on the neutral Creek settlement on the Deep Fork River, but Opothleyaholo won the Battle of Round Mountain Nov. 19 and Chusto Talasay Dec. 9. However, on Dec. 26, Cooper's Confederate Indians defeated Opothleyaholo at Chustenalah and drove the pro-Union Creeks into Kanasas where they formed the First and Second Union Indian Brigades to retake their homeland. At the Battle of Pea Ridge March 6-8, 1862, Stand Watie and his Cherokee Mounted Rifles captured Union artillery batteries in a dramatic charge and held their position to allow an orderly withdrawal of Earl Van Dorn's Confederate army.



Pea Ridge began the Union invasion of the Indian Territory. John Drew and his Confederate Indians deserted from the Confederacy but Stand Watie continued to fight. The Indian Expedition of 1862 advanced from Fort Leavenworth with 6000 on June 28 led by Col. William Weer, an alcoholic former officer under Jayhawker James Lane who sought to take over the Indian Territory lands for his personal gain. Weer occupied the Confederate capital of Tahlequah and captured John Ross, but paroling him when he agreed not to oppose the Union army . Stand Watie was defeated at Locust Grove July 3 by the 6th Kansas Cavalry and the black First Kansas Colored Infantry. But Weer's officers led by Col Frederick Salomon mutinied against Weer and retreated back to Kansas, re-arresting John Ross and taking him to Kansas (and then was sent to Washington D.C. where he died in 1866).

Watie was left in control of the Cherokee lands and his forces conducted a brutal campaign of revenge against pro-Union Cherokees and white missionaries. Stand Watie was chosen to replace the deposed John Ross as Chief of the Cherokees. Watie joined a Confederate raid into southwest Missouri lead by Col. Cooper and Jo Shelby, defeating Frederick Salomon at Newtonia Sept. 30. But Gen. Schofield led a Union army to retake Newtonia Oct. 4 and drove the Confederates back into Arkansas. Stand Watie and Douglas Cooper were defeated by Schofiled at Old Fort Wayne Oct. 22, and retreated south of the Arkansas River. The Union army diverted 10,000 troops from the west to help Grant at Vicksburg in November. To take advantage of this Union weakness, Gen. John Marmaduke led 2500 Confederate troops to Cane Hill in northwest Arkansas but was defeated there Nov. 28 by Gen. James Blunt and 5000 Union troops. Gen. Thomas Hindman led a Confederate army of 11,300 to attack Blunt, but Gen. Francis Herron brought 6000 Union troops from Springfield to defeat the Confederates at Prairie Grove Dec. 7, 1862. Another Union army of 1200 under Col. William Phillips defeated Stand Watie at Fort Davis Dec. 22. By the end of 1862, Union forces had secured the western flank of the Mississippi to allow Grant's river offensive to continue. Confederate forces had been defeated and pushed south of the Arkansas River.



The Indian Expedition of 1863 under James Blunt captured Fort Gibson. At the Battle of Honey Springs July 17, Blunt defeated Cooper's Confederate Indians and Blunt crossed the Arkansas River and captured Fort Smith Sept. 1, 1863, ending the Union offensive in the Indian Territory. On Sept. 10, Little Rock fell to a Union force under Frederick Steele, and Sterling Price abandoned the Arkansas River and retreated to Arkadelphia in southwest Arkansas. Stand Watie conducted raids in 1863 and 1864, as did other irregular units such as Charles Quantrill who sacked Lawrence Aug. 21, 1864, but Watie focused only on military targets and distributed captured supplies to his people.

