Posted on 01/09/2023 11:04:56 AM PST by SunkenCiv
By the first century BCE, Rome had gained control of the entire Mediterranean, but those conquests had been accompanied by a century of civil war that witnessed the assassination of politicians on all sides of the political spectrum. At one point, the adherents of one populist politician marched on Rome's temple of Castor and Pollux, which was closely associated with the Senate, and tore up the temple steps. This period of nearly continuous warfare would not end until 31 BCE, when Julius Caesar’s nephew Octavian vanquished the combined forces of Mark Antony and the Egyptian queen Cleopatra at the battle of Actium in northwestern Greece. This talk reviews the events leading up to the conflict, the circumstances of the battle itself, and the relationship between Egypt and Rome thereafter.
Octavian, Mark Antony, and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium
Penn Museum | 68.7K subscribers | 6,865 views | April 3, 2022
(Excerpt) Read more at youtube.com ...
Immortal longings.
I was miffed because I thought a lot was cribbed from The First Man in Rome series of novels, but I thoroughly enjoyed it.
~~~
Like most series on HBO and Showtime (such as game of thrones, etc) they got intentionally lurid with the sex and the graphic violence, which doesn’t particularly bother me personally, except that it cheapens the quality of the product, in my opinion. I did like following the characters. I found Titus Pullo to be more sympathetic than Lucios Vorenus, and I was rooting for Octavian (Augustus) even though he really was a whiny bookworm who needed to grow up (and he did)
Thanks for posting this. I watched the video. It’s very interesting. (I never really thought I understood the Battle of Actium and the Roman civil wars before.)
“BCE” = I’m not even slightly interested.
I think I remember reading that Caesar described Cleopatra as being red-headed. I guess he should have known.
The proper names didn't come through capitalized, I changed maybe two, then Notepad went cuckoo. Anyway, this is the text auto-generated by YouTube. I edited farceless into Pharsalus.
Transcript 0:15 and now it's my great pleasure to introduce our speaker dr brian rose with whom i know many of you are already 0:21 familiar thanks to his truly tireless efforts on behalf of both the penn museum and the field of archaeology as a 0:27 whole brian is the james b pritchett professor of archaeology in the department of classical studies here at penn and the 0:33 peter c ferry curator in charge of the mediterranean section of the museum he was also my predecessor's deputy 0:40 director and during his time in this position uh brian actually started created the greats lecture series which 0:46 has turned out to be such a success uh brian has degrees from haverford college and columbia university and has 0:52 excavated extensively particularly in turkey at the sites of aphrodisias troy and Gordion 0:58 this last being one of the museum's major ongoing excavations in addition to excavating brian 1:05 publishes assiduously and prolifically and with an incredible range of excavation reports to his name including 1:12 several of the final reports on troy which are either authored or edited by him and among his many publications his 1:18 book the archaeology of greek and roman troy provides an extensive introduction to all that is known about the site in 1:23 those periods brown was also the curator of a major exhibit of archaeological materials from 1:30 turkey the golden age of midas which ran from february november 2016 to 1:36 great success and acclaim um and his outrage 1:41 outrage at outreach activities there's no outrage activities with brent uh his outreach activities and service to the 1:48 profession are similarly extensive ranging from the kind of presentation we're about to hear from him tonight to 1:54 the education of u.s servicemen about ancient near eastern archaeology and history and the importance of cultural 1:59 heritage preservation awareness he was the president of the archaeological institute of america from 2:05 2007 to 2011 and was awarded the gold medal for distinguished archaeological achievement by the selfsame aia in 2015. 2:13 he is now in his sixth year as president of the american research institute in turkey and was named to the monk to the 2:20 prestigious montgomery fellowship at dartmouth in fall 2021 2:26 so i know we're all looking forward to hearing from brian about great revolutionaries octavian mark 2:31 anthony and cleopatra at the battle of actium so please join me in welcoming him 2:37 [Applause] 2:45 all right thank you steve and thanks to all of you for coming today both virtually 2:50 and physically it's wonderful not to lecture to an empty auditorium i have the pleasure today of speaking 2:57 about the battle of actium which was the last great naval battle in antiquity and 3:03 also the beginning of what we think of as the roman empire starting with octavian or augustus as he would later 3:10 be called but the battle of actium comes at the end of nearly a century of civil 3:16 war civil war it certainly was the battle of actium between octavian and mark anthony but this follows a whole 3:22 chain of civil wars starting in the late second century bc and continuing up to 3:28 the battle of actium in 31 bc so i'll take you through the history of the 3:33 civil wars over the course of that century and then i'll try to explain how the 3:39 battle of actium and egypt transformed the cityscape of rome itself 3:45 first i will give you a remedial course very short remedial 3:50 course in the history of rome for those of you who don't spend your days thinking about it as i do 3:57 the romans believe that they were descended from the trojans from the trojan hero aeneas who escaped the 4:03 burning city of troy prior to its destruction in the early 12th century bc 4:09 and gradually made his way from northwest asia minor where troy is located to central italy and you see 4:17 here a coin of augustus with aeneas his father and his son in the process of 4:22 leaving troy so at origin the romans were trojans 4:28 and then after aeneas founds a new city which is not rome it's another city 4:33 called livinium in the same area we have a period of 400 years prior to the 4:40 actual founding of rome by romulus traditionally dated to april 21st 753 bc 4:48 and of course you're seeing the famous group of the wolf with romulus and remus underneath 4:54 which was set up in the roman forum around 300 bc so aeneas and romulus are 5:00 at the origin of the story of the romans and of rome itself we can divide rome 5:06 into four periods archaic rome from the foundation date of 753 to the end of the 5:13 period of rome of the kings in 509 so a period of roughly 250 years 5:20 then republican rome starting in 509 lasting for about 500 years until the 5:27 battle of actium which is what we're going to be speaking of tonight occurred in 31 bc and again that starts the roman 5:35 empire or historians technically start the roman empire at that date which 5:40 would last for just over 300 years until 3 30 a.d 5:45 until constantine in the early 4th century moves the capital of the empire 5:51 from rome to constantinople now istanbul and that will begin the byzantine empire 5:57 which will last for 1100 years until the fall of the city in 1453. 