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Study provides first evidence of neural link between sleep loss and psychiatric disorders
National Institutes of Health, American Academy of Sleep Medicine ^ | 10/22/07 | University of California - Berkeley

Posted on 10/22/2007 10:35:47 AM PDT by crazyshrink

Berkeley -- It has long been assumed that sleep deprivation can play havoc with our emotions.

This is notably apparent in soldiers in combat zones, medical residents and even new parents. Now there's a neurological basis for this theory, according to new research from the University of California, Berkeley, and Harvard Medical School.

In the first neural investigation into what happens to the emotional brain without sleep, results from a brain imaging study suggest that while a good night's rest can regulate your mood and help you cope with the next day's emotional challenges, sleep deprivation does the opposite by excessively boosting the part of the brain most closely connected to depression, anxiety and other psychiatric disorders.

"It's almost as though, without sleep, the brain had reverted back to more primitive patterns of activity, in that it was unable to put emotional experiences into context and produce controlled, appropriate responses," said Matthew Walker, director of UC Berkeley's Sleep and Neuroimaging Laboratory and senior author of the study, which will be published Oct. 22 in the journal Current Biology.

"Emotionally, you're not on a level playing field," Walker added.

That's because the amygdala, the region of the brain that alerts the body to protect itself in times of danger, goes into overdrive on no sleep, according to the study. This consequently shuts down the prefrontal cortex, which commands logical reasoning, and thus prevents the release of chemicals needed to calm down the fight-or-flight reflex.

If, for example, the amygdala reacts strongly to a violent movie, the prefrontal cortex lets the brain know that the scene is make-believe and to settle down. But instead of connecting to the prefrontal cortex, the brain on no sleep connects to the locus coeruleus, the oldest part of the brain which releases noradrenalin to ward off imminent threats to survival, posing a volatile mix, according to the study.

The study's findings lay the groundwork for further investigation into the relationship between sleep and psychiatric illnesses. Clinical evidence has shown that some form of sleep disruption is present in almost all psychiatric disorders.

"This is the first set of experiments that demonstrate that even healthy people's brains mimic certain pathological psychiatric patterns when deprived of sleep," Walker said. "Before, it was difficult to separate out the effect of sleep versus the disease itself. Now we're closer to being able to look into whether the person has a psychiatric disease or a sleep disorder."

Using functioning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Walker and his team found that the amygdala, which is also a key to processing emotions, became hyperactive in response to negative visual stimuli - mutilated bodies, children with tumors and other gory images - in study participants who stayed awake for 35 hours straight. Conversely, brain scans of those who got a full night's sleep in their own beds showed normal activity in the amygdala.

"The emotional centers of the brain were over 60 percent more reactive under conditions of sleep deprivation than in subjects who had obtained a normal night of sleep," Walker said.

The team studied 26 healthy participants aged 18 to 30, breaking them into two groups of equal numbers of males and females. The sleep-deprived group stayed awake during day 1, night 1 and day 2, while the sleep-control group stayed awake both days and slept normally during the night. During the fMRI brain scanning, which was performed at the end of day 2, each was shown 100 images that ranged from neutral to very negative. Using this emotional gradient, the researchers were able to compare the increase in brain response to the increasingly negative pictures.

Since 1998, Walker, an assistant professor of psychology at UC Berkeley and a former sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School, has been studying sleep's impact on memory, learning and brain plasticity.

During his research, he was struck with the consistency of how graduate students in his studies would turn from affable, rational beings into what he called "emotional JELL-O" after a night without sleep. He and his assistants searched for research that would explain the effect of sleep deprivation on the emotional brain and found none, although there is countless anecdotal evidence that lack of sleep causes emotional swings.

"You can see it in the reaction of a military combatant soldier dealing with a civilian, a tired mother to a meddlesome toddler, the medical resident to a pushy patient. It's these everyday scenarios that tell us people don't get enough sleep." Walker said.

The body alternates between two different phases of sleep during the night: Rapid Eye Movement (REM), when body and brain activity promote dreams, and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM), when the muscles and brain rest.

"All signs point to sleep doing something for emotional regulation and emotional processing," Walker said. "My job now is to figure out what kind of sleep."