In Nov. 1863, he attacked the Union Cherokees at Tahlequah, destroyed the town, and burned the Rose Cottage of John Ross at Park Hill. In December, Gen. Samuel Maxey began to rebuild Confederate Indian forces in the Territory and Watie was ordered to increase his raids to force a Union withdrawal from Fort Gibson. From his bases south of the Canadian River in 1864, he captured hundreds of horses from Fort Gibson and deprived the Union cavalry of fresh mounts. On May 10, he was promoted to Brigadier General. In June 1864 at Pleasant Bluff just below the mouth of the Canadian River he captured the steamer J. R. Williams carrying supplies to Fort Gibson. In September 1864 he captured 300 supply wagons at the Cabin Creek crossing on the road to Fort Gibson


Surrender of General Stand Watie

Watie was promoted to brigadier general on May 6, 1864, and given command of the first Indian Brigade. He was the only Indian to achieve the rank of general in the Civil War. Watie surrendered on June 23, 1865, the last Confederate general to lay down his arms.

After the war, Watie served as a member of the Southern Cherokee delegation during the negotiation of the Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866. He then abandoned public life and returned to his old home along Honey Creek. He died on September 9, 1871.

Thanks to FReeper stand watie whose Freeper name inspired my interest in finding out more about General Stand Watie

[snippy_about_it]

FYI-I found this little piece on the Eastern Tribe and NC.

The Eastern Band of the Cherokee were located at Quallatown, North Carolina. They had remained by co-operating with the state and national governments. Their main reason for enlisting was to follow a white man who was adopted by the Cherokee at a young age and had worked constantly with the North Carolina state government to give concessions to let the Cherokees stay in Quallatown indefinitely.

The man was William Holland Thomas, and to the Cherokee he was Wil-Usdi.

The Cherokees' belief in him was indeed strong, but there were other than sentimental reasons for this attachment. They had "an anomalous legal and political status, claiming to be Citizen Indians, yet not have their person or lands protected under state and federal laws." Also, "their desperate economic condition and their inability to purchase land for themselves because of racial restrictions made them overtly dependent on Wil-Usdi, their patron saint and benefactor".

The Eastern Band of Cherokees main motivation for enlisting to fight for the Confederacy and North Carolina, being to stay in Quallatown, was actually honored by the state. "On February 19, 1866, the North Carolina General Assembly granted a specific affirmation of the Cherokees' right to residency in the state".

Sadly, Thomas' luck declined rapidly after the war, and he died at the age of 88, on May 10, 1893, in an insane asylum.

[aomagrat]

Today's classic warship, USS West Virginia (BB-48)

Colorado class battleship

displacement. 33,590 t.
length. 624'0"
beam. 97' 3 1/2"
draft. 30'6"
speed. 21.0 k.
complement. 1,407
armament. 8 16", 12 6", 8 3", 4 6-pdrs., 2 21" tt.

The USS West Virginia (Battleship No. 48) was laid down on 12 April 1920 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. of Newport News, Va.; reclassified to BB-48 on 17 July 1920; launched on 17 November 1921; sponsored by Miss Alice Wright Mann, daughter of Isaac T. Mann, a prominent West Virginian; and commissioned on 1 December 1923, Capt. Thomas J. Senn in command.

The most recent of the "super-dreadnoughts," West Virginia embodied the latest knowledge of naval architecture; the water-tight compartmentation of her hull and her armor protection marked an advance over the design of battleships built or on the drawing boards before the Battle of Jutland.

During the 1920s and 1930s, she served in the U.S. Fleet, taking part in "Fleet Problems" and other exercises as part of the continuing effort to develop tactics and maintain the Navy's combat readiness. With much of the rest of the Fleet, she deployed to New Zealand and Australia in 1925 in an important demonstration of the Navy's trans-Pacific strategic "reach".

West Virginia's base was moved to Pearl Harbor in 1940, and she was there on 7 December 1941, when the Japanese attacked with an overwhelming force of carrier aircraft. In that raid, the battleship was hit by two bombs and at least seven torpedoes, which blew huge holes in her port side. Skillful damage control saved her from capsizing, but she quickly sank to the harbor bottom. More than a hundred of her crew were lost.