6:04 rome constantinople therefore was regarded as the second rome and 6:09 ironically after the fall of constantinople moscow would begin calling itself the third 6:16 rome very much in the news these days in the course of the republic 6:22 the fourth third second and early first centuries bc rome expands throughout the 6:28 mediterranean gradually encompassing northern europe sorry um the iberian 6:36 peninsula north africa as well as greece and asia minor 6:42 the wars in asia minor at carthage you're familiar with under the rubric punic wars and it was during 6:50 the second punic war when rome fights the great hero hannibal that scipio 6:55 africanus the great general of rome emerges triumphant over the carthaginian 7:00 forces and again gradually every every um 7:06 part every component of the mediterranean comes under roman control so by about a hundred bc the 7:13 mediterranean is controlled by rome and you start seeing victory temples 7:20 set up throughout rome in the late fourth third second and first centuries 7:26 bc we call these minubial temples because they're constructed with the spoils 7:31 that have been taken from the battlefield from the enemy cities these are majestic temples 7:38 built initially of travertine limestone 7:43 and tufa and as of the second century bc of marble which had to be imported from 7:49 greece and asia minor we only have one of these minubial temples one of these 7:54 victory temples surviving intact which you see here on the banks of the tiber 7:59 the so-called temple of hercules victor some of you are familiar with it from the audrey hepburn gregory peck film 8:06 roman holiday audrey hepburn rides a vespa around it but this is representative of the kind of victory 8:13 temples that the romans would typically construct immediately following their victories 8:19 so it's 100 bc ish and the entire mediterranean is under roman control 8:26 those who were in the elite of rome are looking good and feeling prosperous 8:31 but the veterans were not many of the soldiers rome soldiers were killed 8:37 on the battlefield and what happened to the farms that were part of their property 8:43 generally the elite of rome would buy the farms and the lands at a discount 8:50 rate really at almost as if in a fire sale and the wives and children often ended up in 8:58 poverty they would lose the farm because the wealthy would not keep the family of the former veterans on the farm they 9:05 would staff it with slaves and the wives of the now dead soldiers 9:10 and their children were left to fend for themselves so there's a growing divide between the 9:18 elite and the plebeians in rome were the the rich and the poor as we go through the 9:24 civil wars of the first century bc it will be very much a war between 9:30 the populists if you will the left and the elite the conservatives on the right 9:37 plush plus shows we see this continuing until the present day and into this situation 9:44 where the poor were experiencing injustice after injustice in their minds 9:50 stepped a tribune named tiberius gracas who became tribune in 133 bc 9:58 and came from an incredibly prestigious family he was the grandson of scipio 10:03 africanus the hero in the wars against hannibal in the late third century bc 10:09 and he began to propose a redistribution of the lands that had been bought that 10:15 had been in the course of acquisition by the elites so he wanted to put a limit 10:21 on the amount of property that the elites could own and wanted to redistribute public land to the poor 10:29 farmers to those who were in the minority as far as the elites were concerned 10:35 this was a radical revolution very much a revolution 10:40 in social policy and the senate was furious many of the 10:45 senators of course were the wealthy landowners who were going to be deprived of the lands that they had acquired from 10:52 these impover impoverished farmers if the legislation of tiberius gracos went 10:57 through and so he was in short order club to death on the capitoline hill i'm showing 11:05 you the capitoline hill here with its trademark feature the temple of jupiter optimus maximus 11:12 and his supporters 300 of his supporters were killed and their bodies were thrown 11:18 in the tiber river which reportedly turned red with their blood 11:23 so the reforms that he had hoped to incorporate into roman society 11:29 were unsuccessful however 10 years later his brother gaius 11:34 became tribune and tried to do the same thing even more 11:39 in an even more comprehensive way than his brother had tried to do so land 11:45 redistribution but also a major infrastructure program which we've just seen in the news new 11:52 roads and bridges as well as subsidized grain subsidized military equipment and 11:57 again redistribution of public land to the poor once again the senate was infuriated by 12:04 this and a civil war developed in short order 12:10 grock has committed suicide and 3 000 of his supporters were killed and their 12:16 bodies once again thrown in the tiber river which again turned red with their blood it was at 12:23 that moment after the death of gaius gracchus and his partisans that the 12:29 senate and in particular the consul opius decides to build in the forum a temple 12:35 to concord celebrating the peace and harmonious relationships that exist 12:40 between left and right between the populace and the conservatives now that was fictive there was no harmonious 12:48 relationship between them they were trying to kill each other