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The West Faces Two Islams
City Journal ^ | 3 Sep, 2026 | Zineb Riboua

Posted on 09/05/2026 7:57:01 AM PDT by MtnClimber

A long-forecast civilizational struggle increasingly plays out not in the Middle East but in Western countries themselves.

Published in 1996, Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations predicted that, with the end of the Cold War, global conflict would center on the divide between Islamic and Western civilizations. Thirty years later, however, and a quarter-century after 9/11, the principal fault line runs through Islam itself, separating two ideological worlds.

Within Western diaspora communities, Islam has become intertwined with Third-Worldism and postcolonial theory, both of which see Western imperialism as the great evil of the modern era. Meantime, much of the Middle East and Asia has turned toward pragmatism, normalization, and acceptance of Western predominance as a geopolitical reality. The gap between these rival outlooks now exceeds the divide between Islam and the West that Huntington anticipated when his book first appeared.

After 9/11, American strategy focused on political Islam. Al-Qaeda and its eventual Islamic State offshoot, the Taliban, the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas, Hezbollah, and Iran’s Islamic Republic differed sharply in theology and tactics but shared a revolutionary ambition to overturn the Western led order. Today, that Islamist challenge has fragmented. Al-Qaeda has splintered, the Islamic State has lost its caliphate, Egypt has outlawed the Muslim Brotherhood, and the Gulf monarchies increasingly treat Islamist movements as threats.

Iran remains the principal revolutionary holdout. The Islamic Republic defines itself through opposition to the United States and Israel while sustaining a regional network of armed proxies. Yet the foundations of that project have weakened. Hezbollah has suffered major battlefield losses, Iranian influence in Syria has contracted, nationwide protests in 2019 and 2022 exposed deep domestic disillusionment, and the ideals of the 1979 Iranian Revolution command little enthusiasm among younger generations. Tehran still exports its revolutionary ideology, but its influence across the broader Middle East continues to wane.

Much of the Middle East has chosen a different course. The Abraham Accords institutionalized security cooperation and trade with Israel. Morocco expanded ties with Jerusalem to strengthen diplomacy, defense, and economic growth. The United Arab Emirates built partnerships spanning artificial intelligence, aviation, finance, and defense. Saudi Arabia evaluates normalization through the lens of security guarantees, advanced technology, its Vision 2030 modernization program, and regional stability. Across the region, partnerships are judged less by ideology than by the capabilities they deliver.

This transformation reflects a broader shift in how Arab and Muslim states understand statecraft. Scientific discovery, industrialization, and institutional innovation have long rewarded societies that adopt the world’s most advanced technologies, regardless of their origin. Middle Eastern governments have embraced the same logic after experiencing the costs of resisting Western innovations—most notably, the Ottoman Empire’s centuries-long restriction on printing in Arabic script until 1727, which left the region lagging in the spread of knowledge long after Europe had surged ahead.

That historical stagnation gave rise to a century of Arab intellectual discourse centered on the crisis of modernity: the painful question of why Islamic societies had fallen behind the West. Thinkers such as Shakib Arslan, in works like Our Decline: Its Causes and Remedies, diagnosed cultural isolation and technological backwardness as the root of the problem and urged selective emulation of Western advances. Leading-edge technologies have become strategic assets because they determine military capability, economic competitiveness, and geopolitical influence. Leaders once legitimized through anti-Western resistance now measure success through modernization.  

Western intellectual life has followed a different trajectory. Universities interpret the Middle East through postcolonial theory, with Edward Said’s Orientalism becoming one of the field’s canonical texts. Within that framework, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict serves as the paradigmatic story of settler colonialism and resistance. After October 7, these ideas spread beyond academia into campus protests, divestment campaigns, professional associations, philanthropic organizations, and elections. Palestine became the organizing symbol for broader critiques of American influence, capitalism, and the liberal international order. Muslim identity merged with narratives of dispossession and resistance.