With a patch over the damaged area of her hull, the battleship was pumped out and ultimately refloated on 17 May 1942, and docked in Drydock Number One on 9 June. During the ensuing repairs, workers located 70 bodies of West Virginia sailors who had been trapped below when the ship sank. In one compartment, a calendar was found, the last scratch-off date being 23 December. The task confronting the nucleus crew and shipyard workers was a monumental one, so great was the damage on the battleship's port side. Ultimately, however, West Virginia departed Pearl Harbor for the west coast and a complete rebuilding at the Puget Sound Navy Yard at Bremerton, Wash.

The battleship emerged from the shipyard in July 1944 completely changed in appearance, with a wider hull, and massively improved anti-aircraft gun battery. West Virginia arrived in the Pacific combat zone in October, and soon was participating in pre-invasion bombardment of Leyte, in the Philippines. On 25 October, as a force of Japanese battleships and smaller vessels attempted to make a night attack on the landing area, she was one of the ships that stopped them in the Battle of Surigao Strait, the last time in World history when battleships engaged battleships with their big guns.

Subsequently, West Virginia took part in operations to capture Mindoro, Lingayen Gulf, Iwo Jima and Okinawa, using her sixteen-inch guns to support U.S. ground forces. On 1 April 1945, while off Okinawa, she was hit by a Japanese Kamikaze plane but was able to remain in action, continuing her bombardment duties there into June. After Japan's capitulation, West Virginia supported the occupation effort until mid-September. She participated in Operation "Magic Carpet" during the last part of 1945, bringing home veterans of the Pacific war. Inactive after early 1946, she was decommissioned in January 1947. Following twelve years in the Pacific Reserve Fleet, USS West Virginia was sold for scrapping in August 1959.

West Virginia (BB-48), although heavily damaged at Pearl Harbor and missing much of the war, nevertheless earned five battle stars.

[Valin]

On This Day In History


Birthdates which occurred on January 05:
1592 Shah Jahan Mughal emperor of India (1628-58), built Taj Mahal
1759 Jacques Cathelineau French royalist/army leader
1769 Jean Baptiste Say French economist (Political Economics)
1779 Stephen Decatur US, naval hero (War of 1812)
1779 Zebulon Montgomery Pike explorer (Pike's Peak)
1787 John Burke Irish genealogist (Burke's Peerage)
1813 Thomas Neville Waul Brigadier General (Confederate Army), died in 1903
1822 Joseph Brevard Kershaw Major General (Confederate Army), died in 1894
1828 August Valentine Kautz Brevet Major General (Union Army), died in 1895
1846 Rudolf Christoph Eucken Germany, Idealist philosopher (Nobel 1908)
1848 Khristo Botev hero of Bulgarian revolt against Turkey, poet
1855 King Camp Gillette inventor (safety razor)
1859 DeWitt B Brace inventor (spectrophotometer)
1874 Joseph Erlanger doctor (shock therapy-Nobel 1944)
1876 Konrad Adenauer Cologne Germany, chancellor of Germany (1949)
1895 Jeannette Piccard balloonist/Episcopal priest
1901 Mario Scelba premier Italy (1954-55)
1906 Kathleen Kenyon 1st person to place date on remains of Jericho
1914 George Reeves [George Lescher Bessolo], actor (Superman)
1918 Jeanne Dixon Medford WI, psychic (Gift of Prophecy)
1923 Sam Phillips musician/record company founder (Sun)
1928 Walter Fritz Mondale (Senator-D-MN)/42nd Vice President (1977-81)
1931 Robert Duvall San Diego CA, actor (Great Santini, Taxi Driver)
1932 Chuck Noll Cleveland OH, NFL coach (Pittsburgh Steelers)
1932 Umberto Eco author (Name of the Rose)
1938 Juan Carlos I king of Spain (1975- )
1938 Edwin Elliason Washington, US archer (Olympics-92)
1942 Charlie Rose Henderson NC, newscaster (CBS Night Watch)
1945 Sam Wyche NFL coach (Cincinnati Bengals)
1945 Jimmy Page (musician: group: Led Zeppelin)
1946 Diane Keaton Louisiana, actress (Annie Hall, Little Drummer Girl)
1953 Pamela Sue Martin Westport CT, actress (Nancy Drew, Fallon-Dynasty)