and had succeeded in doing so 12:53 but this is what one would call truthiness it's not necessarily true 12:59 it's just marketed in a certain way and indeed after the temple of concord 13:04 went up on the western side of the roman forum which you see here in reconstruction and here in an 13:10 axonometric drawing according to plutarch someone set up a sign 13:16 in front of the temple of concord saying a work of discord produces a temple of concord so this new temple enjoyed a 13:24 very frosty reception among the romans because they could see that it was 13:29 in effect an architectural lie celebrating a union that didn't exist 13:36 meanwhile there were plenty of foreign wars during this period one in particular that was especially 13:41 cataclysmic involving the king mithridates of pontus mithra mithridades 13:47 vi who traced his descent from the royal line of the persians on one side and 13:54 from alexander the great on the other side so he was a kind of amalgamation of east 14:01 and west and in tracing his descent from the macedonian royal family he was able 14:06 to trace his descent back to hercules so you see a portrait of mithridates here 14:12 wearing the lion skin of hercules on his head as his ancestor alexander the great 14:18 would also do from time to time mithridates wanted to create a new kingdom in the east that would rival 14:26 that of rome and which would be based around the black sea encompassing the 14:31 north side of the black sea including the crimean peninsula and 14:36 regions that are still experiencing armed conflict even now as 14:41 we sit here in this auditorium since this is southern ukraine and then joining that to asia minor and 14:49 other territories in the eastern mediterranean on one day reportedly according to the 14:55 ancient historians over 80 000 romans and italians were killed by the 15:00 partisans of mithridates vi so it was necessary for the romans to 15:05 act in order to protect roman interests in the east in particular in the region 15:11 around the black sea and entering into this situation were two of the most powerful men of the 15:18 early first century bc marius who whose portrait in antiquity is is still 15:24 a question mark so i'm showing you an early 19th century painting of him marius was a populist 15:31 and then sulla this is an actual coin of the 80s bc showing an equestrian statue 15:37 of salah that stood in the roman forum he was a conservative he was on the senatorial side they are among the 15:44 strongest men they are the strongest men in the first two decades of the first 15:49 century bc salah was given the roman command to go 15:55 off and fight mithridates vi but when sallah was out of rome marius engineered 16:01 the transfer of that command to another to another general 16:07 and sola infuriated marched on the city of rome as caesar would do 40 years later no one 16:14 had ever no roman had ever marched on the city of rome before and taken it by force 16:20 but that is what sulla does in in 88 bc marching on rome declaring marius an 16:26 enemy of the state he had managed to escape before sula entered the city 16:32 and there were mass executions of those who were partisans of marius 16:40 meanwhile sulla then takes the command back goes off to asia 16:47 minor to fight mithridates of pontus and relatively quickly scores a victory it 16:53 wouldn't last but for the moment it was a victory during the period in which solo was gone 17:00 marius came back to rome declared salah an enemy of the state and executed the partisans of salah 17:08 cutting off their hands and displaying the severed hands on the rostra the 17:14 speaker's platform in the roman forum i'll often speak of the rostra in the 17:19 course of our lecture tonight rastra takes its name from the shipbeaks 17:25 these prows of ships that were inserted into the rostra already in the late fourth century bc as 17:32 a signal of the roman naval victory in this case a naval victory over the sam 17:38 knights in the sam knight wars of the late 4th century bc but you need to imagine these severed hands being 17:45 displayed on the rostra as a warning to the people of rome not to 17:51 subscribe to the political policies of salah or to sallah 17:56 himself salah meanwhile after his victory comes 18:01 back to rome and in 82 six years after he marched on rome he 18:06 does it again marching on rome taking it again by force and executing the partisans of 18:14 marius marius had already died by this point but his son is still in power uh and 18:20 sulla defeats them taking the severed heads of his enemies and again displaying them on the rostra 18:28 we hear of a particularly gruesome event battle of the colleen gate in 82 bc 18:34 where sula executes 3 000 of the soldiers who had fought with the forces 18:40 of marius and the ancient historians described the screams that could be heard in the senate house as the 3 000 18:47 men are killed their heads cut off and displayed on the rostra 18:52 sulla would die and there would be other in the early 70s but there this period of of conflict 19:01 between left and right between populous and conservatives would continue 19:06 and it would also continue to involve the tribunes like gaius and tiberius 19:12 gracchus one of them is named clodius and in the 50s 19:19 he realized that he could assemble street militias 19:26 of his partisans and get them to attack public monuments 19:32 in order to show the level of power that he wielded 19:37 and so on one occasion in 58 bc he sends his mob 19:43 to the temple of caster and pollux in the roman forum 19:48 and this was a temple where the senate would often meet the senate had a 19:54 specific senate house in the roman forum the so-called curia but they would also meet in other temples from time to time 20:01 so it was a temple that was directly associated with the senate and clodius has them attack 20:08 this senate affiliated complex and tear up the steps 20:14 of the temple later on after clodius is murdered 20:21 his body is carried by his partisans to the roman forum to the senate house to the curia 20:28 which you see here and they use the curia as the pyre for 20:34 the body of clodius so they burn the senate house as they send the body of clodius off into the 20:40 afterlife completely destroyed 20:46 into this fray steps the so-called first triumvirate and now we're getting into 20:52 names that you know well i would say um poppy poppy