The consequences extend well beyond the campus. Anti-Israel activism once largely confined to Islamist organizations now operates comfortably within progressive politics. Zohran Mamdani’s appointment of Ramzi Kassem—who represented Ahmed al-Darbi after his conviction for the al-Qaeda-linked MV Limburg bombing—as New York City’s chief counsel illustrates that institutional migration. University encampments, municipal resolutions invoking “from the river to the sea,” and coalitions organized around decolonization reflect the same evolution. Revolutionary Islam now finds expression through postcolonial theory rather than religious doctrine. Iranian-aligned clerical networks in places such as Dearborn, Michigan, frame public life around opposition to American influence and solidarity with Tehran.

The same rift has hardened in Europe, where diaspora activism contrasts with the pragmatism of Middle Eastern governments. Universities and progressive institutions have embraced postcolonialism, entrenching narratives of permanent resistance and contributing to a sharp rise in anti-Semitism, particularly on British campuses, where incidents increased more than fourfold after October 7. Gulf states view these environments as incubators of radicalization. The UAE, for example, removed British universities from its state scholarship program—even though nearly 9,000 Emirati students had studied in the U.K. in recent years—while still funding study in Israel.

These trajectories suggest sustained confrontation. The version of Islam that has emerged within Western universities, activist groups, and progressive politics clashes with both the Western societies in which it operates and the Middle Eastern governments now abandoning revolutionary politics.

Three forces drive this collision. First, the opposing sides draw political legitimacy from different sources. Much diaspora activism is rooted in historical grievance, anticolonial struggle, and opposition to Western influence, producing an anti-system worldview in which cooperation with the U.S.-led order can itself signify submission or betrayal. Pragmatic Middle Eastern governments increasingly see cooperation with the United States and Israel as a means to strengthen security, attract investment, acquire technology, and accelerate economic growth. This divide now plays out across Western democracies, where boycotts, campus protests, municipal resolutions, and electoral campaigns target both Arab governments pursuing these partnerships and the Western institutions that support them.

Second, priorities have diverged between governments in the Middle East and North Africa and some of their diasporas in the West. Regional governments increasingly prioritize investment, technology, military strength, and economic growth. Saudi Arabia and the UAE, for example, are investing heavily in AI and data centers. Meantime, several pro-Palestinian movements in the West have expanded their campaigns from opposition to Israeli technology contracts to opposition to the data centers and cloud infrastructure supporting them. The divide increasingly places diaspora activism at odds with the economic and technological priorities of regional governments and complicates relations with the United States.

Third, Western institutions amplify the diaspora vision far beyond its demographic weight. Universities, philanthropic foundations, professional associations, media organizations, and segments of electoral politics have absorbed postcolonial ideas that recast Middle Eastern affairs through the lens of decolonization and racial justice. By contrast, Gulf restrictions on Islamist financing and expanding cooperation with Israel reflect a deliberate effort to contain the same ideological currents sweeping across Western public life. The United States and Europe thus face pressure from two directions: an ideological movement extending its institutional reach at home; and regional allies that regard that same movement as a direct threat.

Huntington was right that culture would matter after the Cold War, but he misidentified the principal fault line. Political evolution within civilizations matters more than the boundaries between them.

The United States will continue to confront Islamism in the twenty-first century. But the principal challenge will not come from Huntington’s civilizational Islam, but instead from the version the West has itself helped cultivate: a diaspora Islam molded by Third-Worldism, postcolonial grievance, and a politics of permanent resistance.


TOPICS: Society
KEYWORDS: jihad

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1 posted on 09/05/2026 7:57:01 AM PDT by MtnClimber
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To: MtnClimber

And now we have the Red-Green alliance plotting to destroy Western Civilization.


2 posted on 09/05/2026 7:57:19 AM PDT by MtnClimber (For photos of scenery, wildlife and climbing, click on my screen name for my FR home page.)
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To: MtnClimber
Meantime, much of the Middle East and Asia has turned toward pragmatism, normalization, and acceptance of Western predominance as a geopolitical reality.

I can't imagine anyone saying this with a straight face.

3 posted on 09/05/2026 7:59:58 AM PDT by ClearCase_guy (Enoch Powell warned us about Rivers of Blood. Well, I sure hope they're coming. It's the only fix.)
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To: MtnClimber

4 posted on 09/05/2026 8:01:04 AM PDT by plain talk
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To: MtnClimber

Islam is a form of government. There is no “separation of church and state” in an Islamic country...