TOPICS: Culture/Society; Miscellaneous; Philosophy
KEYWORDS: neurology; sleepdeprivation
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To: crazyshrink; Joya

THANKS TONS


41 posted on 10/22/2007 12:53:08 PM PDT by Quix (GOD ALONE IS GOD; WORTHY; PAID THE PRICE; IS COMING AGAIN; KNOWS ALL; IS LOVING; IS ALTOGETHER GOOD)
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To: Old Professer

Just out of curiosity, do you have a TV in your sleeping quarters or were you trying to sleep in another venue such as on a sofa or recliner?


42 posted on 10/22/2007 12:59:47 PM PDT by crazyshrink (Being uninformed is one thing, choosing ignorance is a whole different problem.)
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To: Abathar
I was diagnosed 2 years ago, after years of seeing shrinks and such for memory and anger issues. Finally found a non quack. Biggest difference in the world after just a couple of weeks on CPAP.

Wife noticed that soon.

43 posted on 10/22/2007 12:59:50 PM PDT by ejonesie22 (265 pound Lemming with attitude for Thompson!)
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To: Abathar
Did he lose weight just before or after the surgery? The loss of a few lbs for most people will make a big difference I am told.

Not really. That's what was weird about it.
44 posted on 10/22/2007 1:00:18 PM PDT by aruanan
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To: Brilliant
I hate to be such a stickler for grammar but I believe you left out a word in your sentence below. I inserted it for you.

The MSM always said that Bill Clinton did not sleep... just worked it 24 hours a day.

45 posted on 10/22/2007 1:04:22 PM PDT by Yaelle
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To: Magic Fingers

The article is about their new toy, the fMRI.


46 posted on 10/22/2007 1:26:13 PM PDT by RightWhale (50 years later we're still sitting on the ground)
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To: crazyshrink

I sleep on a sofa with three pillows propped behind my shoulders and head - chronic sinus drainage condition.

I awaken if I slide down a bit.


47 posted on 10/22/2007 6:01:11 PM PDT by Old Professer (The critic writes with rapier pen, dips it twice, and writes again.)
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To: RightWhale; Magic Fingers
The article is about their new toy, the fMRI.

New? Dr. Walker has been publishing fMRI stuff with them for years (albeit while still based at Harvard), and they got their fMRI setup in 2001!

Of course, it's usually called functional (not functioning), as opposed to structural MRI, so I wonder how trustworthy the reporting is.

48 posted on 10/23/2007 6:18:01 AM PDT by Gondring (I'll give up my right to die when hell freezes over my dead body!)
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To: RightWhale; Magic Fingers; jan in Colorado
They haven't learned much with their new, expensive tool, but they have to report something to back up the original justification or they won't get funding for the next super-neato tech gadget.

This does seem to be rather simple experiment writeup (and I suspect that its publication has less to do with the "new toy" than it does with a student research project completion, or the need for Dr. Walker to publish something now that he's at Berkeley :-), and it is subject to the typical criticisms of fMRI studies, but it does have important implications for future research.

For example, I'd like to see the results of subjects on modafinil (Provigil). If we hop up our soldiers on modafinil for vigilance, for example, might we also have to compensate for emotions...that is, will their amygdala (amygdalae?) be more active and make them more likely to overreact--perhaps leading to a Haditha-like situation, but real this time? Or will drivers using modafanil be more likely to get road rage? And that's just one practical direction this research could go.

I am not a physician, but I have a strong suspicion that sleep is tied in closely with many psychiatric disorders. Many of them are exacerbated by sleep deprivation, and some have symptoms that are remarkably close. For example, an ADD sufferer has suggested that a person could stay awake for several days and then try to focus on a task and accomplish it, and he would get a good feeling for what having ADD is like. Similarly, note the effects of stress and anxiety and how they can be similar to sleep deprivation.

49 posted on 10/23/2007 6:20:04 AM PDT by Gondring (I'll give up my right to die when hell freezes over my dead body!)
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To: crazyshrink

Evaporation came first as well as the egg. There, now you can get some sleep:)


50 posted on 10/23/2007 6:26:21 AM PDT by Cold Heart
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To: crazyshrink

Exodus 23:12
Six days you shall do your work, and on the seventh day you shall rest, that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female servant and the stranger may be refreshed.


51 posted on 10/23/2007 6:30:48 AM PDT by Raycpa
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