the great poppy magnus 20:59 who had served under salah and who was 21:04 the first man in rome to build a permanent stone theater the theater of poppy to which we will return in a few 21:10 minutes marcus licenius crassus who was famous 21:16 for having been victorious in the war against spartacus the third slave war or 21:22 the third civil war you're all familiar with spartacus judging by the age range in this 21:28 audience from the kirk douglas film in the late 1950s he's the one who dispatched spartacus 21:35 and then julius caesar the most famous the man who would become the most famous of these three who was the nephew of 21:42 marius so they didn't all focus on the same political philosophy they were not 21:48 united by political philosophy they were united by their recognition that they 21:53 had complementary strengths and would be stronger as a triumvirate than they would be as separate leaders and they 22:01 divided up much of the roman world poppy taking spain crassus taking syria 22:08 and caesar taking gaul in order to make the triumvirate 22:13 stronger the daughter of caesar was married to pompey this was frequently done 22:20 in the hellenistic kingdoms of the eastern mediterranean it was done throughout the first millennium bc 22:26 actually and into the first millennium a.d to have to um 22:31 to strengthen a political alliance through the marriage of the daughter or son of one of the leaders with the 22:38 daughter or son of one of the other leaders with whom the first leader had formed an alliance and that is the case 22:44 here with poppy and caesar this triumvirate really lasts only for 22:50 seven years and would quickly fall apart after poppy's wife dies pompey's wife this 22:57 daughter of caesar dies and meanwhile crassus moves out of the triumvirate when he is 23:03 killed in what is now southeastern turkey so i'm showing you where crassus goes 23:10 sorry to the to the 23:16 region of the turkish-syrian border the modern town of haran ancient karai 23:23 where crassus begins a battle against the parthians the fiercest foes of the 23:28 romans in 53 bc and suffers a tremendous defeat 23:34 he is killed over a hundred roman standards roman battle flags are taken 23:40 by the parthians back to modern-day iran and so are many of the roman soldiers 23:47 twenty thousand are estimated to have died ten thousand roman soldiers are taken 23:53 prisoner back to parthia western iran today and they stayed there 23:58 for 33 years until augustus initially octavian brought them back and 24:05 some of the soldiers actually committed suicide rather than return to rome think of it you're a roman soldier you've been 24:11 taken at the age of 20 to parthia to western iran you've married a parthian 24:16 woman you've had children who speak the language of parthia they're not speaking latin and you have 24:22 become parthianized and suddenly 33 years later augustus comes and says 24:28 everyone go back to rome and that was simply too much for the soldiers and too much for the families of the 24:34 soldiers but in any event many were lost during this battle that crassus leads 24:39 and with crassus out of the way the first triumvirate quickly unravels 24:46 in short order julius caesar will march on rome against poppy 24:51 in 49 bc doing the same thing that sulla had done nearly four decades earlier 24:58 pompey escapes and there is ultimately a battle in thessaly in central greece the 25:04 battle of [Pharsalus] where pompey's forces are defeated they had set up a naval blockade but caesar's 25:12 forces were successful in negotiating that blockade and getting to central greece 25:18 poppy as i said escapes and goes to egypt where he's hopeful of forming an 25:26 alliance with the egyptian king ptolemy the 13th 25:31 who puts pompey to death and when caesar gets there 25:36 shortly thereafter ptolemy the 13th presents the severed head of poppy to caesar as a sign of his 25:43 allegiance to caesar and caesar was reportedly horrified and gives poppy a roman burial 25:50 with all two honors but in the course of his interaction with ptolemy the 13th in 25:55 alexandria he met cleopatra and they formed their own alliance both 26:02 political and romantic you're seeing here one of the portraits of cleopatra that has survived cleopatra 26:09 vii wearing the royal diadem you will already have noticed that she looks nothing like elizabeth 26:16 taylor in the 1963 film cleopatra nor for that matter to caesar resemble rex 26:22 harrison nor for that matter does mark anthony resemble richard burton but nevertheless they're the ones who have 26:28 made the story widespread at least to north american audiences 26:34 cleopatra would bear a child to caesar the only known biological child of caesar again 26:43 as far as we know this was caesarean so cleopatra names her son caesarion after 26:50 caesar and you see them here presented on one of the reliefs of the temple of hathor at dandera in south central egypt 26:59 so little caesarean here who's born in 48 so 48-47 so he would have been about 27:06 seven or eight years old here and as far as anyone knows as far as cleopatra is concerned she is going to 27:13 raise him to be the successor of caesar after caesar dies which of course 27:21 cleopatra hadn't been counting on she builds a temple to caesar in alexandria 27:27 a temple to the divine caesar because caesar would be the first of the romans 27:32 first of the roman leaders to be deified not exactly the same level as a roman 27:39 god like jupiter or or neptune or mars the title would be 27:45 diwoos d-i-v-u-s but nevertheless it was a considered a 27:50 deification of a human and caesar was then presented as a god especially in 27:55 the eastern mediterranean and this was a temple that celebrated that she put two obelisks at the 28:02 entrance to the new temple complex pulled from an earlier complex that was 28:08 set up by tutmosis iii in the early 15th century this recycling of obelisks is a 28:15 common theme a common device both in antiquity and in the early modern period 28:20 and keep these two obelisks in mind because i'm going to come back to them 28:26 caesar meanwhile once he got back to rome after his uh alliance with cleopatra celebrated a quadruple triumph 28:35 no one had ever done this before celebrating in one fell swoop try up over four different areas 28:42 which would be gaul egypt his victory over ptolemy the 13th 28:47 another victory in