5 posted on 09/05/2026 8:10:33 AM PDT by Red Badger (Iryna Zarutska, May 22, 2002 Kyiv, Ukraine – August 22, 2025 Charlotte, North Carolina Say her name)
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To: MtnClimber

There is orthodox Islam and the other who pretend not to orthodox

Believe otherwise at our own peril


6 posted on 09/05/2026 8:34:18 AM PDT by blitz128
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To: MtnClimber

Only way to stop islam is deport them completely. They are a cult who cannot and will not assimilate. Its there way or no way. Dems were counting on them to make a vote difference during Biden but their shortsightedness has allowed the 4 million to enter hoping for their vote but has not been successful. If allowed they will ravage America in a few generations.


7 posted on 09/05/2026 8:40:19 AM PDT by chopperk
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To: blitz128

That’s why I fear for Zuhdi Jasser.


8 posted on 09/05/2026 8:43:47 AM PDT by Migraine
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To: MtnClimber

We’re up against the green-haired fascists, the nazi-communists, the communist Muslims, and the jihadi-muslims. And the billionaires and Muslim governments who fund them.


9 posted on 09/05/2026 8:58:06 AM PDT by marron
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To: MtnClimber

Not to mention the sell-out politicians who try to ride them into power.


10 posted on 09/05/2026 8:59:52 AM PDT by marron
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To: marron

This title reminds me of when we said “there are two Democrats”

No there aren’t.


11 posted on 09/05/2026 9:02:02 AM PDT by Celerity
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To: MtnClimber

Islamic reform led by muslim women


12 posted on 09/05/2026 9:20:50 AM PDT by joshua c (collectivism has many names but the result is the same; the state is primary, the citizen is a slave)
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To: MtnClimber

“There is no moderate or immoderate Islam. Islam is Islam and that’s it.” - Turkey President Recep Tayyip Erdogan


13 posted on 09/05/2026 9:44:22 AM PDT by JesusIsLord
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To: plain talk
There's definitely a difference...

Dr. Michael Youssef said in a sermon
that he saw a man in Manhattan wearing
a clapboard:

One side said: "I am a fool for Christ!"

The other side said: "Whose fool are you?"


Jesus Christ is Lord


14 posted on 09/05/2026 10:11:34 AM PDT by SaveFerris (Luke 17:28 ... as it was in the Days of Lot; They Did Eat, They Drank, They Bought, They Sold ......)
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To: joshua c

Muslim women? Slaves?


15 posted on 09/05/2026 10:11:37 AM PDT by PGalt (Past Peak Civilization?)
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To: joshua c; All

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9OFpfTd0EIs&pp=0gcJCYsCo7VqN5tD&ra=m

It’s easy to deceive believing all the lies…

Got no human grace your eyes without a face.

such a human waste you’re eyes without a face.

Say your prayers
Say your prayers


16 posted on 09/05/2026 10:20:46 AM PDT by PGalt (Past Peak Civilization?)
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To: SaveFerris

Great one!


17 posted on 09/05/2026 10:45:37 AM PDT by plain talk
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To: PGalt; fwdude

Just wait until Democrats start having
to live under the Islamic Sharia Law

Bringing their Gay Pride Parades 🏳️‍⚧️🏳️‍🌈

When Worlds Collide...

🍿🍿🍿


18 posted on 09/05/2026 10:49:31 AM PDT by SaveFerris (Luke 17:28 ... as it was in the Days of Lot; They Did Eat, They Drank, They Bought, They Sold ......)
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To: ClearCase_guy
can't imagine anyone saying this with a straight face.

They are willing to accept it as a temporary thing while they reload.

19 posted on 09/05/2026 10:51:06 AM PDT by Harmless Teddy Bear (I just want FReepers to READ THE ARTICLE. And then think 30 secs before pounding keyboard.)
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To: plain talk

It’s awesome 👍👍

Thumbs up to the original author (unknown person)

Just a few Bible verses added to that version
for clarity (tried to preserve the original form
as much as possible but it’s a LOT of info)


20 posted on 09/05/2026 10:54:10 AM PDT by SaveFerris (Luke 17:28 ... as it was in the Days of Lot; They Did Eat, They Drank, They Bought, They Sold ......)
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