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Deaths which occurred on January 05:
1066 King Edward the Confessor of England, dies
1387 Pedro IV king of Aragon/conqueror of Sicily, dies at 67
1477 Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy/writer, dies at 43
1589 Catherine de' Medici Queen mother of France, dies at 69
1796 Samuel Huntington US judge (signed Declaration of Independence), dies at 64
1904 Karl A von Zittel German geologist/paleontologist (Libya), dies at 64
1922 Sir Ernest Shackleton Antarctic explorer (Endurance), dies aboard his ship at 47
1933 Calvin Coolidge 30th President (1923-29), dies in Northampton MA at 60
1943 George Washington Carver famous black American agricultural scientist dies at 81
1963 Rogers Hornsby baseball player, dies of a heart ailment at 66
1970 Joseph A Yablonski candidate for United Mine Workers president, murdered
1971 Sonny Liston World Champ heavyweight boxer (1962-64), found dead at 36
1982 Hans Conried actor (Bullwinkle Show, Make Room for Daddy), dies at 64
1982 Harvey Lembeck actor (Phil Silvers, Hathaways), dies at 56
1988 "Pistol Pete" Mavarich NBAer (Atlanta), dies of a heart attack at 40
1993 Westley A Dodd US murderer, 1st hanging in US since 1965
1994 Thomas P "Tip" O'Neill (D-MA)/Speaker of House (1977-86), dies at 81
1995 Yahya Ayyash PLO bomb maker, booby trapped cellular phone at 28
1998 Sonny Bono (Representative-R-CA)/singer (Sonny & Cher), dies skiing at 62

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Reported: MISSING in ACTION

1967 STRATTON RICHARD A.---QUINCY MA.
[03/04/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1968 ANTON FRANCIS G.---WILLINBORO NJ.
[03/16/73 RELEASED BY DRV, ALIVE AND WELL 98]
1968 BRIGGS ERNEST F.---DEVINE TX.
[NO SIGN OF CREW]
1968 FOULKS RALPH E.---RIDGECREST CA.
[REMAINS IDENTIFIED 12 JAN 93]
1968 FANTLE SAMUEL---SIOUX FALLS SD.
[09/30/77 REMAINS RETURNED BY SRV]
1968 GALLAGHER JOHN T.---HAMDEN CT.
[NO SIGN OF CREW]
1968 HAMILTON DENNIS C.---BARNES CITY IA.
[NO SIGN OF CREW]
1968 HARTNEY JAMES C.---FORT LAUDERDALE FL.
[REMAINS RETMAINS 11/20/89]
1968 JONES WILLIAM E.---FORT WORTH TX.
[REMAINS RECOVERED 08/14/85]
1968 LEWIS ROBERT III---HOUSTON TX.
[03/05/73 RELEASED BY PRG, ALIVE IN 98]
1968 PFISTER JAMES F. JR.---INDIANAPOLIS IN.
[03/05/73 RELEASED BY PRG, ALIVE IN 98]
1968 SCHULTZ SHELDON D.---ALTOONA PA.
[NO SIGN OF CREW]
1968 SCHWEITZER ROBERT J.---ORELAND PA.
[03/14/73 RELEASED BY DRV, DECEASED]
1968 WILLIAMSON JAMES D.---TUMWATER WA.
[NO SIGN OF CREW]
1970 BURNES ROBERT WAYNE---EDMOND OK.
1970 ROBINSON LARRY WARREN---RANDOLPH NE.
1971 CRAMER DONALD M.---ST LOUIS MO.

POW / MIA Data & Bios supplied by
the P.O.W. NETWORK. Skidmore, MO. USA.