central asia minor over the sun of um 28:53 of mithridates vi the man named fornicase and in north africa here where he's really going after the 28:59 partisans of poppy but he presents it as a foreign war against the north african monarch juba 29:08 caesar will after that assume the position of dictator and will hold it 29:13 until his death until his assassination which of course occurred on march 15 44 29:19 bc and the two lead assassins were brutus and cassius and they do the deed 29:25 when the senate is meeting in the theater of poppy they can't meet in the old senate house because that's been 29:31 burned down by the partisans of clodius who have used it as a pyre 29:36 in 52 so it's still under construction that's why the senate has to meet in the theater of pompey and during that 29:43 meeting brutus and cassius plunged their daggers into caesar as do others and caesar is assassinated 29:51 brutus and cassius are forced to leave rome after that and they still strike coins as they move 29:58 off into the eastern mediterranean one of which celebrates their assassination of caesar who is presented as a tyrant 30:06 so you see the two daggers on this coin of brutus and cassius placed on either 30:11 side of the cap of liberty the so-called peleus and then the date when the assassination occurred the ides of march 30:20 march 15th and what they put on the obverse of the coin is the ancestor of 30:26 brutus the original brutus who is the one who defeated the last etruscan king 30:32 of rome in 509 bc and launch the republic so they're being presented as 30:38 democratic heroes and tyrant slayers following the assassination of caesar in 30:43 44. this leads to the creation of the second triumvirate 30:50 three men who come together all of whom are partisans of caesar 30:56 one of them is octavian who is his heir also his adopted son 31:01 and as the adopted son of caesar he was able to claim the title son of a god or 31:08 dewey filius as you see here d-i-v-i-f dewey filius i am the son of a 31:14 god then mark anthony whom you know looking roggishly handsome on this coin 31:22 who was also a strong partisan of caesar and lepidus who was the pontifex maximus the chief 31:29 priest of the roman state they band together and also divide up 31:34 the roman world with octavian taking north africa lepidus taking spain or iberia and 31:42 southern france and mark anthony taking the eastern provinces the eastern 31:47 mediterranean which of course involves egypt 31:53 the three of them will band together against brutus and cassius and their followers at a battle in what is now 32:00 macedonia greek macedonia uh the battle of philippi which occurs in 42 bc brutus 32:07 and cassius as well as their partisans are either killed or captured and these three men now have control in essence of 32:14 the mediterranean as 32:20 the masters of the mediterranean the one thing that united them was the newly deified caesar and so that's the first 32:27 monument they build in rome a temple to the dfi julius caesar the foundations of 32:33 which still stand you see a reconstruction of it here with the inscription diwo yulio so the divine 32:39 julius caesar who was represented as such on his coins this is a 32:45 numismatic evocation of the temple of the divine julius caesar with a star 32:51 burst in the pediment and that's based on a comet that appeared in the sky and was believed to 32:57 have represented the soul of julius caesar rising to the heavens and so that becomes a symbol of the deified julius 33:04 caesar you see it on a coin of octavian here dewey filius again i am the son of a god 33:11 here's the starburst comet of the deified caesar and in case you've missed the point he writes it out on the 33:17 reverse julius caesar is a god dewuss julius 33:25 in order to strengthen the relationship between anthony and octavian again who 33:30 would later take the name augustus there is another dynastic marriage 33:35 so the sister of octavian octavia would whom you see here and also here would 33:43 marry mark anthony and so you see this dynastic coupling on one of the coins 33:49 struck in the east mark anthony octavian and octavia sister of augustus as the dynastic bond 33:58 between the two men it had worked for a little while with caesar and pompey maybe it would work 34:03 again but into this situation once again stepped cleopatra now remember that mark 34:11 anthony is in charge of the eastern provinces which includes egypt so he is moving off to egypt and 34:17 actually taking up residence in alexandria and by cleopatra he will produce three 34:25 children who will be given territories 34:30 belonging to rome in the eastern mediterranean belonging actually to rome and parthia and they weren't um mark 34:38 anthony's to give but nevertheless he carves up the eastern mediterranean and 34:44 in a a ritual called the donations of alexandria hands them out to the children 34:50 of cleopatra and also um his own children although 34:55 cesarion is also included in this donation of alexandria and they begin 35:00 striking coins together with mark anthony on one side and cleopatra on the other 35:07 octavian realizes that mark anthony is setting up a rival kingdom a kingdom 35:13 that was intended to rival rome with caesarea and caesar's son in tow 35:18 which could create serious problems for octavian and for rome 35:24 meanwhile none of these people look anything like the characters in cleopatra okay this is the last poster 35:30 of the 1963 film that i'm going to show you over time the relations between anthony 35:38 and cleopatra deteriorate until they both realize there needs to be a final 35:43 battle that will determine which of them rules the areas that had been in their 35:49 jurisdiction this will take place once again in greece in what is now western greece 35:56 northwestern greece the site of actium a battle that occurs in 31 bc 36:04 this is where anthony brings both his army and his navy and his navy 36:10 includes the ships of cleopatra and so they 36:15 take up residence in the so-called ambrachian gulf just to the east of corfu 36:23 augustus and his faithful lieutenant agrippa meanwhile move across the ionian 36:29 sea to what is now north western greece and 36:34 southern albania and move down where they set up a campsite which will 36:40 ultimately become the city of necopolis city of victory and meanwhile agrippa takes ships across 36:47 the sea right to the