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On this day...
1463 French poet François Villon banished from Paris
1477 Battle at Nancy, Burgundy vs Switzerland, 7000+ killed
1500 Duke Ludovico Sforza's troops reconquer Milan
1531 Pope Clemens VII forbids English king Henry VIII to re-marry
1554 Great fire in Eindhoven Netherlands
1638 Petition in Recife Brazil leads to closing of their 2 synagogues
1719 England/Hannover/Saxony-Poland/Austria sign anti-Prussian/Russian pact
1757 Failed assassination attempt on French king Louis XV by Damiens
1776 Assembly of New Hampshire adopts its 1st state constitution
1781 British naval expedition led by Benedict Arnold burns Richmond VA
1800 1st Swedenborgian temple in US holds 1st service, Baltimore MD
1804 Ohio legislature passes 1st laws restricting free blacks movement
1815 Federalists from all over New England, angered over the War of 1812, draw up the Hartford Convention, demanding several important changes in the U.S. Constitution
1834 Kiowa Indians record this as the night the stars fell
1836 Davy Crockett arrives in Texas, just in time for the Alamo
1841 James Clark Ross (UK) is 1st to enter pack ice near Ross Ice Shelf
1861 250 Federal troops are sent from New York to Fort Sumter
1892 1st successful auroral photograph made
1895 French Captain Alfred Dreyfus, convicted of treason, publicly stripped of his rank; later declared innocent
1896 German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen's discovers x-rays
1903 San Francisco-Hawaii telegraph cable opens for public use
1904 -34ºF (-36.7ºC), River Vale NJ (state record)
1904 -42ºF (-41.1ºC), Smethport PA (state record)
1905 Charles Perrine announces discovery of Jupiter's 7th satellite, Elara
1905 National Association of Audubon Society incorporates
1909 Colombia recognizes Panamá's independence
1911 Portuguese expel Jesuits
1914 James Cox of Ford Motor Co announces wages will jump from $2.40/9-hour day to $5.00/8-hour day
1916 Austria-Hungary offensive against Montenegro
1918 British premier Lloyd George demand for unified peace
1919 National Socialist Party (Nazi) forms as German Farmers Party
1925 Nellie Taylor Ross became Governor of Wyoming, 1st woman governor in USA
1927 Judge Landis begins 3-day public hearing on charges that 4 games played between Chicago & Detroit in 1917 had been thrown to White Sox
1933 Work on Golden Gate Bridge begins, on Marin County side
1937 Only unicameral state legislature in US opens 1st session (Nebraska)
1942 55 German tanks reach North-Africa
1945 Pepe LePew debuts in Warner Bros cartoon "Odor-able Kitty"
1949 President Harry S Truman labels his administration the "Fair Deal"
1951 Babe Didrikson-Zaharias wins LPGA Ponte Vedra Beach Women's Golf Open
1955 KMSP TV channel 9 in Minneapolis-St Paul MN (IND) 1st broadcast
1956 Elvis Presley records "Heartbreak Hotel"
1957 Eisenhower asks Congress to send troops to the Mid East
1959 "Bozo the Clown" live children's show premieres on TV
1961 US breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba
1964 Pope Paul VI visits Jordan & Israel
1968 U.S. forces in Vietnam launch Operation Niagara I to locate enemy units around the Marine base at Khe Sanh
1968 Dr Benjamin Spock indicted for conspiring to violate draft law
1970 Soap Opera "All My Children" premieres on ABC
1971 Harlem Globetrotters lose 100-99 to New Jersey Reds, ending 2,495-game win streak
1972 President Nixon signs a bill for NASA to begin research on manned shuttle
1973 Mali & Niger break diplomatic relations with Israel
1976 "MacNeil-Lehrer Report" premieres on PBS
1979 Vietnamese troops occupy Phnom Penh and the Cambodian ruler Pol Pot is ousted from power
1981 "Nightline" with Ted Koppel extended from 20 minutes to 30 minutes
1993 Reggie Jackson elected to Hall of Fame
1998 Ice storm knocks out electricity in Québec & Ontario
1998 Vandals decapitate Copenhagen's Little Mermaid

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Holidays
Note: Some Holidays are only applicable on a given "day of the week"

Bird Day (1905)
England : Glastonbury Thorn Day
Scotland : Handsel Monday
US : Diet Resolution Week (Day 5)
US : Pun Week (Day 2)
National Egg Month

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Religious Observances
Christian : 12th Night, end of Christmas season (Denmark)
Christian : Epiphany Eve
Roman Catholic : Commemoration of St Telesphorus, 8th pope (125-136), martyr
Roman Catholic : Feast of St Simeon Stylites
Roman Catholic : Memorial of St John Neumann, bishop of Philadelphia
Lutheran : Commemoration of Kaj Munk, martyr
Jewish : Asarah B'Tevet (Siege of Jerusalem); Tevet 10, 5761

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Religious History
1527 Swiss Anabaptist reformer Felix Manz, 29, was drowned in punishment for preaching adult (re-)baptism. Manz's death made him the first Protestant in history to be martyred at the hands of other Protestants.
1839 Scottish clergyman Robert Murray McCheyne wrote in a letter: 'There is nothing like a calm look into the eternal world to teach us the emptiness of human praise.'
1949 U.S. Senate Chaplain Peter Marshall prayed: 'Our Father in heaven, give us the long view of our work and our world. Help us to see that it is better to fail in a cause that will ultimately succeed than to succeed in a cause that will ultimately fail.'
1922 Following her sensational divorce, popular American evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, 32, resigned her denominational ordination and returned her fellowship papers to the General Council of the Assemblies of God.
1964 Following an unprecedented pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Pope Paul VI met with Greek Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I in Jerusalem. It was the first such meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches in over 500 years (since 1439).

Source: William D. Blake. ALMANAC OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1987.

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Thought for the day :
"Skill is successfully walking a tightrope over Niagara Falls. Intelligence is not trying"

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Question of the day...
A stitch in time saves nine what?

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Murphys Law of the day...(Horngren's Observation,generalized)
The real world is a special case.

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Astonishing fact #57,904...
The oldest word in the English language is "town"

[snippy_about_it]

In one compartment, a calendar was found, the last scratch-off date being 23 December.

This is incredibly sad. Thanks for the history of our ships and sailors you provide when you can.

[stainlessbanner]

Hurrah for the Southern States! Great read about Gen. Stand Watie.

[snippy_about_it]

Hi Valin. It's Monday...'nuf said. :-)

[snippy_about_it]

Good morning stainlessbanner.

[stainlessbanner]

G'Mornin'. Grits and coffee for all!

[TomServo]

Thanks for the ping, Stainless. Dixie bump and hats off to Stand Watie!!

[4CJ]

Wonderful post - you should be proud of you efforts!

Kudos to Gen. Stand Watie!

[snippy_about_it]

Thanks. I love grits and coffee. I'll take my grits with butter and hopefully a biscuit. ;-)

[snopercod]

Well, the Eastern Tribe is now getting rich on the casinos in Cherokee. Some sort of justice, I suppose.

[SAMWolf]

Good Morning Feather.

[SAMWolf]

Morning Snippy

[SAMWolf]

Morning Aeronaut.

[Professional Engineer]

G'morning Sam

[SAMWolf]

Thanks Humal. I had heard about General Stand Watie but neber knew much about him. Freeper stand watie peaked my interest.

[snippy_about_it]

Awwwww. The Foxhole was in dire need of those and so was the foxette. :-) Thank you

[SAMWolf]

Morning E.G.C. I'm ready to for winter to be over, I came here to get away from this weather. ;-)

[SAMWolf]

Morning Mayor. I'm afraid to set down my coffee, it might freeze