point where anthony and cleopatra have their fleet 36:54 there is a major battle that occurs on september 2nd of 31 bc 37:01 and as you can imagine as you know ultimately and um octavian and agrippa 37:06 emerge victorious over the forces of anthony and cleopatra who actually run 37:12 away from the battlefield cleopatra was no fool and could see that things are getting out of control so she and her 37:19 fleet set sail for alexandria and anthony follows her leaving his own 37:25 ships to continue the battle anthony had many many ships many strong 37:31 ships but they were big ships they were difficult to maneuver 37:36 and anthony no longer had enough men to staff them because there were a lot of 37:42 desertions on anthony's side augustus or octavian had waged a very successful propaganda campaign 37:48 saying you romans who fight for anthony you are not romans you were fighting for a foreign queen an egyptian queen 37:56 against the side of rome and that worked with many of the soldiers who were partisans of anthony 38:02 they deserted there was also disease that had spread among anthony's 38:09 camp so he couldn't staff all of the boats and the boats that he could staff were too heavy to be 38:15 as nimble as the fleet of octavian 38:21 so anthony and cleopatra go off to alexandria octavian and agrippa declare 38:26 victory and begin striking coins that highlight the victory 38:31 usually showing a crocodile as the symbol of egypt so here is one issue 38:37 from uh the provincial mint of neem in southern france ancient nemosis showing uh 38:44 anthony anthony showing octavian and agrippa on one side and then the 38:50 crocodile symbolizing a conquered egypt and a laurel crown of victory to the 38:56 side on the other you just get the crocodile again symbolizing egypt and the legend 39:03 or the inscription egypt i gupto copte egypt has been brought under the dominion of the roman 39:10 people which is a phrase that we'll hear over and over again anthony and cleopatra managed to survive 39:17 in alexandria for nearly another year until octavian goes to alexandria 39:24 both of them commit suicide and by august of 30 bc 39:29 early august of 30 bc octavian is the master of the mediterranean 39:35 he decides to build a memorial at the site where the battle of actium had occurred to commemorate his tremendous 39:42 victory and founds a new city necopolis city of victory nikkei is the greek word 39:49 for victory also the source of the shoes that are often mispronounced nike one 39:55 wants to say nikkei which is the correct pronunciation so a new city that's founded here and a 40:01 victory monument a triumphal monument some of which still survives so you're seeing here the podium 40:08 of that monument and these rostra these ship beaks 40:14 made of bronze taken from the navy of marc anthony and cleopatra just as the 40:20 romans had taken them from the same nights in the early 4th century bc and adorned the speakers platform the rastra 40:28 in the roman forum you're seeing here a reconstruction of the front of the podium of that 40:35 triumphal monument as well as the inscription which we can reconstruct imperator caesar the emperor caesar that 40:42 would be octavian son of the divine julius victor in the war he waged on 40:48 behalf of the republic so against egypt on behalf of the republic and this is presented as a 40:54 foreign war what it was was a civil war anthony against octavian but it's presented as a 41:00 war of rome against egypt again it's all in the marketing after peace had been secured on land and 41:07 sea he consecrated this monument to mars and neptune god of war and god of the 41:13 sea uh and adorned it with naval spoils that would be these rostra these bronze ship 41:20 beaks to which i'll return in a minute we have an altar from that monument too 41:27 that has been excavated and still isn't completely published but we know enough about it for a 41:33 reconstruction to be presented you see the lower level consists of piles of 41:39 enemy weapons these are of course egyptian weapons not roman weapons this 41:44 was typical after a roman battle where you would gather the weapons of your enemy 41:49 accumulate them in a big pile on the battlefield and then have a celebration interestingly when i was in southern 41:56 afghanistan in 2012 i saw a big pile of russian tanks 42:04 when we were going through the countryside and i said to i was with a contingent of the afghan army obviously 42:11 everything has changed dramatically since 2012. but i said why do you have a pile of soviet tanks 42:16 and he said well the soviets occupied afghanistan between 1979 and 1989 and 42:21 after the soviets left we gathered all their tanks together into a kind of big pile and we had a party and i said you 42:27 know the romans did that 2000 years ago which they hadn't known but it was just uh it's often part it's i guess second 42:34 nature uh among a victor after a long uh battle or a long conquest 42:41 so we have the weapons of the enemy here and above it we have relief decoration of augustus's triple triumph in 29 bc 42:50 celebrating his victory at actium over cleopatra in egypt and another 42:56 victory in illyria um modern-day yugoslavia or that general area on the other side 43:03 of the on the east side of the adriatic so the triple triumph and in the triumph 43:09 this is one of the reliefs from the altar you can see octavian riding in a chariot with two of the children of 43:16 anthony and cleopatra these are alexander helios and cleopatra 43:22 fellaini we knew from the ancient historians that augustus 43:27 moved in the procession through the streets of rome with the children of anthony and cleopatra whom he treated 43:33 with respect but we never thought that we would find a relief that would actually show that 43:40 and included in the altar decoration are scenes from the origins of rome you see the wolf with romulus and remus here 43:47 and the same sort of theme of peace on land and sea 43:54 what's interesting about this triumphal procession is that you've got the children of anthony and cleopatra 44:00 paraded in the procession near a float that had an image of 44:06 cleopatra holding the asp that would bite her and send her off into the afterlife 44:14 so the children are riding in a procession next to a float that shows their mother committing suicide 44:23 now meanwhile what about the rostra i promise to return to those as i said the 44:28 rostra in the roman forum celebrates the romans first naval victory in the sam 44:34 knight wars in 338 bc at the battle of antiem this is anzio where of course 44:40 there was another major battle in world war ii and we know something about the nature 44:47 of these rostra because steadily we've been excavating rostra or rather i 44:52 should say underwater archaeologists have been excavating rostra associated 44:57 with boats that sank during naval battles one of them dating to the early hellenistic period the third or second 45:03 century bc was excavated off the coast of israel 40 45:09 years ago the so-called athlete ram weighing 465 kilos that's half a ton 45:16 these are enormously heavy components this is the kind of thing that octavian 45:22 would have inserted into the base of the platform of his enormous victory monument at uh actium 45:30 and more recently just within the last 10 15 years new 45:36 rostra have been excavated off the northwest coast of italy where the final 45:42 naval battle of the first punic war between rome and carthage had occurred 45:47 the battle of the the igetais islands in 41 bc where there were many boats belonging to 45:55 the romans and the carthaginians that sank and underwater archaeologists are 46:00 steadily excavating these rostra you see one on the seafloor here 46:05 in right after it had been lifted from the sea floor uh and after conservation 46:11 here so we're getting a sense of the variety and typology of ship rams as a 46:16 consequence of these new excavations by underwater archaeologists and the shipbeaks would 46:22 also be added to the temple of the divine julius caesar so this is 46:28 the podium of the temple here's the starburst again and the pediment and you can see the six bronze ship beaks taken 46:36 from cleopatra's navy so the temple of the divine julius caesar 46:41 achieved two things it celebrated octavian or augustus as the son of a god 46:47 and it also highlighted him as the victor at actium over the forces of 46:52 cleopatra and again the whole thing is being marketed not as a civil war but as 46:57 a war between rome and egypt this begins a process wherein rome 47:05 becomes egyptianized as many of you know after a major war it's not uncommon for 47:13 the decorative arts the material culture of the conquered region 47:18 to influence heavily the decorative arts and material culture of the conqueror 47:24 and so that was the case in rome as we find more and more egyptian elements 47:30 spreading through the cityscape especially obelisks so when augustus builds his tomb in the northern campus 47:38 marshes the mausoleum of augustus finished in 28 bc 42 years before 47:45 octavian or augustus would actually die why not be prepared just in case he puts 47:52 at the entrance of the obelisk entrance of the mausoleum to obelisks as well as 47:58 his autobiography his race guest eye a list of all of the deeds that he had 48:03 accomplished but these obelisks are standing as symbols of augustus's or octavian's 48:09 conquest of egypt and those obelisks of course still survive one of the obelisks 48:16 is in the piazza del esquilino next to santa maria majori the other on the quirinol in the 48:22 palazzo del curinale these obelisks were enormous i've given 48:29 you the measurements just over 14 meters high that's about as high as the ceiling 48:36 in the upper egyptian gallery of this museum so that will give you a sense of their colossal nature 48:44 another obelisk taken from egypt is set up again in the campus marshes and you know 48:51 it now from piazza di mache monte chittorio but in antiquity it was used as what we 48:58 call a gnomon a pointer of a giant clock that we usually refer to as the 49:04 oralogium of augustus or the sundial of augustus which is a solar meridian clock 49:11 of which our colleague lothar husselberger in the history of art department has written extensively this 49:18 is set up in 10 bc and the shadow that it cast on a large 49:24 network of lines would enable you to determine what time of day it was and 49:30 what time of year it was here is the obelisk as it stands in 49:36 piazza di monte chittorio now with the original inscription on the base which 49:42 says the same sort of thing as that triumphal monument at necopolis egypt 49:47 has been brought under the control under the jurisdiction of the roman people 49:52 and he dedicates it to the sun god which is appropriate since it was originally 49:57 created for the sun god of egypt in the late 1970s 50:05 the german archaeological institute actually dug trenches in the campus 50:10 marshes to see if they could find part of the pavement that was connected to this obelisk and they did miraculously 50:19 because those of you who have been to rome which is probably everyone in this audience you know how densely occupied 50:26 the campus marshes is it's one of the premier residential areas of the city so you have to dig through someone's 50:32 basement in order to get down to imperial roman levels but they did it 50:37 and you see the travertine pavement here with bronze inlay i've given you a 50:45 drawing of it in the next slide so here is what they found and 50:51 here is a reconstruction of the inscriptions which are in greek and here 50:57 we're at the end of summer at tasia paolontai the adhesion winds cease stop 51:05 blowing the adhesion winds are the winds that come in from africa 51:10 many of you know the album by joni mitchell called blue in 1971 where 51:16 there's a song called carrie that begins the winds are in from africa these are the adhesion winds and when they stop 51:23 that signals the end of summer and we move into the zodiac sign of virgo which 51:29 in greek would be parthenos which you see here this was a tremendous discovery and 51:35 again it's all connected to one of these monumental obelisks that augustus has brought back from egypt and we start 51:41 getting tombs in the shape of pyramids in egypt in egypt in rome during the 51:47 augustine period one of which still survives intact this is the pyramid of cestius you see it here on the 51:55 southwest side of rome i've drawn a red circle around it it still stands in near perfect 52:01 condition you can see cestius's name still in good order on the side of the pyramid 52:08 this is finished in the last two decades of the first century bc and it is one of two 52:16 pyramids as a tomb that was built in rome at that point the other one is in 52:21 vatican city you see it here on a plan next to the circus of caligula and nero 52:29 which underlies saint peter's basilica so you see here these dotted lines this 52:35 is saint peter's basilica built directly over the circus of caligula and nero 52:41 where in antiquity they believed that saint peter had been martyred and just to the side of that 52:47 you have the second pyramid which you see in some early modern engravings 52:54 we don't have it anymore the stone was taken down to build the steps of saint peter's basilica so it's gone but 53:01 nevertheless th this is another indication of the egyptianizing of rome 53:07 and meanwhile in egypt augustus is treated just as a pharaoh would have been treated at least in 53:13 terms of the decorative arts so if we were to look at the augustine period 53:18 temple of dendor and you can see dender here right in the center of egypt next to lake nasser 53:25 and you see it here where it now sits in the metropolitan museum of art in new york this is completed in 10 bc after 53:32 augustus has defeated marc anthony and cleopatra and you see 53:37 among the release of the temple you should see it there it is 53:43 augustus himself who is presenting offerings to the egyptian gods thoth and to venice so 53:50 augustus is presented looking like a pharaoh pharonic costume and phoronic 53:55 style they simply pick up the traditional traits iconographic traits 54:01 of kingship in egypt and apply them to augustus which is who now controls egypt 54:07 as his own personal province meanwhile how does all this work or what 54:14 memory do we have of all of this in the early modern and modern periods 54:20 how is the battle of actium relevant and all of the elements that i've been talking about tonight i mentioned that 54:26 the battle of actium is the last great naval battle in antiquity when do we get 54:31 our next great naval battle 1571 the battle of lepanto with pope 54:38 pius v leading a group of european allies against the ottomans and it's taking 54:45 place just a stone's throw from where the battle of actium took place 54:51 sixteen hundred years earlier so again plus challenge the more things change the more they stay the same 55:00 the egyptianizing of a region that has waged war in egypt is also a common 55:07 feature we see it with the campaigns of napoleon in egypt in the late 18th early 55:13 19th century when after his campaigns in egypt he goes back to paris and paris 55:19 experiences the same kind of egyptianizing that rome experienced in the late 1st 55:25 century bc where you find obelisks you find clocks with sphinxes and fountains with sphinx 55:32 decoration egyptianizing paris just like egyptianizing rome 55:39 and what about the modern period do we still have rostral monuments we do 55:45 all you need to do is go to new york city to columbus circle which is dominated by a rostral column in the 55:53 center of the circle you see the rostra here the ship beaks which are the same 55:58 kind of thing as those used by octavian or augustus in his necopolis victory 56:03 monument this is set up in 1892 celebrating the 400th year anniversary 56:09 of columbus's arrival in the new world 56:15 what about the tearing up of the steps of a building used by the senate 56:20 by a group of partisans associated with a populist politician 56:26 when the january sixth attack on the capitol building in washington happened 56:32 i doubt that many people thought this is just like what happened in 58 bc with 56:37 the partisans of clodius but those of us who were archaeologists saw it as 56:42 exactly the same thing 56:48 i mentioned that you should keep in your minds the two obelisks that stood at the 56:53 entrance to the sanctuary of the divine julius caesar in alexandria egypt in the 57:00 late 1st century bc where are those obelisks now one is in london on the victoria 57:08 embankment on the banks of the thames the other one is in central park both go 57:13 by the name of cleopatra's needle both of them acquired from egypt in the late 57:19 19th century and so the next time that you find yourself in central park 57:26 and you see cleopatra's needle rising in front of you take a minute 57:32 and think about caesar and marc anthony and octavian and 57:38 cleopatra because the memories of all of them are incorporated into this monument 57:44 and just by looking at it you can bring those memories back to life thank you for listening to me tonight 57:50 thank you for your support of the penn museum thank you
Don’t let the door hit your butt on the way out.
It’s 2023, and you are no longer relevant, or rather, never were.
There was nothing to fix, so you didn’t fix anything, but thanks for the spam.
Thanks Reily. Mark A probably has millions of living descendants, and not just due to Cleo. Probably Caesar also does, but Caesarion does not. He and his tutor were ready to board a ship to India and safety, but his tutor didn't much want to go (and/or got a lot of reward money), so he talked the kid out of it, convincing him that Octavian could be reasoned with. Whoops.
It was Marcus Agrippa did that. :^) In the months leading up to Actium, he worked the coastlines of the Adriatic, by land and sea, getting rid of Antony's forward bases and allies. He was one of the best strategists of the Roman era. I love how he was portrayed in HBO's "Rome".
I got rid of the Christophobia, so now it's all fixed.
Definitely.
There isn’t any Christophobia apart from fevered imaginations of trolls.
Bfl
I really, really disliked the 2nd season, and overall I enjoyed the whole thing (reach exceeds grasp and all that), but it was only vaguely-based-upon, whole-cloth historical fiction.
For example, the real Atia wasn't the opportunistic libidinous trollop of the series, and died in 43 BC, hence wasn't around to see the paraded corpse of Marc Antony (another fiction, he and Cleo probably slid into the Med during a medieval quake) when he died in 30 BC.
The delightfully nasty Quintus Pompey character is a fiction (there were some men of that name, earlier on, and not a son of Pompey the Great).
Making the whole series a buddy movie was a great idea, and I love how they dealt with Octavian's contract out on Caesarion.
The BBC "I, Claudius" makes reference to the battle in an early episode, with an invented conflict between Marcellus and Agrippa, 's cool.
BCE is Christophobic.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.